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HLT0256 Anatomy and Physio > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the digestive system and what is its function

A

Composed of the oral cavity (mouth), esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus
Processes food and absorbs organic nutrients, minerals, vitamins, and water

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2
Q

What is microscopic anatomy and what are two examples of it

A

Study of structures that can be observed only with the use of a microscope or other magnification devices
Micro = small
Example 1: Cytology = study of cells
Example 2: histology = study of tissues

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3
Q

What is physiology and what does it centre around?

A

Physiology focuses on function, and centers on the body’s tendency toward homeostasis.

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4
Q

what is homeostasis and is it static (consistent)

A

Homeostasis = the state of steady/stable internal conditions maintained by living things
Not static, the human body is dynamic.

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5
Q

what is the nervous system made up of and what is its function

A

Composed of the brain, spinal column, and nerves
Responds or reacts to changes (stimuli) in the internal environment
Coordinates activities of other organ systems.
Responds to feedback

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6
Q

How does the body maintain homeostasis?

A

Through feedback, negative or positive

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7
Q

what is the muscular system made of and what’s its function

A

Composed of muscles and tendons
Moves and supports body = keeps you upright
Produces heat (when body shives, that is muscles contracting to keep you warmer)

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8
Q

what are the six fundamental levels of organization that increase in complexity in the human body?

A

Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

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9
Q

what is the smallest independently functioning unit of a living organism

A

The cell

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10
Q

what is tissue made of

A

Group of many similar cells that work together to perform a specific function

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11
Q

what is organ made of

A

Anatomically distinct structure of the body composed of two or more tissue types

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12
Q

what is organ system made of

A

Group of organs that work together to perform major functions or meet physiology needs of the body

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13
Q

what is the integumentary system made of and what is its function

A

Composed of the skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair, and nails
Protects the body from environmental hazards
Controls body temperature (i.e. sweat)

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14
Q

what makes up the cardiovascular system and what is its role

A

Composed of the heart and blood vessels
Transports cells and dissolved materials through the blood, including nutrients, wastes, and gases

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15
Q

What is the skeletal system made up of and what is its function

A

Composed of bone, joints, cartilage, and ligaments.
Supports and protects soft tissue - keeps you upright
Provides muscle attachment for movement.
Site of blood cell formation.
Stores minerals.

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16
Q

What makes up the lympathic system and what’s its role

A

Composed of bone marrow, thymus, tonsils, spleen, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels
Defends against infection and disease
Regulates tissue fluids

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17
Q

what makes up the respiratory system and what is its function

A

Composed of the nasal cavity / passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
Delivers air to sites where gas exchange can occur between air and blood

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18
Q

what makes up the endocrine system and what is its function

A

Contains many endocrine glands, i.e. pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries, testes
All these glands secrete hormones which regulate body function: growth, reproduction, and metabolism

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19
Q

What is gross anatomy

A

Study of larger structures of the body
Those visible without the aid of magnification

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20
Q

what makes up the urinary system and what is its function

A

Composed of kidneys, uterus, urinary bladder, and urethra
Eliminates excess water, salts, and waste products
Controls the pH of your blood (will learn more about this later on)

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21
Q

what makes up the reproductive system and what is its function

A

Female system composed of mammary glands, ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina
Male system composed of prostate gland, penis, testes, scrotum, and ductus deferens
Produces sex cells and hormones
Growth during puberty

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22
Q

What are the two processes of metabolism and do they occur simultaneously

A

Anabolism and catabolism and they occur simultaneously
Anabolism: add
Catabolism: cut

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23
Q

what is anabolism

A

Process whereby smaller, simple molecules are combined into larger, more complex substances

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24
Q

what is catabolism

A

Process by which larger more complex substances are broken down into smaller simpler molecules
Releases energy
Complex molecules found in foods are broken down so the body can use their parts to assemble the structure and substances needed for life

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25
Q

Where does the cell store energy

A

In the synthesis (anabolism) of ATP

26
Q

What is done to the ATP to allow cellular functions to occur

A

Catabolism (broken down)

