Week 6 Flashcards
Identify the term that refers to the concentric rings found within compact bone.
Lamaellae
Examine the ABCD (or ABCDE) rule related to potential skin cancer signs. Which abbreviation illustrates the idea that one potential sign of skin cancer is a rough edge around a mole.
B
Identify the deepest layer of the skin.
Adipose Tissue
Identify the INCORRECT pairing between definition and the technical term.
A. Epiphyses are the ends of the long bones that are wider than the middle of the bone.
B. Articular cartilage is composed of hyaline cartilage and is found at the ends of long bones.
C. Sharpey fibers are the collagen fibers that connect the periosteum to the underlying bone matrix.
D. The epiphyseal plate is a cartilage growth plate within the long bones.
E. The medullary cavity is filled with red bone marrow.
E. The medullary cavity is filled with red bone marrow.
What is an alternative term for spongy bone?
Cancellous bone.
What degree of burn severity is associated with a lack of sensation?
Third Degree Burns
The special category of bones known as sesamoid best fit into what broader category of bones?
Short Bones
Which layer of the epidermis is only present in thick skin?
stratum Lucidum
Identify the structure(s) that have keratin as a major component of their structure.
Eyelashes
Nails
Hair
Epidermis
Eyebrows
Which aspect of the dangers of burns can lead to circulatory shock?
A. Fluid and plasma leak from damaged tissues.
B. Decreased urine production by the kidneys.
C. Scarring of the surface tissues.
Reduced circulation within the tissue damaged by burns.
D. Infection due to damaged tissues reducing surface barriers.
A. Fluid and plasma leak from damaged tissues.
What is the technical name for the breastbone?
Sternum
Examine the case study (#4 titled Burns) and address this question. What region of Bill’s body had 3rd degree burns?
Bill’s arms
Which layer of the epidermis contains organelles that are degenerating.
Stratum Granulosum
What is the function of the arrector pili?
It elevates the hair associated with the skin in cold environments or in response to scary incidents.
Identify the job of the bone that describes the process of hematopoiesis.
Blood Cell Formation
What skin associated condition involves a possible autoimmune reaction to one’s own collagen?
Systemic lupus erythematosus.
Identify the layer of epidermis that contains keratin for waterproofing and is comprised of metabolically inactive (dead) cells.
A. Stratum Basale.
B. Stratum corneum.
C. Stratum spinosum.
D. Stratum lucidum.
E. Stratum granulosum
B. Stratum corneum.
Identify the top three chemical components found in bone
A. Calcium, carbonate, and sodium.
B. Calcium, carbonate, and magnesium.
C. Calcium, phosphate, and magnesium.
D. Phosphate, calcium, and carbonate.
E. Calcium, phosphate, and carbonate
E. Calcium, phosphate, and carbonate
What type of cell in the bone is associated with the breakdown of bone tissue?
Osteoclasts
When the body is in anatomical position, identify the bone within the limbs that is on the lateral side of another long bone within the same region of that limb.
A. Fibula.
B. Humerus.
C. Tibia.
D. Femur.
E. Ulna.
A. Fibula.
What type of tissue is associated with the papillary dermal layer?
A. Loose reticular connective tissue.
B. Irregular dense connective tissue.
C. Loose adipose connective tissue.
D. Loose areolar connective tissue.
E. Fibrocartilage connective tissue
D. Loose areolar connective tissue.
In compact bone what term refers to the space where osteocytes are located?
Lacunae
As we get old, gelatinous marrow will replace which form of bone marrow?
Yellow bone marrow.
A patient is admitted to the hospital for burns on the anterior surface of the torso, anterior surface of the right arm, and anterior as well as posterior surface of the left arm, how much of the body is covered in burns?
31.5%
Identify the mitotically active layer of the epidermis.
Stratum Basale
Which layer of the dermis contains the feature known as flexure lines?
