Week 3 Flashcards
Ossification
Formation of bone from fibrous tissue
Osteoblasts
immature bone cells that produce bony tissue
Osteoclasts
phagocytic cells that eat away bony tissue from the medullary cavity of long bone.
Osteocytes
Mature bone cells (formerly osteoblasts)
Medullary cavity
inner space of bone, contains yellow bone marrow
Cortical bone/Compact bone
hard, dense , strong bone that forms the outer layer of bone.
Cancellous bone/Spongy bone
Lighter, less strong bone that is found in the ends and inner portions of long bones.
Epiphysis
wind end of a long bone, covered with articular cartilage and composed of cancellous bone
Diaphysis
shaft of a long bone that is composed mainly of compact bone
Physis/ Growth plate/ epiphyseal cartilage
cartilage segment of long bone that involves grouwth of the bone.
Metaphysis
wider part of long bone shaft adjacent to the physis. Considered part of the epiphysis in adult animals
Periosteum
tough, fibrous tissue that forms outer covering of bone
endosteum
tough, fibrous tissue that forms the lining of the medullary cavity
Long bones
bones consisting of a shaft, two ends, and a marrow cavity. (i.e., femur)
Short bones
cube shaped bones with no marrow cavity. (ie carpal bones)
Flat bones
thin, flat bones (ie pelvis)
Pneumatic bones
sinus-containing bones (ie frontal bone)
Irregular bones
unpaired bones (ie vertebrae)
Sesamoid bones
small bones embedded in tendon (ie patella)
Articular cartilage
covers joint surfaces of bone
Meniscus
curved fibrous cartilage found in some joints
Joints/Articulations
connections between bones
Synarthrosis
type of joint that allows no movement
Amphiarthrosis
type of joint that allows slight movement
Diarthrosis
type of joint that allows free movement
Suture
Type of synarthrosis. A jagged line where bones join and form a non-movable joint. (ie skull)
Fontanelle
soft spot remaining at the junction of sutures that usually closes after birth (ie on cranium)
Symphysis/Cartilaginous joint
Type of Amphiarthrosis. A joint where two bones join and are held firmly together so they function as one bone. (ie mandibular symphysis - lower jaw bone halves, and pubic symphysis - pubic bone halves.)
Synovial joints
type of diarthrosis, further separated into ball&socket, arthrodial/condyloid, trochoid/pivot, ginglymus/hinge, and gliding joints.
Arthroidial/Condyloid joints
joints with oval projections that fit into a socket, such as carpal joints.
Trochoid/pivot joints
Pulley shaped joints (ie neck)
Ginglymus/Hinge joints
allow motion in one plane or direction ( ie elbow)
Gliding joints
joints that move or glide over each other (ie vertebrae)
Saddle joint
Thumb joint
cartilage
connective tissue that is more elastic than bone
ligament
band of fibrous connective tissue that connects one bone to another to help stabilize joints
tendon
band of fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone to aid in movement.
