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BIO 231 > Week 6 > Flashcards

Week 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

Identify the term that refers to the concentric rings found within compact bone.

A

Lamaellae

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2
Q

Examine the ABCD (or ABCDE) rule related to potential skin cancer signs. Which abbreviation illustrates the idea that one potential sign of skin cancer is a rough edge around a mole.

A

B

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3
Q

Identify the deepest layer of the skin.

A

Adipose Tissue

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4
Q

Identify the INCORRECT pairing between definition and the technical term.
A. Epiphyses are the ends of the long bones that are wider than the middle of the bone.

B. Articular cartilage is composed of hyaline cartilage and is found at the ends of long bones.

C. Sharpey fibers are the collagen fibers that connect the periosteum to the underlying bone matrix.

D. The epiphyseal plate is a cartilage growth plate within the long bones.

E. The medullary cavity is filled with red bone marrow.

A

E. The medullary cavity is filled with red bone marrow.

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5
Q

What is an alternative term for spongy bone?

A

Cancellous bone.

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6
Q

What degree of burn severity is associated with a lack of sensation?

A

Third Degree Burns

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7
Q

The special category of bones known as sesamoid best fit into what broader category of bones?

A

Short Bones

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8
Q

Which layer of the epidermis is only present in thick skin?

A

stratum Lucidum

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9
Q

Identify the structure(s) that have keratin as a major component of their structure.

A

Eyelashes
Nails
Hair
Epidermis
Eyebrows

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10
Q

Which aspect of the dangers of burns can lead to circulatory shock?

A. Fluid and plasma leak from damaged tissues.

B. Decreased urine production by the kidneys.

C. Scarring of the surface tissues.
Reduced circulation within the tissue damaged by burns.

D. Infection due to damaged tissues reducing surface barriers.

A

A. Fluid and plasma leak from damaged tissues.

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11
Q

What is the technical name for the breastbone?

A

Sternum

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12
Q

Examine the case study (#4 titled Burns) and address this question. What region of Bill’s body had 3rd degree burns?

A

Bill’s arms

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13
Q

Which layer of the epidermis contains organelles that are degenerating.

A

Stratum Granulosum

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14
Q

What is the function of the arrector pili?

A

It elevates the hair associated with the skin in cold environments or in response to scary incidents.

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15
Q

Identify the job of the bone that describes the process of hematopoiesis.

A

Blood Cell Formation

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16
Q

What skin associated condition involves a possible autoimmune reaction to one’s own collagen?

A

Systemic lupus erythematosus.

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17
Q

Identify the layer of epidermis that contains keratin for waterproofing and is comprised of metabolically inactive (dead) cells.

A. Stratum Basale.
B. Stratum corneum.
C. Stratum spinosum.
D. Stratum lucidum.
E. Stratum granulosum

A

B. Stratum corneum.

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18
Q

Identify the top three chemical components found in bone

A. Calcium, carbonate, and sodium.
B. Calcium, carbonate, and magnesium.
C. Calcium, phosphate, and magnesium.
D. Phosphate, calcium, and carbonate.
E. Calcium, phosphate, and carbonate

A

E. Calcium, phosphate, and carbonate

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19
Q

What type of cell in the bone is associated with the breakdown of bone tissue?

A

Osteoclasts

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20
Q

When the body is in anatomical position, identify the bone within the limbs that is on the lateral side of another long bone within the same region of that limb.
A. Fibula.
B. Humerus.
C. Tibia.
D. Femur.
E. Ulna.

A

A. Fibula.

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21
Q

What type of tissue is associated with the papillary dermal layer?

A. Loose reticular connective tissue.
B. Irregular dense connective tissue.
C. Loose adipose connective tissue.
D. Loose areolar connective tissue.
E. Fibrocartilage connective tissue

A

D. Loose areolar connective tissue.

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22
Q

In compact bone what term refers to the space where osteocytes are located?

A

Lacunae

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23
Q

As we get old, gelatinous marrow will replace which form of bone marrow?

A

Yellow bone marrow.

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24
Q

A patient is admitted to the hospital for burns on the anterior surface of the torso, anterior surface of the right arm, and anterior as well as posterior surface of the left arm, how much of the body is covered in burns?

A

31.5%

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25
Q

Identify the mitotically active layer of the epidermis.

A

Stratum Basale

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26
Q

Which layer of the dermis contains the feature known as flexure lines?

A

Reticular

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27
Q

Locations of Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

A

Kidney Tubules
Ducts of glands
Small glands
Ovaries - surface

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28
Q

Locations of Loose Areolar Connective Tissue

A

Under Skin
Fascia around blood vessels, nerves, muscles

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29
Q

Locations of Simple Squamous Epithelium

A

Kidney Glomureli
Lungs - Alveoli - airsacs
Lining of heart, blood, lymphatic vessels
Lining of Ventral body cavity

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30
Q

Locations of Dense Regular Connective Tissue

A

Tendons - muscle to bone
Ligaments - bone to bone
Aponeuroses - Wider band of connection to muscle

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31
Q

Locations of Elastic Cartilage Connective Tissue

A

External Ear
Epiglottis

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32
Q

Functions of Blood Connective Tissue

A

Transports (gases, nutrients, hormones, defense)

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33
Q

Locations of Simple Columnar Epithelium

A

Digestive tract - no cilia
Gall bladder
Excretory ducts of glands
bronchi - ciliated
uterine tubes - ciliated

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34
Q

Locations of Dense Elastic Connective Tissue

A

Arteries
Lungs
Bronchioles

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35
Q

Locations of Smooth Muscle

A

Walls of visceral organs

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36
Q

Locations of Loose Areolar Connective Tissue

A

Under skin

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37
Q

Functions of Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

A

Secretion and Absorption

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38
Q

Description of Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

A

Single Layer cube-like cells;
Large spherical central nuclei

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39
Q

Functions of Simple Columnar

A

Absorption & Secretion of mucus and enzymes
Can be ciliated
(propels mucus or reproductive)

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40
Q

Single Layer, tall cells, round/oval nuclei
Some have cilia
Some have mucus-secreting goblet cells (unicellular glands)

A

Simple Columnar Epithelium

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41
Q

Locations of Pseudostratified Columnar

A

digestive tract - no cilia
sperm ducts & large glands
Ciliated trachea & upper respiratory

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42
Q

Functions of Pseudostratified Columnar

A

Secretion (mucus)
propulsion of mucus by cilia

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43
Q

Name of tissue that has thick membranes with many layers.
Basal cells are cuboidal or columnar
Apical cells are flattened in keratinized

A

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

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44
Q

Functions of Stratified Squamous Epithelium

A

Protection of underlying tissue - abrasion

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45
Q

Locations of stratified squamous epithelium

A

non keratinized - moist linings of esophagus, mouth, vagina.
keratinized - epidermis

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46
Q

Layer of epithelial tissue that is metabolically active and undergoing mitosis

A

Basal cells of stratified squamous

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47
Q

Fibrous protein of hair, nails, epithelial cells of skin.
strength & limits dehydration

A

Keratin

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48
Q

Epithelial tissue that resembles stratified squamous and stratified columnar

A

Transitional epithelium

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49
Q

Locations of Transitional Epithelium

A

Bladder
linings of ureter
urethra

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50
Q

Functions of Transitional Epithelium

A

stretches and permits distention

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51
Q

A gland that releases hormones to blood

A

endocrine gland

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52
Q

A gland that releases substances to surface

A

exocrine gland

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53
Q

What type of glands secrete their products by exocytosis?

A

Merocrine gland

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54
Q

What type of glands is when the entire secretory cell ruptures, releasing secretions and dead cell fragments?

A

Holocrine Glands

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55
Q

Locations of merocrine glands

A

pancreas
sweat
salivary glands

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56
Q

Locations of holocrine glands

A

sebaceous glands

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57
Q

Functions of Loose Reticular Connective Tissue

A

Filter Fluids
Framework for lymphoid organs

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58
Q

Locations of Loose Reticular Connective Tissue

A

Spleen
lymph nodes
bone marrow

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59
Q

Functions of Loose Areolar Connective Tissue

A

related to fibers
collagen for strength
elastic for flexibility

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60
Q

Locations of Loose Areolar Connective Tissue

A

Under Skin
Fascia around blood vessels, nerves, and muscles

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61
Q

Functions of Dense Regular Connective Tissue

A

Fibers are strong and run in one direction
nuclei run in parallel lines along fiber lines

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62
Q

Locations of Dense Regular Connective Tissue

A

Tendons
Ligaments
Aponeuroses

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63
Q

Functions Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

A

Full of dense collagen fibers running in multiple directions

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64
Q

Locations of Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

A

Dermis of skin - deep layer
Digestive tract
Fibrous capsules of organs and joints

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65
Q

Functions of Dense Elastic Connective Tissue

A

Recoil

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66
Q

Locations of Dense Elastic Connective Tissue

A

Arteries
Lungs
Bronchioles

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67
Q

Functions of Hyaline Cartilage Connective Tissue

A

Hyaline means glass - no fibers.
No nerves or direct blood supply
Connects, pads, flexible structure

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68
Q

Locations of Hyaline Cartilage Connective Tissue

A

Embryonic skeleton
Ends of Long bones
Costal Cartilage
Nose
Trachea
Bronchiole Tree

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69
Q

Functions of Elastic Cartilage Connective Tissue

A

Structural support and protection

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70
Q

Locations of Elastic Cartilage Connective Tissue

A

External Ear
Epiglottis

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71
Q

Functions of Fibrocartilage Connective Tissue

A

Tensile strength
Absorbs compressive shock

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72
Q

Locations of Fibrocartilage Connective Tissue

A

Intervertebral discs
Pubic Symphysis
Discs of knee joint

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73
Q

Functions of Compact Bone Connective tissue

A

support
protection
facilitate movement
making blood cells
storage for fats and minerals

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74
Q

Functions of Blood Connective Tissue

A

Transport gases, nutrients, hormones, defense

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75
Q

Function of Nervous Tissue

A

Communication
Regulation and control of body processes

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76
Q

Creates the fibers that hangout in the matrix

A

fibroblasts

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77
Q

Creates the bony tissue, the ossified tissue of the bone

A

Osteoblasts

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78
Q

Builds the physical structure of the matrix like cartilage

A

Chondrablasts

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79
Q

Cutaneous Membrane

A

Skin

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80
Q

An epithelial membrane that lines all the open and hollow areas of our body that are open to the outside

A

Mucosae

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81
Q

Epithelial Membranes that are in a closed ventral body cavity

A

Serous

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82
Q

________serosae that lines the internal body walls

A

Parietal serosae

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83
Q

________serosae that covers internal organs

A

Visceral serosae

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84
Q

Three stages of Epithelial Repair

A

Inflammation
Organization
Regeneration

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85
Q

4 signs of inflammation

A

Redness
Heat
Swelling
Pain

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86
Q

What happens in the inflammatory stage

A

=Severed blood vessels send out inflammatory signals
-Local vessels become leaky (WBCs, fluid, proteins seep out)
-Clotting occurs
-scab forms when surface dries

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87
Q

What happens in the Organization stage

A
  • Restores the blood supply
  • Clot is replaced by granulation tissue which restores the vascular supply
  • Fibroblasts produce collagen fibers that bridge the gap
  • Macrophages phagocytize cell debris
  • Surface epithelial cells multiply and migrate over the granulation tissue -
    Mitosis
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88
Q

What happens during regeneration stage

A

Fibrosed area matures and contracts -
Epithelium thickens
- Fully regenerated epithelium with an underlying area of scar tissue results

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89
Q

Which type of tissue is voluntarily contracted

A

Skeletal muscle

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90
Q

Which tissue type is made through hematopoiesis

A

Blood connective tissue

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91
Q

Which type of tissue sends and receives signals

A

Nervous Tissue

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92
Q

Which type of tissue controls vessel diameter

A

Smooth muscle

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93
Q

Which tissue type has glial (support) cells?

A

Nervous tissue

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94
Q

Which tissue type allows for difusion

A

Simple Squamous Epithelium

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95
Q

Which tissue type provides insulation

A

Loose Adipose Connective Tissue

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96
Q

What factors affect tissue repair

A

Age
Circulation
Nutrition - micronutrients - vitamins

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97
Q

What are the skins three regions

A

Epidermis
Dermis
Fascia

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98
Q

Skins Functions

A

Sensation
Protection (physical and prevents water loss)
Vitamin D production
Regulation of body temperature
Waste Disposal
Blood reservoir

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99
Q

What is Hypodermis

A

superficial fascia
not part of the skin
mostly adipose tissue

100
Q

What is Fascia

A

thin connective tissue surrounding and holding organs and tissues in place

101
Q

Can Lucy Give Some Blood

A

stratum:
Corneum
Lucidum
Granulosum
Spinosum
Basale

102
Q

stratum Corneum

A

Has 20-30 layers of dead cells
Keratin - waterproofing
Thickest of all the layers

103
Q

stratum Lucidum

A

2-3 layers
ONLY IN THICK SKIN of the palmar and plantar

104
Q

stratum Granulosum

A

3-5 layers
Flattened cells - drying out
Organelles are deteriorating -(granules)

105
Q

stratum Spinosum

A

several layers
Has more dendritic cells (WBCs) than basale
Cells become connected by desmosomes
Keratinocytes -thick pre-keratin fibers

106
Q

stratum Basale

A

AKA germinativum
10-25% of cells are melanocytes
Basement layer
Has some Dendritic (WBCs) cells

107
Q

Papillary layer of the dermis is …..

A

the superficial layer
small layer

108
Q

What are found in the Papillary Layer of the dermis

A

Areolar C.T - blood vessels, pain and touch receptors
Friction Ridges

109
Q

What are Friction Ridges

A

Epidermal ridges of the Papillary of the Dermis
Fingerprints
Facilitates grabbing

110
Q

Reticular layer of the Dermis is….

A

Deeper layer of the Dermis
Larger Layer

111
Q

How much of the Dermis is Reticular

A

80%

112
Q

What type of connective tissue is the reticular layer of the dermis

A

Irregular Dense Connective Tissue
Fibers are running in multiple directions
Strong

113
Q

Where do you find flexure lines

A

in the Reticular layer of the dermis

114
Q

What are flexure lines

A

dermal folds at or near joints where dermis is tightly secured to deeper structures

115
Q

Functions of the flexure lines

A

Holds in place
Allows Mobility

116
Q

Example location of flexure lines

A

palms of hands

117
Q

What are the three layers of keratinized cells projecting from the hair follicles

A

Medulla (middle)
Cortex (Core)
Cuticle (outside layer)

118
Q

Where are the appendages of the skin located

A

In the dermis of the skin
Where it is metabolically active

119
Q

Portion within the follicle

A

Root
metabolically active

120
Q

Portion extending beyond the skin

A

Shaft

121
Q

Arrector Pili

A

Smooth Muscle
Emotional - scared
Regulation of body heat

122
Q

What are the Appendages of the skin

A

eyebrows
eyelashes
hair
nails
oil glands
sweat glands

123
Q

What kind of keratin do nails contain

A

Hard Keratin

124
Q

Sebaceous (Oil) glands are ….

A

simple branched alveolar glands

125
Q

What do sebaceous glands secrete

A

sebum (oily substance)
Associated with hair and skin - softening

126
Q

What is the name of the sweat glands

A

Sudoriferous glands

127
Q

A type of sweat gland that does not lose cytoplasm

A

eccrine glands

128
Q

What is sweat

A

hypotonic filtrate of blood for exocytosis

129
Q

Sweat mostly contains

A

water
salts
urea
uric acid
amino acid
sugars
lactic acid
ascorbic acid

130
Q

What is sweat’s function

A

to prevent overheating
Respond to emotional stress

131
Q

Three types of Sudoriferous glands (sweat glands)

A

Eccrine glands
Ceruminous
Mammary

132
Q

Where are ceruminous glands found

A

in the lining if the external ear canal

133
Q

What does the ceruminous gland secrete

A

secretion mixes with sebum (oil) to form CERUMEN = earwax

134
Q

What is thought to be the function of cerumen

A

deter insects
block entry of foreign material

135
Q

What type of sudoriferous gland secretes milk

A

Mammary gland

136
Q

Pigmentation - bronzing of skin issue

A

excess melanin may signal adrenal gland tumor

137
Q

Paleness or redness of skin may signal

A

low BP
anemia
heat stroke

138
Q

Cyanosis –

A

blue color
low in oxygen
shows in fingers, face, lips, tip of nose

139
Q

What is it called - you do not have enough RBCs for normal oxygen delivery. You feel lethargic

A

Anemia

140
Q

What is Jaundice

A

yellow coloration due to build of bile products from liver or gallbladder

141
Q

Bilirubin is a break down of

A

hemoglobin

142
Q

Inflammation of sebaceous glands

A

Acne

143
Q

Staph or strep infection

A

Impetigo

144
Q

itching & silver scaling due to too rapid cell division

A

Psoriasis

145
Q

Bedsores resulting from the destruction of skin tissues due to pressure, reduced blood flow & death of skin

A

Decubitus Ulcers

146
Q

Damage to skin by ultraviolet exposure

A

Sunburn

147
Q

Autoimmune disease, possibly reaction to body’s own collagen

A

Systemic Lupus erythematosus (LUPUS

148
Q

Proliferation of skin cells due to viral infection

A

Warts

149
Q

Measle type causing damage to fetus

A

rubella

150
Q

Dormant chickenpox virus reactivates causing lesions on nerve lines

A

shingles

151
Q

Hereditary skin lesions in patches triggered by environmental events

A

Eczema

152
Q

Lesions at the mouth & mucous membrane via herpes simplex 1 virus.

A

Cold Sores

153
Q

Most common form of skin cancer; a malignancy of the basal cell layer of the epidermis

A

Basal cell carcinoma

154
Q

Itching, burning, and inflammation due to allergy, infection, and stress

A

Hives

155
Q

Infection of Connective Tissue with severe inflammation of both the dermis and hypodermis (subcutaneous) layers of the skin.

A

Cellulitis

156
Q

A generic term for a skin inflammation

A

Dermatitis

157
Q

A fluid-filled pocket that develops between the dermis and epidermis; due to damaged capillaries.

A

blister

158
Q

A highly infectious fungal infection nourished by dead surface skin cells and the urea in sweat.

A

ringworm

159
Q

Malignancy especially of melanocytes (mole) very aggressive

A

melanoma

160
Q

Area damaged by scraping or wearing away

A

abrasion

161
Q

Very regular cut made by a sharp object
Knife or glass

A

incision

162
Q

Deep cut or tear in skin
Irregular cut

A

laceration

163
Q

Small hole in a structure

A

puncture

164
Q

The action of pulling or tearing away

A

avulsion

165
Q

ABCD - mole

A

Asymmetry
Border Irregularity
Color
Diameter

166
Q

Dangers of burns include 5 things

A
  1. Fluid and plasma protein loss which can lead to circulatory shock
  2. Infection
  3. Reduced circulation in damaged area
  4. decreased urine production (renal Failure)
  5. scarring
167
Q

What leads to circulatory shock

A

fluid and plasma protein loss

168
Q

What causes renal failure

A

decreased urine production
not able to clean the blood

169
Q

Three classification of burns

A

1st degree
2nd degree
3rd degree

170
Q

Burn - epidermis only, pain, and redness

A

First Degree

171
Q

Burn - epidermis and some of dermis
Blistering, edema, pain

A

Second degree

172
Q

Burn - destruction of dermis & epidermis, charring, no sensation

A

Third degree

173
Q

Burn - single layer

A

1st degree

174
Q

Burn - partial thickness

A

2nd degree

175
Q

Burn - full thickness

A

3rd degree

176
Q

Treatment of Burns

A
  1. clean and removal of dead tissue (debridement)
  2. replace lost fluids & electrolytes
  3. Cover wound, graft to repair, artificial skin (collagen sheets), skin gun
177
Q

Rule of 9s

A

Anterior –
1. head - 4 1/2 %
2-3. arm - 4 1/2%
4. Trunk - 18%
5-6 Leg - 9%
7. Perineum - 1%

178
Q

Functions of bone

A

Support for the body and soft organs
Protection
Movement -Levers for muscle action
Storage - fat, calcium, phosphorous
Red Blood cell formation

179
Q

Chemical Matrix of the bone

A

Hydroxyapatites = 85%
Calcium Carbonate = 10%

180
Q

Classifications of bones by shapes

A

Long bones
Short bones (and sesamoid bones)
Flat bones
Irregular bones

181
Q

Long Bones

A

longer than they are wide
Arms - ulna (medial), radius (lateral), humerus
Legs - tibia (medial) , fibula lateral), femur

182
Q

Short Bones

A

Cubed Shaped bones in wrists and ankles
Sesamoid bones - within tendons - patella

183
Q

Flat bones

A

thin, flat, slightly curved
skull
pelvic girdle
sternum

184
Q

Irregular bones

A

Complicated Bones
Vertebrae

185
Q

Bone Textures

A

Compact bone
Spongy (cancellous) bone

186
Q

Another name for spongy bone

A

cancellous

187
Q

Spongy bone is

A

honeycomb of trabeculae (not open space)

188
Q

Compact bone is

A

dense outer layer of bone
Osteons

189
Q

Trabeculae

A

is the bony part of the honeycomb structure of spongy bone

190
Q

Periosteum

A

Outside wrapping around the bone
Dense irregular fibrous sheath
Collagen fibers continuous with tendons
Collagen fibers penetrate bony matrix
Sharpey fibers connecting to the core of the bone

191
Q

Structure of a long bone

A
  1. Diaphysis (shaft)
  2. Epiphyses - ends of the bone
192
Q

Diaphysis

A

Inside the shaft
Compact bone surrounds
Medullar (open space) Cavity in adults contains fat
Yellow marrow

193
Q

Epiphyses

A
  1. Expanded ends of long bones will flare out
  2. Inside you see - Spongy bone interior (trabeculae) - red bone marrow, fatty tissues in adults
  3. Epiphyseal line (ossified Bone) (growth plate sealed)
  4. Epiphyseal plate (hyaline cartilage)
    Growth plate - allows for growth
  5. Articular (hyaline) Cartilage on joint surfaces
    End of long bones
    Allows for articulation, padding, protection as you move around
    Smooth
194
Q

Osteogenic

A

stem cells

195
Q

Osteoblasts

A

builders

196
Q

Osteocytes

A

blasts that were mineralized over and trapped in the matrix

197
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Bone Breakers

198
Q

Haversian system or Osteon

A

A set of concentric rings that help create the real strength in the compact bone

199
Q

Each of these rings of the matrix is called a

A

Lamellae

200
Q

Osteocytes live ….

A

in between the lamellae in spaces called Lacunae

201
Q

Lacunae - think of it as

A

an address and the osteocyte lives inside

202
Q

Within the Haversian system, there is an open space called the

A

Central Canal or Haversian Canal.
An open space that is not empty
Contains blood vessels and nerves running through it

203
Q

Osteocytes need nourishment

A

In order to receive nutrients, these osteocytes, held inside the Lacunae, will receive blood supply from the main blood vessel in the central canal through another structure called the Canaliculi

204
Q

Canaliculi -

A

Connects from the HAVERSIAN CANAL
To the LACUNAE
Where the Osteocytes live

205
Q

bone of the spongy bone

A

Trabeculae
aligns along lines of stress

206
Q

Bone Marrow

A

Red
Yellow
Gelatinous

207
Q

Osteon =

A

structural unit of compact bone

208
Q

Lamallae =

A

rings of bone matrix (columns)

209
Q

Haversian Canal =

A

blood vessels and nerves

210
Q

Where is red and yellow bone marrow located in the long bone

A

Red = epiphysis (spongy bone)
Yellow = diaphysis (medullar cavity or endosteum)

211
Q

Two structures involving keratin

A

nails
hair
skin
eye lashes
eyebrows

212
Q

Glands in the ear

A

Ceruminous

213
Q

The oil gland name and secretion

A

Sebaceous (sebum -oil)

214
Q

Mammary glands are specialized …

A

sweat glands

215
Q

Smooth muscle to raise hair

A

arrector pilli

216
Q

two things to form wax in ears

A

Sebaceous (sebum - oil)
Ceruminous

217
Q

Technical term for sweat gland

A

Sudoriferous (eccrine)

218
Q

Intercalated discs

A

Connections between cardiac muscle cells

219
Q

Framework for for lymphoid organs

A

Loose Reticular Connective Tissue

220
Q

Can reduce risk of respiratory infection

A

Ciliated Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

221
Q

Visible in cardiac and skeletal muscle histology

A

Striations

222
Q

Tendons are made of

A

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

223
Q

Holocrine is what type of gland

A

Sebaceous gland

224
Q

What in tissue creates thicker membranes able to deal with abrasion

A

Stratified

225
Q

Has few cells, separated by matrix

A

Connective Tissue

226
Q

External Ear and Epiglottis

A

Elastic Cartilage Connective Tissue

227
Q

What type of tissue is critical in gas exchange

A

Simple squamous epithelium

228
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles =

A

sense of fine touch

229
Q

Carotene (from carrots) is in what layer of dermis

A

stratum corneum

230
Q

Papillary layer contains

A

Areolar C. T.
Blood vessels
Pain and touch receptors
Epidermal Ridges (fingerprints)

231
Q

Reticular Layer contains

A

Flexure lines

232
Q

What layer of dermis
Mitotically active
melanocytes
immune cells

A

stratum Basale

233
Q

What layer of dermis
only presents in thick skin
2-3 layers

A

stratum Lucidum

234
Q

What layer of dermis
Flattened cells
Organelles deteriorating
3-5 layers

A

stratum Granulosum

235
Q

What layer has
Keratin = water proof
Dead
20-30 layers

A

stratum Corneum

236
Q

What dermis Layer has
Keratinocytes
thick fibers of pre-keratin

A

stratum Spinosum

237
Q

What passes through the intervertebral foramen

A

Spinal cord 🡪 vertebral foramen/vertebral canal

238
Q

what passes through the vertebral foramen or vertebral canal?

A

spinal nerves through the intervertebral foramen

239
Q

The spinous process is ____ relative to the body of the vertebrae

A

Posterior

240
Q

The pedicle is __ relative to the lamina.

A

Anterior

241
Q

The lamina is ____ relative to the transverse process.

A

medial

242
Q

The atlas is ______ relative to the axis.

A

superior

243
Q

What are the major divisions of the vertebral column & how many bones are present within each region?

A

Cervical = 7,
Thoracic = 12,
Lumbar = 5,
Sacral = 5 fused &
Coccyx = 4 fused

244
Q

) If you needed to identify an individual vertebrae as belonging to one of the above mentioned regions of the vertebral column what types of features would help you do this identification? (i.e. how are the vertebrae visually distinct?)

A

Cervical – small, delicate,
Thoracic – pointy & thin spinous process, Lumbar = thicker/stubbier &
sacral & coccyx = fused

245
Q

What is ‘costal cartilage’ and what role does it play in helping to create the bony protection of the thoracic cavity?

A

C.C. = cartilage attaching ribs to sternum & enclosing the thoracic cavity

BIO 231 (11 decks)

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