Reticular
Locations of Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Kidney Tubules
Ducts of glands
Small glands
Ovaries - surface
Locations of Loose Areolar Connective Tissue
Under Skin
Fascia around blood vessels, nerves, muscles
Locations of Simple Squamous Epithelium
Kidney Glomureli
Lungs - Alveoli - airsacs
Lining of heart, blood, lymphatic vessels
Lining of Ventral body cavity
Locations of Dense Regular Connective Tissue
Tendons - muscle to bone
Ligaments - bone to bone
Aponeuroses - Wider band of connection to muscle
Locations of Elastic Cartilage Connective Tissue
External Ear
Epiglottis
Functions of Blood Connective Tissue
Transports (gases, nutrients, hormones, defense)
Locations of Simple Columnar Epithelium
Digestive tract - no cilia
Gall bladder
Excretory ducts of glands
bronchi - ciliated
uterine tubes - ciliated
Locations of Dense Elastic Connective Tissue
Arteries
Lungs
Bronchioles
Locations of Smooth Muscle
Walls of visceral organs
Locations of Loose Areolar Connective Tissue
Under skin
Functions of Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Secretion and Absorption
Description of Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Single Layer cube-like cells;
Large spherical central nuclei
Functions of Simple Columnar
Absorption & Secretion of mucus and enzymes
Can be ciliated
(propels mucus or reproductive)
Single Layer, tall cells, round/oval nuclei
Some have cilia
Some have mucus-secreting goblet cells (unicellular glands)
Simple Columnar Epithelium
Locations of Pseudostratified Columnar
digestive tract - no cilia
sperm ducts & large glands
Ciliated trachea & upper respiratory
Functions of Pseudostratified Columnar
Secretion (mucus)
propulsion of mucus by cilia
Name of tissue that has thick membranes with many layers.
Basal cells are cuboidal or columnar
Apical cells are flattened in keratinized
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Functions of Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Protection of underlying tissue - abrasion
Locations of stratified squamous epithelium
non keratinized - moist linings of esophagus, mouth, vagina.
keratinized - epidermis
Layer of epithelial tissue that is metabolically active and undergoing mitosis
Basal cells of stratified squamous
Fibrous protein of hair, nails, epithelial cells of skin.
strength & limits dehydration
Keratin
Epithelial tissue that resembles stratified squamous and stratified columnar
Transitional epithelium
Locations of Transitional Epithelium
Bladder
linings of ureter
urethra
Functions of Transitional Epithelium
stretches and permits distention
A gland that releases hormones to blood
endocrine gland
A gland that releases substances to surface
exocrine gland
What type of glands secrete their products by exocytosis?
Merocrine gland
What type of glands is when the entire secretory cell ruptures, releasing secretions and dead cell fragments?
Holocrine Glands
Locations of merocrine glands
pancreas
sweat
salivary glands
Locations of holocrine glands
sebaceous glands
Functions of Loose Reticular Connective Tissue
Filter Fluids
Framework for lymphoid organs
Locations of Loose Reticular Connective Tissue
Spleen
lymph nodes
bone marrow
Functions of Loose Areolar Connective Tissue
related to fibers
collagen for strength
elastic for flexibility
Locations of Loose Areolar Connective Tissue
Under Skin
Fascia around blood vessels, nerves, and muscles
Functions of Dense Regular Connective Tissue
Fibers are strong and run in one direction
nuclei run in parallel lines along fiber lines
Locations of Dense Regular Connective Tissue
Tendons
Ligaments
Aponeuroses
Functions Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
Full of dense collagen fibers running in multiple directions
Locations of Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
Dermis of skin - deep layer
Digestive tract
Fibrous capsules of organs and joints
Functions of Dense Elastic Connective Tissue
Recoil
Locations of Dense Elastic Connective Tissue
Arteries
Lungs
Bronchioles
Functions of Hyaline Cartilage Connective Tissue
Hyaline means glass - no fibers.
No nerves or direct blood supply
Connects, pads, flexible structure
Locations of Hyaline Cartilage Connective Tissue
Embryonic skeleton
Ends of Long bones
Costal Cartilage
Nose
Trachea
Bronchiole Tree
Functions of Elastic Cartilage Connective Tissue
Structural support and protection
Locations of Elastic Cartilage Connective Tissue
External Ear
Epiglottis
Functions of Fibrocartilage Connective Tissue
Tensile strength
Absorbs compressive shock
Locations of Fibrocartilage Connective Tissue
Intervertebral discs
Pubic Symphysis
Discs of knee joint
Functions of Compact Bone Connective tissue
support
protection
facilitate movement
making blood cells
storage for fats and minerals
Functions of Blood Connective Tissue
Transport gases, nutrients, hormones, defense
Function of Nervous Tissue
Communication
Regulation and control of body processes
Creates the fibers that hangout in the matrix
fibroblasts
Creates the bony tissue, the ossified tissue of the bone
Osteoblasts
Builds the physical structure of the matrix like cartilage
Chondrablasts
Cutaneous Membrane
Skin
An epithelial membrane that lines all the open and hollow areas of our body that are open to the outside
Mucosae
Epithelial Membranes that are in a closed ventral body cavity
Serous
________serosae that lines the internal body walls
Parietal serosae
________serosae that covers internal organs
Visceral serosae
Three stages of Epithelial Repair
Inflammation
Organization
Regeneration
4 signs of inflammation
Redness
Heat
Swelling
Pain
What happens in the inflammatory stage
=Severed blood vessels send out inflammatory signals
-Local vessels become leaky (WBCs, fluid, proteins seep out)
-Clotting occurs
-scab forms when surface dries
What happens in the Organization stage
- Restores the blood supply
- Clot is replaced by granulation tissue which restores the vascular supply
- Fibroblasts produce collagen fibers that bridge the gap
- Macrophages phagocytize cell debris
- Surface epithelial cells multiply and migrate over the granulation tissue -
Mitosis
What happens during regeneration stage
Fibrosed area matures and contracts -
Epithelium thickens
- Fully regenerated epithelium with an underlying area of scar tissue results
Which type of tissue is voluntarily contracted
Skeletal muscle
Which tissue type is made through hematopoiesis
Blood connective tissue
Which type of tissue sends and receives signals
Nervous Tissue
Which type of tissue controls vessel diameter
Smooth muscle
Which tissue type has glial (support) cells?
Nervous tissue
Which tissue type allows for difusion
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Which tissue type provides insulation
Loose Adipose Connective Tissue
What factors affect tissue repair
Age
Circulation
Nutrition - micronutrients - vitamins
What are the skins three regions
Epidermis
Dermis
Fascia
Skins Functions
Sensation
Protection (physical and prevents water loss)
Vitamin D production
Regulation of body temperature
Waste Disposal
Blood reservoir
What is Hypodermis
superficial fascia
not part of the skin
mostly adipose tissue
What is Fascia
thin connective tissue surrounding and holding organs and tissues in place
Can Lucy Give Some Blood
stratum:
Corneum
Lucidum
Granulosum
Spinosum
Basale
stratum Corneum
Has 20-30 layers of dead cells
Keratin - waterproofing
Thickest of all the layers
stratum Lucidum
2-3 layers
ONLY IN THICK SKIN of the palmar and plantar
stratum Granulosum
3-5 layers
Flattened cells - drying out
Organelles are deteriorating -(granules)
stratum Spinosum
several layers
Has more dendritic cells (WBCs) than basale
Cells become connected by desmosomes
Keratinocytes -thick pre-keratin fibers
stratum Basale
AKA germinativum
10-25% of cells are melanocytes
Basement layer
Has some Dendritic (WBCs) cells
Papillary layer of the dermis is …..
the superficial layer
small layer
What are found in the Papillary Layer of the dermis
Areolar C.T - blood vessels, pain and touch receptors
Friction Ridges
What are Friction Ridges
Epidermal ridges of the Papillary of the Dermis
Fingerprints
Facilitates grabbing
Reticular layer of the Dermis is….
Deeper layer of the Dermis
Larger Layer
How much of the Dermis is Reticular
80%
What type of connective tissue is the reticular layer of the dermis
Irregular Dense Connective Tissue
Fibers are running in multiple directions
Strong
Where do you find flexure lines
in the Reticular layer of the dermis
What are flexure lines
dermal folds at or near joints where dermis is tightly secured to deeper structures
Functions of the flexure lines
Holds in place
Allows Mobility
Example location of flexure lines
palms of hands
What are the three layers of keratinized cells projecting from the hair follicles
Medulla (middle)
Cortex (Core)
Cuticle (outside layer)
Where are the appendages of the skin located
In the dermis of the skin
Where it is metabolically active
Portion within the follicle
Root
metabolically active
Portion extending beyond the skin
Shaft
Arrector Pili
Smooth Muscle
Emotional - scared
Regulation of body heat
What are the Appendages of the skin
eyebrows
eyelashes
hair
nails
oil glands
sweat glands
What kind of keratin do nails contain
Hard Keratin
Sebaceous (Oil) glands are ….
simple branched alveolar glands
What do sebaceous glands secrete
sebum (oily substance)
Associated with hair and skin - softening
What is the name of the sweat glands
Sudoriferous glands
A type of sweat gland that does not lose cytoplasm
eccrine glands
What is sweat
hypotonic filtrate of blood for exocytosis
Sweat mostly contains
water
salts
urea
uric acid
amino acid
sugars
lactic acid
ascorbic acid
What is sweat’s function
to prevent overheating
Respond to emotional stress
Three types of Sudoriferous glands (sweat glands)
Eccrine glands
Ceruminous
Mammary
Where are ceruminous glands found
in the lining if the external ear canal
What does the ceruminous gland secrete
secretion mixes with sebum (oil) to form CERUMEN = earwax
What is thought to be the function of cerumen
deter insects
block entry of foreign material
What type of sudoriferous gland secretes milk
Mammary gland
Pigmentation - bronzing of skin issue
excess melanin may signal adrenal gland tumor
Paleness or redness of skin may signal
low BP
anemia
heat stroke
Cyanosis –
blue color
low in oxygen
shows in fingers, face, lips, tip of nose
What is it called - you do not have enough RBCs for normal oxygen delivery. You feel lethargic
Anemia
What is Jaundice
yellow coloration due to build of bile products from liver or gallbladder
Bilirubin is a break down of
hemoglobin
Inflammation of sebaceous glands
Acne
Staph or strep infection
Impetigo
itching & silver scaling due to too rapid cell division
Psoriasis
Bedsores resulting from the destruction of skin tissues due to pressure, reduced blood flow & death of skin
Decubitus Ulcers
Damage to skin by ultraviolet exposure
Sunburn
Autoimmune disease, possibly reaction to body’s own collagen
Systemic Lupus erythematosus (LUPUS
Proliferation of skin cells due to viral infection
Warts
Measle type causing damage to fetus
rubella
Dormant chickenpox virus reactivates causing lesions on nerve lines
shingles
Hereditary skin lesions in patches triggered by environmental events
Eczema
Lesions at the mouth & mucous membrane via herpes simplex 1 virus.
Cold Sores
Most common form of skin cancer; a malignancy of the basal cell layer of the epidermis
Basal cell carcinoma
Itching, burning, and inflammation due to allergy, infection, and stress
Hives
Infection of Connective Tissue with severe inflammation of both the dermis and hypodermis (subcutaneous) layers of the skin.