bursa
fibrous sac that acts as a cushion to ease movement in areas of friction
synovial membrane
inner lining in bursae and synovial joints. Secretes synovial fluid
synovial fluid
acts as a lubricant to make joint movement smooth
axial skeleton
framework of the body that includes skull, auditory ossicles, hyoid bones, vertebral column, ribs and sternum
appendicular skeleton
framework of the body that consists of the extremities, shoulder, and pelvic girdle. (append means to hang - appendicular hangs from axial)
cranium
portion of the skull that encloses the brain. broken into multiple parts
frontal
part of cranium that forms roof of cranial cavity or front of skull
parietal
paired bones that form the roof of the caudal cranial cavity
occipital
forms the caudal aspect of the cranial cavity where the foramen magnum (opening for the spinal cord) is located
foramen
opening in bone through which tissue passes
temporal
paired bones that form the sides and base of cranium
sphenoid
paired bones that form part of the base of the skull and parts of the floor and sides of the bony eye socket
ethmoid
forms the rostral part of the cranial cavity
incisive
forms the rostral part of the hard palate and lower edge of nares
pterygoid
forms the lateral wall of the nasopharynx
zygomatic
forms the orbit and cheekbone. zygomatic arch = cheekbone
maxilla
forms the upper jaw
mandible
forms the lower jaw
palatine
forms part of the hard palate
lacrimal
forms the medial part of the orbit
incisive
forms the rostral part of the hard palate and lower edge of nares
nasal
forms the bridge of the nose
vomer
forms the base of the nasal septum
nasal septum
cartilaginous structure that divides the two nasal cavities
hyoid
bone suspended between the mandible and laryngopharynx
vertebral body
solid portion of vertebra ventral to the spinal cord
arch
dorsal part of vertebra that surrounds the spinal cord
lamina
left or right dorsal half of the arch on a vertebra
spinuous process
single projection from the dorsal part of the vertebral arch
transverse processes
lateral projections from the right and left sides of the vertebral arch
intervertebral discs
cartilage discs that separate and cushion the vertebrae
articular process
paired cranial and caudal projections located on the dorsum of the vertebral arch
Vertebral regions
cranial to caudal: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal/caudal
costals
ribs
manubrium
cranial portion of the sternum
body of sternum
middle portion
xiphoid process
caudal portion of sternum
scapula
shoulder blade
clavicle
collar bone
humerus/brachium
long bone of proximal front limb
radius
cranial bone of front limb
ulna
caudal bone of the front limb
antebrachium
region of forearm/distal front limb
olecranon
proximal projection of the ulna that forms the point of the elbow
carpal bones
irregularly shaped bones in wrist area
carpus
carpal area in small animals
knee
carpal area in large animals
metacarpals
bones found distal to carpus
splint bones
In horses: metacarpals/metatarsals II and IV that do not articulate with the phalanges.
Cannon bone(s)
metacarpal/metatarsal III in horses. metacarpal/metatarsal III and IV in ruminants
Phalanx
one bone of the digit
Phalanges
bones of the digit. Numbered from proximal to distal.
Dewclaw
digit 1 of dogs. Vestigial digits II and V of cloven hoofed animals.
ungulates
animals with hooves
onychectomy
medical term for declaw surgery
navicular bone
In horses, common name for sesamoid bone located inside hoof on palmar/plantar surface of P3 (most distal phalanx)
ilium
largest, blade shaped pair of bones on pelvis. cranial portion of pelvis
sacroiliac joint
area of pelvis where ilium articulates with the sacrum
ischium
caudal pair of pelvic bones
pubis
ventral pair of bones that are fused on midline by the cartilaginous joint called the pubic symphysis.
acetabulum
large socket of the pelvic bone that forms where the three bones meet.
femur
thigh bone. Head of femur articulates proximally with the acetabulum
trochanters
large, flat, broad projections on a bone. (ie lateral to the femoral head)
condyles
rounded projection on a bone. (ie distal end of femur above hock)
patella
large sesamoid bone in rear limb. kneecap in people.
Stifle joint
houses the patella
popliteal
sesamoid bone located on the caudal surface of the stifle
tibia
larger, more weight bearing distal bone of the rear limb.
fibula
smaller, long slender distal bone of the rear limb
crus
area of the rear limb between the stifle and hock
tarsus
In SMALL animals, joint known as the ankle in people
hock
in Large animals, joint known as the ankle in people
talus
shorter, medial tarsal bone located in the proximal row of tarsal bones
calcaneus
long, lateral tarsal bone located in the proximal row of tarsal bones.
