Week 6 Flashcards
mediastinum
cavity between the lungs where heart lies
pericardium
double walled membrane surrounding the heart
fibrous pericardium
outer layer of pericardium
serous layer
inner layer of pericardium, divided into two parts.
parietal layer
serous layer of pericardium that lines the fibrous pericardium
visceral layer
serous layer of pericardium that lines the heart
Preicardial space
space between the serous layers of pericardium
Pericardial fluid
liquid in pericardial space.
coronary arteries
arteries that serve the heart
coron/o
crown
epicardium
external layer of heart. aka visceral pericardium.
myocardium
middle and thickest layer of heart. The actual heart muscle
endocardium
inner layer of heart. Lines the heart chambers and valves
coronary veins
remove waste products from the myocardium
coronary occlusion
blockage of blood to the myocardium
ischemia
deficiency of blood to an area
infarction
localized area of necrosis caused by interrupted blood supply
Atria
craniodorsal chambers of heart where vessels enter
interatrial septum
wall separating left and right atria
Ventricles
caudoventral chambers of the heart. Pumping chambers where all vessels leave the heart
intraventricular septum
wall separating the left and right ventricles
cardiac apex
narrow tip of the heart
right atrioventricular valve
Tricuspid Valve. three pointed valve controls opening between right atrium and right ventricle
pulmonary semilunar valve
valve between right ventricle and pulmonary artery. Controls blood entering lungs
left atrioventricular valve
Mitral valve or Bicuspid. controls opening between left atrium and left vetnricle
aortic semilunar valve
between left ventricle and aorta. Controls blood entering the arterial system.
cardiac output
volume of blood pumped by heart per unit time
stroke volume
volume of blood ejected from the ventricles during each heartbeat
sinoatrial node
located in wall of r atrium, works with purkinje fibers to establish rhythm of heartbeat. Pacemaker of the heart.
Purkinje fibers
atypical cardiac muscle cells associated with the ventricles that help sinoatrial node keep pace.
atrial systole
atrial contraction
intropy
force of contraction
atrioventricular node
AV node. Conducts impulses more slowly than SA node, allowing ventricles to fill with blood
bundle of His/AV bundle
Nerve bundle that becomes Purkinje fibers, which carry the impulse from the AV node through the ventricular muscle, causing ventricles to contract.
Ventricular systole
ventricular contraction. Forces blood into the aorta and pulmonary arteries.
diastole
relaxation
systole
contraction
sinus rhythm
normal heart rhythm that starts in the sinoatrial node
arrhythmia/dysrhythmia
irregular heartbeat due to SA node not functioning properly.
palpitation
heartbeat sensations that feel like pounding with or without irregularity in rhythm
fibrillation
rapid, random, and ineffective heart contractions
fluttter
cardiac arrhythmia in which atrial contractions are rapid but regular
bradycardia
abnormally slow heartbeat
tachycardia
abnormally fast heartbeat
paroxism
sudden confulsion or spasm
normal sinus arrhythmia
irregular heart rhythm resulting from variation in vagal nerve tone as a result of respiration
asystole
without contraction or lack of heart activity. flat line on ECG
syncope
temporary suspension of respiration and circulation
gallop
low frequency vibrations occurring during early diastole and late diastole.
Preload
volume of blood entering the right side of the heart (right side diastolic volume)
Afterload
impedance to ventricular emptying presented by aortic pressure.
holosystolic/pansystolic murmur
occur during the entire ventricular contraction phase
stenosis
narrowing
crescendo murmur
murmur that progressively increase in loudness
thrill
vibration felt on palpation of chest as a result of a heart murmur
angi/o, vas/o
vessel
lumen
opening in a vessel through which fluid flows
vascoconstrictors
things that narrow diameter
vasodilators
things that widen vessel diameter
hilus
depression where vessels and nerves enter an organ
celiac artery
supplies blood to stomach, liver, and spleen
subclavian artery
located under the collarbone
arterioles
smaller branches of arteries which carry blood to capillaries
capillaries
single-cell-thick vessels that connect arterial and venous systems
perfusion
blood flow through tissues
venules
tiny vessels connected to capillaries that carry blood to veins
ven/o, phleb/o
vein
azygous vein
single vein that drains the chest wall and adjacent structures
sphygmomanometer
amount of pressure exerted against the walls of the vessels. How BP is measured.
sphygm/o
pulse
man/o
pressure
perivascular
around the vessels. usually describes an error of intravenous injection
angiocardiography
radiographic study of blood vessels and heart using contrast material
cardiac cathetterization
radiographic study in which catheter is passed into a blood vessel and is guided into the heart to detect pressures and patterns of blood flow.
echocardiography
process of evaluating heart structures using sound waves
doppler echocardiography
uses the differences in frewquency between sound waves and echoes to measure velocity of moving object.
Holter monitor
24 hour ECG that records onto a specialized tape recorder
aneurysm
localized balloon-like enlargement of an artery
aortic insufficiency
inability of aortic valve to perform at proper levels, causing blood flowing back into the left ventricle from the aorta.
atherosclerosis
hardening and narrowing of arteries
ather/o
plaque or fatty substance
cardiac tamponade
compression of the heart due to fluid or blood collection in pericardial sac
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
excessive growth of left ventricle
dilated cardiomopathy
thin walled left ventricle. AKA congestive.
ascites
fluid accumulation in peritoneal cavity
pleural effusion
abnormal fluid accumulation between layers of membrane encasing the lungs.
cor pulmonale
alterations in structure or function of R ventricle caused by pulmonary hypertension. AKA pulmonary heart disease
dirofilariosis
heartworm disease.
microfilariae
tiny larvae of heartworm
caval syndrome
obstruction of blood flow from vena cava caused by HW infestation
embolus
foreign object ( i.e. air, clot, tissue) circulating in blood
embolism
blockage of vessel by foreign object
endocarditis
inflammation of endocardium
heart block
interference with electrical conduction of heart
hemangioma
benign tumor comprised of newly formed blood vessels
hypercapnia
above normal levels of CO2.
Hypoxia
reduced levels of O2.
cyanosis
bluish tinge of skin & mm caused by lack of O2
hypocapnia
below normal levels of CO2
infarct
localized area of necrosis caused by interrupted blood supply
ischemia
deficiency in blood supply
isch/o
hold back
mitral stenosis
narrowing of opening of mitral valve. Abb. MS
mitral valve prolapse
abnormal protrusion of L atrioventricular valve that results in incomplete closure of valve
myocarditis
inflammation of myocardium
occlusion
blockage of vessel or passage in body
patent ductus arteriosus
persistence of fetal communication between L pulmonary artery and aorta that should close shortly after birth. Abb. PDA
pulmonic stenosis
narrowing of the opening and valvular area between the pulmonary artery and R ventricle
shock
inadequate tissue perfusion
tetralogy of Fallot
congenital cyanotic cardiac condition that has four anatomical defects in heart: pulmonary stenosis, ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, and R ventricular hypertrophy
thromboembolism
blocking of a blood vessel by a part that has broken away from a blood clot at its site of formation
thrombus
blood clot attached to the interior wall of a vein or artery
vasculitis
inflammation of a blood or lymph vessel
ventricular septal defect
opening in the wall dividing the R and L ventricles that may allow blood to shunt (divert) from R to L without being oxygenated. Abb. VSD
angioplasty
surgical repair of blood/lymph vessel
transluminal
procedure done through opening of a vessel
percutaneous
procedure done through the skin
angiorrhaphy
suture of a vessel
arteriectomy
surgical removal of part of an artery
central venous pressure
tension exerted by blood in the craneal vena cava. Abb. CVP
Upper respiratory tract
nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx
Lower respiratory tract
trachea, lungs, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
nares
nostrils
endotherms
warm blooded animals
nasal turbinates/conchae
scroll like cartilages covered with highly vascular mucous membranes that warm, humidify, and filter inspired air.
meatus
nasal passage
meat/o
opening or passageway
nasogastric tube
tube that passes through the nose down to the stomach
vestibule
rostral part of nostrils and nasal cavity
pharynx
throat
nasopharynx
portion of throat posterior to nasal cavity and dorsal to soft palate
oropharynx
portion of the throat between the soft palate and epiglottis
laryngopharynx
portion of throat dorsal to larynx that opens into voice box and esophagus
epiglottis
acts like a lid and covers the larynz during swallowing
larynx
part of respiratory tract between pharynx and trachea. AKA voice box
glottis
space between vocal cords
syrinx
vocal apparatus of avian species
tracheal bifurcation
area at distal end of trachea where trachea divides into two branches of bronchi
principal/primary bronchus
two main bronchi that lead to separate lungs
tertiary bronchus
bronchioles
alveoli
air sacs at the end of bronchioles in which most of the gas exchange occurs
surfactant
liquid located in alveoli that reduce surface tension and prevent collapse of alveoli during respiration
parenchyma
functional elements of an organ
stroma
an organ’s framework
mediastinum
region between the lungs that houses the heart, aorta, lymph nodes, esophagus, trachea, bronchial tubes, nerves, thoracic duct, and thymus
pleura
membranous sac that encases lung
parietal pleura
outer layer of membrane lining the inner wall of the thoracic cavity
visceral pleura
inner layer of the membrane lining the outside of the lung
pleural space
potential space between parietal pleura and visceral pleura.