Cellulitis
A generic term for a skin inflammation
Dermatitis
A fluid-filled pocket that develops between the dermis and epidermis; due to damaged capillaries.
blister
A highly infectious fungal infection nourished by dead surface skin cells and the urea in sweat.
ringworm
Malignancy especially of melanocytes (mole) very aggressive
melanoma
Area damaged by scraping or wearing away
abrasion
Very regular cut made by a sharp object
Knife or glass
incision
Deep cut or tear in skin
Irregular cut
laceration
Small hole in a structure
puncture
The action of pulling or tearing away
avulsion
ABCD - mole
Asymmetry
Border Irregularity
Color
Diameter
Dangers of burns include 5 things
- Fluid and plasma protein loss which can lead to circulatory shock
- Infection
- Reduced circulation in damaged area
- decreased urine production (renal Failure)
- scarring
What leads to circulatory shock
fluid and plasma protein loss
What causes renal failure
decreased urine production
not able to clean the blood
Three classification of burns
1st degree
2nd degree
3rd degree
Burn - epidermis only, pain, and redness
First Degree
Burn - epidermis and some of dermis
Blistering, edema, pain
Second degree
Burn - destruction of dermis & epidermis, charring, no sensation
Third degree
Burn - single layer
1st degree
Burn - partial thickness
2nd degree
Burn - full thickness
3rd degree
Treatment of Burns
- clean and removal of dead tissue (debridement)
- replace lost fluids & electrolytes
- Cover wound, graft to repair, artificial skin (collagen sheets), skin gun
Rule of 9s
Anterior –
1. head - 4 1/2 %
2-3. arm - 4 1/2%
4. Trunk - 18%
5-6 Leg - 9%
7. Perineum - 1%
Functions of bone
Support for the body and soft organs
Protection
Movement -Levers for muscle action
Storage - fat, calcium, phosphorous
Red Blood cell formation
Chemical Matrix of the bone
Hydroxyapatites = 85%
Calcium Carbonate = 10%
Classifications of bones by shapes
Long bones
Short bones (and sesamoid bones)
Flat bones
Irregular bones
Long Bones
longer than they are wide
Arms - ulna (medial), radius (lateral), humerus
Legs - tibia (medial) , fibula lateral), femur
Short Bones
Cubed Shaped bones in wrists and ankles
Sesamoid bones - within tendons - patella
Flat bones
thin, flat, slightly curved
skull
pelvic girdle
sternum
Irregular bones
Complicated Bones
Vertebrae
Bone Textures
Compact bone
Spongy (cancellous) bone
Another name for spongy bone
cancellous
Spongy bone is
honeycomb of trabeculae (not open space)
Compact bone is
dense outer layer of bone
Osteons
Trabeculae
is the bony part of the honeycomb structure of spongy bone
Periosteum
Outside wrapping around the bone
Dense irregular fibrous sheath
Collagen fibers continuous with tendons
Collagen fibers penetrate bony matrix
Sharpey fibers connecting to the core of the bone
Structure of a long bone
- Diaphysis (shaft)
- Epiphyses - ends of the bone
Diaphysis
Inside the shaft
Compact bone surrounds
Medullar (open space) Cavity in adults contains fat
Yellow marrow
Epiphyses
- Expanded ends of long bones will flare out
- Inside you see - Spongy bone interior (trabeculae) - red bone marrow, fatty tissues in adults
- Epiphyseal line (ossified Bone) (growth plate sealed)
- Epiphyseal plate (hyaline cartilage)
Growth plate - allows for growth - Articular (hyaline) Cartilage on joint surfaces
End of long bones
Allows for articulation, padding, protection as you move around
Smooth
Osteogenic
stem cells
Osteoblasts
builders
Osteocytes
blasts that were mineralized over and trapped in the matrix
Osteoclasts
Bone Breakers
Haversian system or Osteon
A set of concentric rings that help create the real strength in the compact bone
Each of these rings of the matrix is called a
Lamellae
Osteocytes live ….
in between the lamellae in spaces called Lacunae
Lacunae - think of it as
an address and the osteocyte lives inside
Within the Haversian system, there is an open space called the
Central Canal or Haversian Canal.
