MidTerm 2 Review Flashcards
The major function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle contraction is to ____.
a. Make and store phosphocreatine
b. Synthesize actin & myosin myofilaments
c. Provide a source of myosin for the contraction process
d. Regulate intracellular calcium concentration
e. Produce the ATP required for actin-myosin interaction
d. Regulate intracellular calcium concentration
The muscle cell membrane is called the ___.
a. Endomysium
b. Sarcolemma
c. Perimysium
d. Epimysium
b. Sarcolemma
_____ are cartilaginous joints.
a. Syndesmoses
b. Sutures
c. Synchondroses
d. Gomphoses
c. Synchondroses
What produces the striations of a skeletal muscle cell?
a. A difference in the thickness of the sarcolemma
b. The arrangement of myofilaments
c. The sarcoplasmic reticulum
d. The T tubules
b. The arrangement of myofilaments
Which of the following are composed of myosin?
a. Thick filaments
b. Thin filaments
c. All myofilaments
d. Z discs
a. Thick filaments
Which of the following surrounds the individual muscle cell?
a. Perimysium
b. Endomysium
c. Epimysium
d. Fascicle
b. Endomysium
During muscle contraction, myosin cross bridges attach to which active sites?
a. Myosin filaments
b. Actin filaments
c. Z discs
d. Thick filaments
b. Actin filaments
The term aponeurosis refers to ____.
a. The bands of myofibrils
b. A sheetlike indirect attachment to a skeletal element
c. The rough endoplasmic reticulum
d. The tropomyosin-troponin complex
b. A sheetlike indirect attachment to a skeletal element
The contractile units of skeletal muscles are ___.
a. Microtubules
b. Mitochondria
c. T tubules
d. sarcomeres
d. sarcomeres
Muscle tissue has all of the following properties except ____.
a. Secretion
b. Contractility
c. Extensibility
d. Excitability
a. Secretion
A fibrous joint that is a peg-in-socket is called a _____ joint.
a. Syndesmosis
b. Suture
c. Synchondrosis
d. Gomphosis
d. Gomphosis
Which of the following statements do you know is true?
a. Cardiac muscle cells have many nuclei
b. Smooth muscle cells have T tubules
c. Skeletal muscle cells are long & cylindrical with many nuclei
d. Cardiac muscle cells are found in the heart & large blood vessels
c. Skeletal muscle cells are long & cylindrical with many nuclei
Muscle tone is ____.
a. The ability of a muscle to efficiently cause skeletal movements
b. The feeling of well-being following exercise
c. A state of sustained partial contraction
d. The condition of athletes after intensive training
c. A state of sustained partial contraction
Which of these is NOT a way of classifying muscles?
a. Muscle location
b. The type of muscle fibers
c. The type of action they cause
d. Muscle shape
b. The type of muscle fibers
Which of the following describes fascicle arrangement in a pennate muscle?
a. Fascicles are short & attach obliquely to a central tendon that runs the length of a muscle
b. Fascicular pattern is circular
c. Fascicles form a triangle
d. Fascicles are in a fusiform arrangement
a. Fascicles are short & attach obliquely to a central tendon that runs the length of a muscle
Which generalization concerning movement by skeletal muscles is NOT true?
a. Muscle produce movement by pulling on bones
b. The bones serve as levers
c. During contraction the two articulating bones move equally
d. The movements produced may be of a graded intensity
c. During contraction the two articulating bones move equally
Articular cartilage found at the ends of the long bones serves to _____.
a. Attach tendons
b. Produce RBCs
c. Provide a smooth surface at the ends of synovial joints
d. Form the synovial membrane
c. Provide a smooth surface at the ends of synovial joints
Articulations permitting only slight degrees of movement are _____.
a. Amphiarthroses
b. Synarthroses
c. Diarthroses
d. Synovial joints
a. Amphiarthroses
A fascicle most closely matches which definition?
a. A single muscle cell (fiber)
b. A portion of muscle bundling multiple cells within connective tissue called perimysium
c. An entire muscle wrapped in epimysium
d. This is another word for sarcolemma
b. A portion of muscle bundling multiple cells within connective tissue called perimysium
The gliding motion of the wrist is accomplished because of the _____ joint.
a. Hinge
b. Plane
c. Pivot
d. Condyloid
b. Plane
The cell responsible for secreting the matrix of bone is the ________.
a. osteoclast
b. osteocyte
c. chondrocyte
d. osteoblast
d. osteoblast
Thoracic vertebrae differ from the other vertebrae in that they have ______
a. transverse foramina
b. facets for attachment of ribs
c. no intervertebral discs
d. no transverse process
b. facets for attachment of ribs
The structure of bone tissue suits the function. Which of the following bone tissues is adapted to
support weight and withstand tension stress?
a. spongy bone
b. compact bone
c. irregular bone
d. trabecular bone
b. compact bone
What are the small spaces in bone tissue that are holes in which osteocytes live called?
lacunae
What makes up the axial skeleton?
a. shoulder and pelvic girdles
b. arms, legs, hands, and feet
c. the skull, vertebral column, and pelvis
d. the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage
d. the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage
A fracture in the shaft of a bone would be a break in the
a. epiphysis
b. metaphysis
c. articular cartilage
d. diaphysis
d. diaphysis
Which bone contains diaphysis and epiphysis areas, a tuberosity near its middle, and is
proportionally more compact than spongy bone?
a. humerus
b. cervical vertebra
c. parietal bone
d. talus
a. humerus
The periosteum is secured to the underlying bone by dense connective tissue called
a. perforating (sharpey’s) fibers
b. a bony matrix with hyaline cartilage
c. the struts of bone known as spicules
d. volkmann’s canals
a. perforating (sharpey’s) fibers
Which structure allows the diaphysis of the bone to increase in length until early childhood, as well
as shaping the articular surfaces?
a. lacunae
b. epiphyseal line
c. epiphyseal plate
d. haversian system
c. epiphyseal plate
Which hormone increases osteoclast activity to release more calcium ions into the bloodstream?
a. estrogen
b. parathyroid hormone
c. thyroxine
d. calcitonin
b. parathyroid hormone
Which vertebra does not have a body?
a. axis
b. last lumbar
c. atlas
d. last cervical
c. atlas
Which of the following is an abnormal lateral curvature of the vertebral column often seen in the
thoracic region?
a. swayback
b. kyphosis
c. lordosis
d. scoliosis
d. scoliosis
Yellow bone marrow contains a large percentage of ____
a. Sharpey’s fibers
b. fat
c. elastic tissue
d. blood-forming cells
b. fat
The process of bones increasing in width is known as_____
a. concentric growth
b. long ones reaching adult length and width
c. appositional growth
d. closing of the epiphyseal plate
c. appositional growth
Bones are covered and lined by a protective tissue called periosteum. The inner (osteogenic) layer
consists primarily of ______.
a. is greater in African Americans than in Northern Europeans
B) is slower in females than in males
C) reflects incomplete osteon formation and mineralization
D) is absolutely uniform throughout the skeleton
C) reflects incomplete osteon formation and mineralization
Which of the following is not a function of the skeletal system?
A) support
B) communication
C) production of blood cells (hematopoiesis)
D) storage of minerals
B) communication
The canal that runs through the core of each osteon (the Haversian canal) is the site of _______
A) yellow marrow and spicules
B) osteoclasts and osteoblasts
C) cartilage and interstitial lamellae
D) blood vessels and nerve fibers
D) blood vessels and nerve fibers
Which of the following is the abnormal curve often seen in pregnant women as they attempt to preserve their center of gravity toward the end of the pregnancy?
a. scoliosis
b. lordosis
c. hunchback
d. kyphosis
b. lordosis
What kind of tissue is the forerunner of long bones in the embryo?
A. dense fibrous connective tissue
B. Hyaline cartilage
C. fibrocartilage
D. elastic connective tissue
C. fibrocartilage
Cranial bones develop______.
a. from a tendon
b. from cartilage models
c. within fibrous membranes
d. within osseous membranes
c. within fibrous membranes
The pelvic girdle does not include the _____.
a. pubis
b. ischium
c. sacrum
d. ilium
c. sacrum
Ossification of the ends of long bones______.
a. involves medullary cavity formation
b. takes twice as long as diaphysis
c. is a characteristic of intramembraneous bone formation
d. is produced by secondary ossification centers
d. is produced by secondary ossification centers
Which of the following glands or organs produces hormones that tend to decrease blood calcium
levels?
a. parathyroid
b. spleen
c. pineal gland
d. thyroid
d. thyroid
Lengthwise, long bone growth during infancy and youth is exclusively through ______.
a. the secretion of bone matrix into the medullary cavity
b. differentiation of osteoclasts
c. interstitial growth of the epiphyseal plates
d. calcification of the matrix
c. interstitial growth of the epiphyseal plates
Bones are constantly undergoing resorption for various reasons. Which of the following cells
accomplishes this process?
a. osteoclast
b. stem cell
c. osteoblast
d. osteocyte
a. osteoclast
What is the structural unit of compact bone?
a. lamellar bone
b. osseous matrix
c. spongy bone
d. the osteon
d. the osteon
For intramembranous ossification to take place, which of the following is necessary?
A) The cartilage matrix begins to deteriorate.
B) A bone collar forms around the cartilage model.
C) An ossification center forms in the fibrous connective tissue.
D) A medullary cavity forms
C) An ossification center forms in the fibrous connective tissue.
Osteomyelitis is
A) partially due to insufficient dietary calcium
B) due to pus-forming bacteria
C) caused by altered vitamin D metabolism
D) literally known as “soft bones”
B) due to pus-forming bacteria
Spongy bones are made up of a framework called
a. osseous lamellae
b. trabeculae
c. lamellar bone
d. osteons
b. trabeculae
Normal bone formation and growth are dependent on the adequate intake of ______.
a. potassium, phosphate, and vitamin D
b. vitamin D, phosphate, and chloride
c. sodium, calcium, and vitamin E
d. calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D
d. calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D