27
Q

What is differentiation of cells

A

Unspecialized cells become specialized in structure and function

28
Q

What is hyperplasia

A

Increasing the number of existing cells, which increases the size of the body

29
Q

what is hypertrophy

A

Increasing the size of existing cells, which increases the size of the body

30
Q

what are the three ways the body grows

A

Hyperplasia, hypertrophy, increasing the amount of non-cellular material around cells (such as mineral deposits in the bone)

31
Q

What are the 3 changes the body goes through in life

A

Differentiation, growth, and renewal

32
Q

what is renewal in terms of development of the body

A

Formation of new cells for growth, repair or replacement

33
Q

what are the 4 requirements of human life

A

1) oxygen
2) nutrients
3) narrow range of temperatures
4) narrow range of atmospheric pressures

34
Q

Why is oxygen needed for human life

A

It’s needed to make ATP

35
Q

Why is narrow range of atmospheric temperatures important for human life

A

Can cause shortness of breath, confusion, headache, lethargy and nausea if you are at the wrong atmospheric pressure

36
Q

What is the normal range of temperature in the human body

A

37’C

37
Q

What is negative feedback loop

A

It is when a stimulus - a deviation from a set point - is resisted through a physiological process that returns the body to homeostasis

38
Q

What are the 4 parts of a feedback loop and which type from the two is the most common in the body

A

1) stimulus
2) sensor
3) control (integrative centre)
4) effector

Negative one is most common

39
Q

Use the 4 parts of the negative feedback loop to explain how after exercise, your body will return you to homeostasis

A

Stimulus: you exercise, which increases temperature in your core
Sensor: your skin is the sensor that sends a signal to your brain that you are getting hot
Control: the control is your brain, which receives the signal and sends the signal to the effector: your sweat glands
Effector: your sweat glands are the effector, and they produce sweat, which cools your body down

40
Q

What is a positive feedback loop

A

It increases (exacerbates) the initial stimulus, rather than returning body to homeostasis

41
Q

Use the 4 parts of a positive feedback loop to explain the birth of a baby

A

Stimulus: the stretch on the cervix by the baby
Sensor: the receptors in the cervix sense they are being stretched
Control: they send a message to the brain (control). The brain then produces oxytocin, which is released into your bloodstream.
Effector: the oxytocin tells the cervix muscle to contract (effector). This pushes the baby out.

42
Q

What view of the anatomical position is this

A

Anterior view / supine position / ventral

43
Q

What view of the anatomical position is this

A

Posterior view / dorsal / prone position

44
Q

What does hyper mean at the beginning of a word

A

Increase in

45
Q

what does hypo mean at the beginning of a word

A

Decrease in

46
Q

what does epi mean at the beginning of a word

A

On

47
Q

what does endo mean in the beginning of a word

A

Inside

48
Q

What does cranial mean

A

Closer to the brain

49
Q

What does caudal mean?

A

Closer to the tailbone

50
Q

what does medial mean

A

Closer to the midline

51
Q

What does lateral mean

A

Farther away from the midline

52
Q

What does proximal mean

A

Closer to a structure

53
Q

what does distal mean

A

Farther away from a structure

54
Q

What is the sagittal plane

A

Divides left and right

55
Q

What is frontal / coronal plane

A

Divides front and back

56
Q

What is transverse plane

A

Divides top and bottom

57
Q

What sub-cavities are in the ventral cavity and what are in them

A

Thoracic cavity - where your ribs are
Abdominopelvic cavity - contains the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity

58
Q

What sub-cavities are in the dorsal cavity

A

Cranial and spinal cavities

59
Q

What does the serous membrane of the anterior / ventral body cavity do

A

1) surrounds your organs (heart)
2) produces fluid (lubrication)
3) protects the organ (keeps it from overheating by lubricating it)

60
Q

Which cavity does the serous membrane line

A

The pericardial cavity and reflects back to cover the heart - much the same way that an under-inflated balloon would form two layers surrounding a fist

HLT0256 Anatomy and Physio (13 decks)

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