An open space that is not empty
Contains blood vessels and nerves running through it
Osteocytes need nourishment
In order to receive nutrients, these osteocytes, held inside the Lacunae, will receive blood supply from the main blood vessel in the central canal through another structure called the Canaliculi
Canaliculi -
Connects from the HAVERSIAN CANAL
To the LACUNAE
Where the Osteocytes live
bone of the spongy bone
Trabeculae
aligns along lines of stress
Bone Marrow
Red
Yellow
Gelatinous
Osteon =
structural unit of compact bone
Lamallae =
rings of bone matrix (columns)
Haversian Canal =
blood vessels and nerves
Where is red and yellow bone marrow located in the long bone
Red = epiphysis (spongy bone)
Yellow = diaphysis (medullar cavity or endosteum)
Two structures involving keratin
nails
hair
skin
eye lashes
eyebrows
Glands in the ear
Ceruminous
The oil gland name and secretion
Sebaceous (sebum -oil)
Mammary glands are specialized …
sweat glands
Smooth muscle to raise hair
arrector pilli
two things to form wax in ears
Sebaceous (sebum - oil)
Ceruminous
Technical term for sweat gland
Sudoriferous (eccrine)
Intercalated discs
Connections between cardiac muscle cells
Framework for for lymphoid organs
Loose Reticular Connective Tissue
Can reduce risk of respiratory infection
Ciliated Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Visible in cardiac and skeletal muscle histology
Striations
Tendons are made of
Dense Regular Connective Tissue
Holocrine is what type of gland
Sebaceous gland
What in tissue creates thicker membranes able to deal with abrasion
Stratified
Has few cells, separated by matrix
Connective Tissue
External Ear and Epiglottis
Elastic Cartilage Connective Tissue
What type of tissue is critical in gas exchange
Simple squamous epithelium
Meissner’s corpuscles =
sense of fine touch
Carotene (from carrots) is in what layer of dermis
stratum corneum
Papillary layer contains
Areolar C. T.
Blood vessels
Pain and touch receptors
Epidermal Ridges (fingerprints)
Reticular Layer contains
Flexure lines
What layer of dermis
Mitotically active
melanocytes
immune cells
stratum Basale
What layer of dermis
only presents in thick skin
2-3 layers
stratum Lucidum
What layer of dermis
Flattened cells
Organelles deteriorating
3-5 layers
stratum Granulosum
What layer has
Keratin = water proof
Dead
20-30 layers
stratum Corneum
What dermis Layer has
Keratinocytes
thick fibers of pre-keratin
stratum Spinosum
What passes through the intervertebral foramen
Spinal cord 🡪 vertebral foramen/vertebral canal
what passes through the vertebral foramen or vertebral canal?
spinal nerves through the intervertebral foramen
The spinous process is ____ relative to the body of the vertebrae
Posterior
The pedicle is __ relative to the lamina.
Anterior
The lamina is ____ relative to the transverse process.
medial
The atlas is ______ relative to the axis.
superior
What are the major divisions of the vertebral column & how many bones are present within each region?
Cervical = 7,
Thoracic = 12,
Lumbar = 5,
Sacral = 5 fused &
Coccyx = 4 fused
) If you needed to identify an individual vertebrae as belonging to one of the above mentioned regions of the vertebral column what types of features would help you do this identification? (i.e. how are the vertebrae visually distinct?)
Cervical – small, delicate,
Thoracic – pointy & thin spinous process, Lumbar = thicker/stubbier &
sacral & coccyx = fused
What is ‘costal cartilage’ and what role does it play in helping to create the bony protection of the thoracic cavity?
C.C. = cartilage attaching ribs to sternum & enclosing the thoracic cavity