aperture
opening
canal
tunnel
condyle
rounded projection that articulates with another bone
crest
high projection or border projection
crista
ridge
dens
toothlike structure
eminence
surface projection
facet
smooth area
fissure
deep cleft
fossa
trench or hollow depressed area
fovea
small pit
head
major protrusion
lamina
thin, flat plate
line
low projection or ridge
malleolus
rounded projection (distal end of tibia and fibula)
meatus
passage or opening
process
projection
protuberance
projecting part
ramus
branch or smaller structure given off by a larger structure
sinus
space or cavity
spine
sharp projection
sulcus
groove
trochlea
pulley shaped structure in which other structures pass or articulate
tubercle
small, rounded surface projection
tuberosity
projecting part
arthrocentesis
surgical puncture of a joint to remove fluid for analysis
arthrography
injection of a joint with contrast material for radiographic examination
arthroscopy
visual exam of the joint using fiberoptic scope
densitometer
device that measures bone density using light and xrays
goniometer
instrument that measures angles or range of motion in a joint
radiology
study of internal body structures after exposure to ionizing radiation. Used to detect fractures and diseases of bones
ankylosis
loss of joint mobility caused by disease, injury, or surgery
arthralgia
joint pain
ankyl/o
bent or stiff
arthrodynia
joint pain
arthropathy
joint disease
bursitis
inflammation of the bursa
chondromalacia
abnormal cartilage softening
chondropathy
cartilage disease
discospondylitis
inflammation of the intervertebral disc and vertebrae
epiphysitis
inflammation of the growth plate
exostosis
benign growth on bone surface
gouty arthritis/gout
joint inflammation associated with the formation of uric acid crystals in the joint
hip dysplasia
abnormal development of the pelvic joint causing the head of the femur and the acetabulum not to be aligned properly.
intervertebral disc disease (IVDD)/herniated disc/ruptured disc
rupture or protrusion of the cushioning disc between vertebrae. Results in pressure on the spinal cord or spinal nerve roots.
kyphosis
dorsal curvature of the spine. AKA hunchback
Legg-Calve-Perthes disease
idiopathic necrosis of the femoral head and neck of small breed dogs.
Lordosis
position in which the vertebral column is abnormally curved ventrally. Seen in cats in heat. AKA swayback
luxation
dislocation or displacement of bone from joint
myeloma
tumor composed of cells derived from hematopoietic tissues of bone marrow
ostealgia
bone pain
osteitis
inflammation of bone
osteoarthritis/Degenerative joint disease (DJD)
degenerative joint disease commonly associated w/ aging or wear and tear on joints.
osteochondrosis
degeneration or necrosis of bone and cartilage followed by regeneration or recalcification
osteochondrosis dissecans
osteochondrosis with dissecting flap of articular cartilage (joint mice/osteophytes) and some inflammatory joint changes
osteomalacia
abnormal softening of bone
osteomyelitis
inflammation of bone or bone marrow
osteoporosis
abnormal condition of marked loss of bone density and an increase of bone porosity
osteosclerosis
abnormal hardening of bone
periostitis
inflammation of fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of bone
rheumatoid arthritis
autoimmune disorder of the connective tissues and joints
sequestrum
piece of dead bone that is partially or fully detached from adjacent healthy bone
spondylitis
inflammation of verebrae
spondylosis deformans
chronic degeneration of the articular processes and development of bony outgrowths around the ventral edge of the vertebrae
spur
bony projection growing out of a bone
subluxation
partial dislocation or displacement of a bone from it’s joint
synovitis
inflammation of the synovial membrane of joints
avulsion fracture
broken bone in which the site of muscle, tendon, or ligament insertion is detached by a forceful pull
callus
bulging deposit around the area of a bone fracture that may eventually become bone
closed fracture/simple fracture
broken bone in which there is no open wound
comminuted fracture
broken bone that is splintered or crushed into multiple pieces
compression fracture
broken bone produced when bones are pressed together
crepitation/crepitus
cracking sensation that is felt and heard when broken bones move together
displaced fracture
bone fracture parts are out of line
greenstick fracture
bone that is broken only on one side and the other side is bent. AKA incomplete fracture.
