Week 1 Flashcards
What makes up the digestive system and what is its function
Composed of the oral cavity (mouth), esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus
Processes food and absorbs organic nutrients, minerals, vitamins, and water
What is microscopic anatomy and what are two examples of it
Study of structures that can be observed only with the use of a microscope or other magnification devices
Micro = small
Example 1: Cytology = study of cells
Example 2: histology = study of tissues
What is physiology and what does it centre around?
Physiology focuses on function, and centers on the body’s tendency toward homeostasis.
what is homeostasis and is it static (consistent)
Homeostasis = the state of steady/stable internal conditions maintained by living things
Not static, the human body is dynamic.
what is the nervous system made up of and what is its function
Composed of the brain, spinal column, and nerves
Responds or reacts to changes (stimuli) in the internal environment
Coordinates activities of other organ systems.
Responds to feedback
How does the body maintain homeostasis?
Through feedback, negative or positive
what is the muscular system made of and what’s its function
Composed of muscles and tendons
Moves and supports body = keeps you upright
Produces heat (when body shives, that is muscles contracting to keep you warmer)
what are the six fundamental levels of organization that increase in complexity in the human body?
Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
what is the smallest independently functioning unit of a living organism
The cell
what is tissue made of
Group of many similar cells that work together to perform a specific function
what is organ made of
Anatomically distinct structure of the body composed of two or more tissue types
what is organ system made of
Group of organs that work together to perform major functions or meet physiology needs of the body
what is the integumentary system made of and what is its function
Composed of the skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair, and nails
Protects the body from environmental hazards
Controls body temperature (i.e. sweat)
what makes up the cardiovascular system and what is its role
Composed of the heart and blood vessels
Transports cells and dissolved materials through the blood, including nutrients, wastes, and gases
What is the skeletal system made up of and what is its function
Composed of bone, joints, cartilage, and ligaments.
Supports and protects soft tissue - keeps you upright
Provides muscle attachment for movement.
Site of blood cell formation.
Stores minerals.
What makes up the lympathic system and what’s its role
Composed of bone marrow, thymus, tonsils, spleen, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels
Defends against infection and disease
Regulates tissue fluids
what makes up the respiratory system and what is its function
Composed of the nasal cavity / passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
Delivers air to sites where gas exchange can occur between air and blood
what makes up the endocrine system and what is its function
Contains many endocrine glands, i.e. pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries, testes
All these glands secrete hormones which regulate body function: growth, reproduction, and metabolism
What is gross anatomy
Study of larger structures of the body
Those visible without the aid of magnification
what makes up the urinary system and what is its function
Composed of kidneys, uterus, urinary bladder, and urethra
Eliminates excess water, salts, and waste products
Controls the pH of your blood (will learn more about this later on)
what makes up the reproductive system and what is its function
Female system composed of mammary glands, ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina
Male system composed of prostate gland, penis, testes, scrotum, and ductus deferens
Produces sex cells and hormones
Growth during puberty
What are the two processes of metabolism and do they occur simultaneously
Anabolism and catabolism and they occur simultaneously
Anabolism: add
Catabolism: cut
what is anabolism
Process whereby smaller, simple molecules are combined into larger, more complex substances
what is catabolism
Process by which larger more complex substances are broken down into smaller simpler molecules
Releases energy
Complex molecules found in foods are broken down so the body can use their parts to assemble the structure and substances needed for life
Where does the cell store energy
In the synthesis (anabolism) of ATP
What is done to the ATP to allow cellular functions to occur
Catabolism (broken down)
What is differentiation of cells
Unspecialized cells become specialized in structure and function
What is hyperplasia
Increasing the number of existing cells, which increases the size of the body
what is hypertrophy
Increasing the size of existing cells, which increases the size of the body
what are the three ways the body grows
Hyperplasia, hypertrophy, increasing the amount of non-cellular material around cells (such as mineral deposits in the bone)
What are the 3 changes the body goes through in life
Differentiation, growth, and renewal
what is renewal in terms of development of the body
Formation of new cells for growth, repair or replacement
what are the 4 requirements of human life
1) oxygen
2) nutrients
3) narrow range of temperatures
4) narrow range of atmospheric pressures
Why is oxygen needed for human life
It’s needed to make ATP
Why is narrow range of atmospheric temperatures important for human life
Can cause shortness of breath, confusion, headache, lethargy and nausea if you are at the wrong atmospheric pressure
What is the normal range of temperature in the human body
37’C
What is negative feedback loop
It is when a stimulus - a deviation from a set point - is resisted through a physiological process that returns the body to homeostasis
What are the 4 parts of a feedback loop and which type from the two is the most common in the body
1) stimulus
2) sensor
3) control (integrative centre)
4) effector
Negative one is most common
Use the 4 parts of the negative feedback loop to explain how after exercise, your body will return you to homeostasis
Stimulus: you exercise, which increases temperature in your core
Sensor: your skin is the sensor that sends a signal to your brain that you are getting hot
Control: the control is your brain, which receives the signal and sends the signal to the effector: your sweat glands
Effector: your sweat glands are the effector, and they produce sweat, which cools your body down
What is a positive feedback loop
It increases (exacerbates) the initial stimulus, rather than returning body to homeostasis
Use the 4 parts of a positive feedback loop to explain the birth of a baby
Stimulus: the stretch on the cervix by the baby
Sensor: the receptors in the cervix sense they are being stretched
Control: they send a message to the brain (control). The brain then produces oxytocin, which is released into your bloodstream.
Effector: the oxytocin tells the cervix muscle to contract (effector). This pushes the baby out.
What view of the anatomical position is this
Anterior view / supine position / ventral
What view of the anatomical position is this
Posterior view / dorsal / prone position
What does hyper mean at the beginning of a word
Increase in
what does hypo mean at the beginning of a word
Decrease in
what does epi mean at the beginning of a word
On
what does endo mean in the beginning of a word
Inside
What does cranial mean
Closer to the brain
What does caudal mean?
Closer to the tailbone
what does medial mean
Closer to the midline
What does lateral mean
Farther away from the midline
What does proximal mean
Closer to a structure
what does distal mean
Farther away from a structure
What is the sagittal plane
Divides left and right
What is frontal / coronal plane
Divides front and back
What is transverse plane
Divides top and bottom
What sub-cavities are in the ventral cavity and what are in them
Thoracic cavity - where your ribs are
Abdominopelvic cavity - contains the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity
What sub-cavities are in the dorsal cavity
Cranial and spinal cavities
What does the serous membrane of the anterior / ventral body cavity do
1) surrounds your organs (heart)
2) produces fluid (lubrication)
3) protects the organ (keeps it from overheating by lubricating it)
Which cavity does the serous membrane line
The pericardial cavity and reflects back to cover the heart - much the same way that an under-inflated balloon would form two layers surrounding a fist