pleural fluid
small amount of lubricating fluid between visceral and parietal pleura which prevents friction and provides adhesive force to keep lungs in contact with chest wall as it expands during inspiration.
phren/o
diaphragm
inspiration
inhalation
expiration
exhalation
spir/o
breath/breathing
apnea
abscence of breathing
dyspnea
difficult/labored breathing
-pnea
breathing
tachypnea
abnormal rapid breathing
hyperpnea
abnormal increase in rate and depth of respirations
hypopnea
abnormally slow or shallow respirations
hyperventilation
abnormally rapid deep breathing resulting in lowered levels of cellular CO2
agonal breathing
respirations near death or during extreme suffering
capn/o
CO2
Hypoxia
inadequate supply of oxygen despite adequate blood supply
hypercapnia
excessive amount of
CO2 in blood
respiratory acidosis
Lowered pH of blood due to decreased ventilation and excess CO2
respiratory alkalosis
Increased pH due to increased ventilation and lowered CO2 in blood
metabolic acidosis/alkalosis
caused by metabolic factors like vomiting or renal disease.
tidal volume
amount of air exchanged during normal respiration
inspiratory reserve volume/complemental air
amount of air inspired over tidal volume
expiratory reserve volume/supplemental air
amount of air expired over tidal volume
residual volume
air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration
dead space
air in the pathway of the respiratory system
minimal volume
amount of air left in alveoli after lung collapses
vital capacity
largest amount of air that can be moved in the lung
arterial blood gases
lab test in which pressure levels of O2 and CO2 are measured. Abb. ABG
adventitious sounds
pathologic respiratory sounds
crepitation/rales/crackles
fine or coarse interrupted crackling noises coming from collapsed or fluid-filled alveoli during inspiration
consolidation
condition in which lung tissue becomes firm and solid rather than elastic because it has accumulated fluids and tissue debris
rhonchi
abnormal, continuous, musical, high-pitched whistling sounds heard during inspiration. aka wheezes
stridor
snoring, squeaking, or whistling that suggests airway narrowing
vesicular sounds
resulting from air passing through small bronchi or alveoli
bronchoalveolar lavage
collection of fluid or mucus from the bronchi via endoscope or endotracheal tube inserted as far down the trachea as possible before infusing fluid and aspirating a sample. may be used for cytologic exam.
spirometer
instrument used to measure air taken in and out of the lungs. Measures volume and capacity
sputum culture
procedure in which mucus from lower respiratory tract is collected and placed in predetermined media to allow microbes to reproduce
tracheal wash
collection of fluid or mucus from trachea via endotracheal tube to assess respiratory disease
transtracheal wash
tracheal wash via catheter through skin
trephination
insertion of a hole-boring instrument into a sinus to establish fluid drainage or to allow access to roots of teeth.
anoxia
absence of oxygen
asphyxiation
interruption of breathing resulting in lack of oxygen. aka suffocation
atelectasis
incomplete expansion of the alveoli. also may mean collapse of a lung
bronchiectasis
dilation of bronchi
sequela
condition following as a consequence of a disease
chronic obtrusive pulmonary disease
general term for abnormal conditions in equine species in which expiratory flow is slowed. Abb. COPD
emphysema
chronic lung disease caused by enlargement of the alveoli or changes in alveolar wall
epistaxis
nosebleed
equine laryngeal hemiplegia/roaring
disorder of horses characterized by abnormal inspiratory noise during exercise associated with degeneration of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve and atrophy of laryngeal muscles.
hemoptysis
spitting of blood from lower respiratory tract
laryngoplegia
paralysis of voice box
phonation
act of producing sound
pleural effusion
abnormal collection of fluid in pleural space
pleurisy/pleuritis
inflammation of pleura
pneumothorax
abnormal accumulation of air or gas in chest cavity
polyp
growth protruding from a mucous membrane (usually benign)
pulmonary edema
accumulation of fluid in lung tissue
pulmonary fibrosis
abnormal formation of fibers in alveolar walls
antitussives
substances used to control/prevent coughing
rhinorrhea
nasal discharge
snuffles
common term for upper respiratory disease of rabbits
paroxysmal
sudden and spasmlike
tuss/i
cough