oblique fracture
broken bone that has an angular break diagonal to the long axis
open fracture/compound fracture
broken bone in which there is an open wound in the skin
pathologic fracture
broken bone in an area of bone weakened by disease
physeal fracture
bone that is broken at the epiphyseal line or growth plate. further categorized as “Salter-Harris I-V fractures”
spiral fracture
broking bone in which the bone is twisted or spiraled apart
varus
bone bends in
valgus
bone bends out
transverse fracture
broken bone that is broken at right angles to its axis or straight across the bone
arthrodesis
fusion of a joint or the spinal vertebrae by surgical means
-desis
to bind
chemonucleolysis
process of dissolving part of the center of an intervertebral disc by injecting a foreign substance
external fixation
alignment of bone maintained by immobilizing the bone near the fracture through the use of casts, splints, or external fixators (rods/pins)
internal fixation
alignment of bone maintained by immobilizing the bone directly at the fracture site through the use of wires, screws, pins, or plates
laminectomy
surgical removal of the dorsal arch of vertebra
ostectomy
surgical removal of bone
osteodesis
fusion of bones
osteopexy
surgical fixation of a bone to the body wall
osteoplasty
surgical repair of bone
osteostomy
surgical creation of a permanent new opening in bone
osteotomy
surgical incision or sectioning of bone
trephination
process of cutting a hole into a bone using a trephine (circular sawlike instrument)
fascia
sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscles
linea alba
fibrous band of connective tissue on the ventral abdominal wall that is the median attachment of the abdominal muscles.
aponeurosis
fibrous sheet that provides attachment to muscular fibers and is a means of origin or insertion of a flat muscle
skeletal muscle
striated voluntary muscle that attaches bones to the body and make motion possible. Long, cylindrical, multinucleated cells with dark and light bands to created a striated look.
rhabdomy/o
combining form for striated muscle
smooth muscle
nonstriated involuntary visceral muscle that produces slow contractions to allow unconscious functioning of internal organs. Spindle shaped without striations.
cardiac muscle
striated involuntary muscle for contraction of heart. Elongated, branched cells that lie parallel to each other and have dark and light bands.
leiomy/o
combining form for smooth muscle
kinesi/o
combining form of movement
antagonistic muscles
work against or opposite each
synergistic/agonistic muscles
work together to help movement
neuromuscular junction
point at which nerve endings come into contact with muscle cells
muscle origin
place where a muscle begins, and is the more fixed attachment or the end of muscle closest to the midline
muscle insertion
place where the muscle ends, and is the more movable end or portion of the muscle farthest from the midline
abductor
muscle that moves a part away from the midline
extensor
muscle that straightens a limb or increases a joint angle
flexor
muscle that bends a limb or decreases a joint angle
levator
muscle that raises or elevates a part
depressor
muscle that lowers or depresses a part
supinator
muscle that rotates the palmar or plantar surface upward
pronator
muscle that rotates the palmar or plantar surface downward
epaxial muscles
located above the pelvic axis
intercostal muscles
between the ribs
infraspinatus muscles
beneath the spine of the scapula
supraspinatus muscles
located above the spine of the scapula
inferior muscles
deep muscles
orbicularis muscles
surrounding another structure
rectus
straight muscles- aligning with the vertical axis of the body
oblique
muscles slanted outward away from the midline
sphincter
tight band muscles
deltoid
muscles are triangular. like greek letter delta
quadratus
muscles are square or four sided
rhomboideus
muscles are diamond shaped
scalenus
muscles are unequally three sided
serratus
muscles are saw toothed
teres
muscles are cylindrical
sartorius muscle
thigh muscle that adducts the leg of a human to position a tailor assumes when sitting. (sartorius means tailor)
electromyography (EMG)
process of recording the electrical activity of the muscle
electromyogram
record of the strength of muscle contraction caused by electrical stimulation
adhesion
band of fibers that hold structures together in an abnormal fashion
ataxia
lack of voluntary control
atonic
lacking muscle tone
atrophy
decrease in size or complete wasting of an organ, tissue, or cell
dystrophy
defective growth
fasciitis
inflamation of the sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscles
fibroma/fibroid
tumor composed of fully developed connective tissue
laxity
looseness
leiomyoma
benign tumor of smooth muscle
leiomyositis
inflammation of smooth muscle
myasthenia
muscle weakness
myoclonus
spasm of muscle
myoma
benign tumor of muslce
myopathy
abnormal condition or disease of muscle
myositis
inflammation of voluntary muscles
myotonia
delayed relaxation of muscle after contraction
rhabdomyoma
benign tumor of striated muscle
tendinitis
inflammation of tendon
tetany
muscle spasms or twitching
myectomy
surgical removal of muscle of part of muscle
myoplasty
surgical repair of muscle
myotomy
surgical incision into muscle
tenectomy
surgical removal of a part of tendon
tenotomy
surgical division of tendon
