Week 6 Flashcards
What is cognition?
All forms of knowing and awareness, such as perceiving, conceiving, remembering, reasoning, judging, imagining, and problem solving
What is a cognitive impairment?
When a person has trouble remembering, learning new things, or concentrating that can affect their everyday life.
What is dementia?
a decline in mental ability severe enough to interfere with daily life (ADLS/IADLS)
What’s the difference between a mild cognitive impairment and dementia?
Mild cognitive impairments are not severe enough to interfere with everyday life whereas dementia is severe enough to interfere with everyday life
What is consciousness?
the state of being awake and aware of surroundings
What is orientation?
fundamental mental function thatprocesses the relations between the behaving self to space (places), time (events), and person (people).
What are the awareness of three dimensions associated with orientation?
1) Time
2) Place
3) Self
Problems lead to disorientation in one or more dimensions
What is sustained attention?
keep focus on task over a period of time.
What is selective attention?
keep focus on the task while ignoring irrelevant information that is also occurring
What is alternating attention?
do, switch to other, go back
What is divided attention?
two different activities done at once
What is the process of executive function?
1) Initiate – choosing clothes to get dresses
2) Organize – doing the steps in correct order (underwear first, then pants)
3) Complete/finish – knowing that the task is done (not keep putting more layers and layers of clothes over top)
Provide examples of each of the following cognitive skills in the task of showering.
- Initiate
- Organize/sequence
- Complete/Finish
- Judgment/insight
- Awareness, sustained attention
- Problem solving
Initiate
- go to the shower or bathroom
- turn on the shower
- gathering materials (shampoo, towel, clothes, etc. , take off clothes)
- getting undressed
Organize
- rinse shampoo before conditioner
- wetting hair before starting to put shampoo in
Complete finish
- turn off the shower
- dry off body
- put on clothes/get dressed
Judgement: water temp, realizing how long to rinse hair for and making sure all out of hair, using appropriate products and amounts
Awareness: how long in the shower for? (not realizing it)
Poor insight: not recognizing own limits
Problem solving: runs out of product, gigure out how to get back up if fall, adjusting water temperature if changes
How does cataracts affect vision?
Makes vision blurry
How does Macular degeneration affect vision
A blank spot in the centre of field of view
How does diabetic retinopathy affect vision?
A bunch of black spots covering field of vision
–> caused by diabetes
How does glaucoma affect vision?
Makes field of view smaller
Edges of field of view go black
What is a sensorineural hearing impairment?
INNER EAR is damaged.
NOT treatable
HEARING AIDS are beneficial
What is a conductive hearing impairment?
Occurs in the OUTER or MIDDLE EAR
May be REVERSED
What is remediation?
no compensation
(ex: Velcro shoes are a compensation for lace shoes, remediation would be teaching someone how to tie a show with one hand as opposed to using a modification)
What are the two main Cognitive Intervention approaches?
Remedial/Cognitive Retraining
–> restoring cognitive skills
Adaptive/Compensatory Intervention
–> adapting a task on the environment to enhance performance
What is “basic assumption?”
The brain can reorganize itself by using brain “exercises”
goal is to work around the deficits by using intact cognitive skills to compensate
What is ‘External Strategies initiated by others’
decrease complexity (ex: two options)
What is ‘Internal Strategies initiated by patient’
initiated by the patient (ex: reminders on phone, timers)
What are some considerations: orientation
- Not helpful to quiz the person all the time (e.g. What day is it?)
- Helpful to use external aids
–> Calendars, orientation boards (facilities)
What are some considerations: attention
- Low stimulus environment (auditory, visual)
- Keeping chatter to a minimum during sessions
- Avoid multitasking
What are some considerations: Executive Function
1) Initiation and motivation: set up the environment for the patient
2) Insight (Simple instructions
focus on safety)
3) Sequencing
(build routine
Practice with repetition)
4) Memory:
(Repetition and practice to increase retention)
What are some visual impairment considerations?
- Larger font/picture size
- Contrasting Colours
- Increase light and minimize glare
- Declutter as much as possible
- Assistive devices/aids
What are some hearing impairment considerations?
1) Set Your Stage
- Face the person
- Eliminate background noise
- Ask them how best to communicate with them
2) Get the Point Across
- Speak clearly and naturally,
- DON’T SHOUT
- Use facial expressions and gestures, don’t chew food or gum
- Rephrase rather than repeat
3) Establish Empathy with Your Audience
- Be patient
- Talk to them not about them with another person
What would you do?
“You are seeing a client with a hearing impairment in their left ear. You want to teach them a simple exercise, in their hospital room.”
Face them
Speak or approach from the right
Close the door to eliminate/minimize external noise
What would you do?
“You want to give a sheet of exercises to your client. They are seeing you at the clinic and you want them to use the sheet to do exercises at home. They have a moderate visual impairment.”
- Increase the font size
-Get a digital copy (increase brightness
-Have it read to them), use audio
What would you do?
“You are educating a family member on how they can facilitate the morning dressing routine of their loved one with moderate dementia.”
Limit options, set in order (decreasing the complexity of the task)
What would you do?
“You want to teach your client with moderate dementia who has difficulty with following instructions on how to do a safe bed to chair transfer with a 2WW.”
- Use one step instructions (put your hands on the chair
-Wait until they do it, that’s good now stand up…)
