Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HLT0256 Anatomy and Physio > Week 6 > Flashcards

Week 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the central nervous system (CNS)?

A

Brain, spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What makes up the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

A

Everything besides for the spinal cord and brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the three functional parts of the nervous system? I.e. what is its process of communication?

A

1) sensation: it receives a signal of information from the 5 senses
2) response: it responds to the signal
3) integration: it combines sensory perception and higher cognitive functions like memories, learning and emotion to produce a response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

When the nervous system receives a signal from the 5 senses, it is sensing a stimulus. What is that, and what are the 3 types? Give an example for each.

A

Stimulus is a change from homeostasis.
Three types:
1) Chemical stimulus - i.e. smell and taste
2) physical stimulus - i.e. touch
3) mechanical stimulus - i.e. hearing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the two types of responses to a stimuli? Which parts of the nervous system are responsible for each? Give an example for each.

A

1) voluntary - somatic nervous system - breathing
2) involuntary - autonomic nervous system - walking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What happens during integration of a stimulus?

A

Your brain decides how to react to a stimulus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the two basic types of cells found in both the CNS and PNS? What are each one’s function?

A

Neurons - carry signal and communicate
Glial cells - support the neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the 5 parts of a neuron?

A

1) soma
2) dendrites
3) axon
4) nodes of ranvier
5) axon terminal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the soma of a neuron?

A

Cell body of a neuron, and includes the nucleus and organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the dendrites of the neuron?

A

Receives signal from other neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the axon of a neuron?

A

Long part that carries axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the nodes of ranvier in an axon.

A

They are the gaps between the myelin sheath where the axons are left uncovered.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the axon terminals in an axon?

A

Several branches that make connections with the next cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are unipolar neurons?

A

They have only one process that extends from the cell body.
Process = a projection from the neuron’s cell body, as either an axon or dendrite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are bipolar neurons?

A

They have two processes (= two extensions: one axon, one dendrite)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are multipolar neurons?

A

They have one axon and several dendrites - most common in human body

17
Q

What is the job of astrocytes in the CNS and what is its equivalent in the PNS?

A

Supports the neuron
Satellite cell is the equivalent

18
Q

What is the job of oligodendrocyte? What is its equivalent in the PNS?

A

It makes myelin
Schwann cells are the equivalent

19
Q

What is the job of the microglia?

A

They’re in charge of its immune system, using phagocytosis if the brain becomes infected.

20
Q

What is the job of ependymal cells?

A

They create the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

21
Q

What are the two types of glial cells of the PNS?

A

1) satellite cells
2) Schwann cells

22
Q

What is the job of a satellite cell?

A

It supports neurons - the PNS equivalent to an astrocyte

23
Q

What is the job of a Schwann cell?

A

It makes myelin in the PNS

24
Q

What is the job of merkel cells?

A

They sense touch

25
Q

What is the resting potential of a nerve cell?
(*resting potential = charge when not stimulated)

A

-70 mV

26
Q

What is the threshold of a nerve cell?

A

-55 mV

27
Q

What does depolarization mean?

A

The membrane becomes less negative (more positive).

28
Q

What does repolarization mean?

A

It’s the change in membrane potential that returns it to a negative value just after the depolarization.
Membrane potential is the difference in electric potential between the interior and exterior of a biological cell.

29
Q

What does hyperpolarization mean?

A

The membrane becomes more negative at a particular spot.

30
Q

What is the process of an action potential? (5 steps)

A

1) It’s at resting potential = -70 mV
2) stimulus is applied, if it crosses -55mV an action potential is sent.
3) The sodium channels open and sodium rushes in. The cell becomes more positive (=depolarizes), because sodium is positive.
4) sodium channels close, K (potassium) channels open. K rushes out of the cell, making the cell more negative (because K is positive too, repolarizes).
5) K channels close but slowly, so the cell becomes too negative (hyperpolarized).
6) Na and K channels close, and Na/K pump brings us back to resting potential, at -70mV.

31
Q

What is continuous conduction?

A

It is conduction / propagation along an unmyelinated axon. It is slow.

32
Q

What is saltatory conduction?

A

It is conduction / propagation along the length of a myelinated axon. It is fast because action potential “jumps” from one node to the next.

33
Q

What is a synapse?

A

It is a connection between a neuron and its target cell (which doesn’t have to be a neuron)

34
Q

How does AP move across synapses (connections) of neurons? (Skipping this one, just remember acetylcholine is an important neurotransmitter).

A

1) AP gets to the terminal, which causes calcium channels to open.
2) Calcium rushes into the terminal
3) calcium terminal stimulates the neurotransmitter acetylcholine to be released into the synapse.
4) Acetylcholine binds to the ligand-gated receptor (ligand is something that needs a specific receptor to open it - in the dendrite).
5) The ligand gate opens and sodium rushes into the cell.
6) Action potential continues.

35
Q

What does calcium do for the body? (give 2 answers)

A

1) bone strength
2) helps with nerve signal propagation - helps the action potential keep going

36
Q

What happens in a chemical synapse?

A

The nerve impulse is transmitted chemically via neurotransmitters.

37
Q

What happens in an electrical synapse?

A

The nerve impulse is transmitted electrically via channel proteins.

38
Q

What neurotransmitter helps with the conduction of an action potential?

A

Acetylcholine.

HLT0256 Anatomy and Physio (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions