Week 5 (Skeletal)

Question 1

Long Bone

Answer 1

Longer than wide. Rigid levers acted upon by muscles

Long Bones: Longer than they are wide, with a shaft (diaphysis) and two distinct ends (epiphyses). Examples include the femur, humerus, and phalanges.

Question 2

Short bone

Answer 2

Equal in length and width. Glide across one another

Short Bones: Roughly cube-shaped or box-like, with approximately equal dimensions in length, width, and thickness. Examples include the carpals and tarsals.

Question 3

Flat Bones:

Answer 3

Protect soft organs. Curved but wide & thin

Flat Bones: Thin, flattened, and often curved, providing a large surface area for muscle attachment and protection of internal organs. Examples include the skull bones, ribs, and scapulae.

Question 4

Irregular Bones:

Answer 4

Do not fit into a category

Irregular Bones: Complex in shape and do not fit into the categories of long, short, or flat bones. Examples include the vertebrae and facial bones.

Question 5

Sesamoid Bones

Answer 5

Sesamoid Bones: Small, round bones embedded within tendons or joint capsules. Examples include the patella (kneecap).

Question 6

Internal Features of a Long Bone

Answer 6

Long bones have a central hollow cavity called the medullary cavity, which contains yellow bone marrow. They also have spongy bone (cancellous bone) at the ends, surrounding the medullary cavity, and compact bone (cortical bone) forming the shaft.

Question 7

External Features of a Long Bone

Answer 7

• Long bones have distinct ends called epiphyses, which are covered by articular cartilage for articulation with other bones.
• The shaft is surrounded by a periosteum, a dense fibrous membrane that provides attachment for muscles and tendons.

Question 8

Describe the location and function of the four (4) types of bones cells

Question 9

List the functions of bones

Answer 9

Support: Provides structural support for the body and protection for internal organs.

Movement: Serves as attachment sites for muscles, allowing movement.

Mineral Storage: Stores minerals such as calcium and phosphate, essential for metabolic processes.

Blood Cell Production: Houses red bone marrow, where hematopoiesis (blood cell formation) occurs.

Energy Storage: Stores triglycerides in yellow bone marrow, serving as an energy reserve.

Question 10

Describe the types, functions and locations of cartilage in the human body

Question 11

Name the major bones of the axial and appendicular skeletons

Answer 11

• Axial Skeleton: Includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.
• Appendicular Skeleton: Includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs, as well as the pectoral and pelvic girdles.

Question 12

Give examples of fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial joints

Answer 12

Fibrous Joints: Sutures in the skull.

Cartilaginous Joints: Intervertebral discs.

Synovial Joints: Knee joint, shoulder joint.

Question 13

Discuss the role of the skeletal system in maintaining homeostasis

Question 14

Relate the structure and function of the skeletal system to a range of nursing actions

Question 15

which bone cell

produces new bone extracellular matrix (collagen and minerals)

Answer 15

osteoblast

Question 16

which bone cell

maintains the bone extracellular matrix (mature bone cell)

Answer 16

osteocyte

Question 17

which bone cell

breaks the bone extracellular matrix

Answer 17

osteoclast

Question 18

activation of which bone cell type would decrease the level of calcium in the blood

Answer 18

osteoblast

Question 19

activation of which bone cell type would increase the level of calcium in the blood

Answer 19

osteoclast

Question 20

list the roles of calcium in the human body

Answer 20

• muscle contraction
• nerve impulse formation
• blood clotting
• bone density

Question 21

Bone density declines when bones are not subjected to physical stress. Therefore, what is the reasoning behind a nurse performing passive limb exercises for an immobile patient?

Answer 21

• Moving limbs causing muscles to pull upon bones via tendons
• This stimulates osteoblasts to produce bone extracellular matrix to maintain bone mass

Question 22

Heating bone removes the organic (collagen and adipose) component

Would this leave the bone brittle or flexible?

Answer 22

-Adipose (lipid) and collagen (protein) drain out
- Brittle due to remaning minerals

Question 23

Soaking bone in a decalcifying solution would remove the minerals. Would this leave the bone brittle or flexible

Answer 23

Minerals (calcium) removed
Bones soft and flexible due to collagen

Question 24

Identify which region of the long bone above osteoarthritis damages

Answer 24

articular (hyaline) cartilage

Question 25

why is it more difficult to dislocate the femur from the pelvis than the humerus from the scapula

Answer 25

• femur head articulates with deeper cavity (acetabulum) and held in place with more ligaments

Question 26

List the 4 main structural features of a synovial joint

Answer 26

• articular cartilage
• fibrous capsule
• joint cavity filled with synovial fluid
• ligaments to reinforce

Question 27

3 types of cartilage

Answer 27

1) Hyaline (glass) cartilage: Dense, fine collagen fibres, abundant

2) Elastic cartilage: Packed with elastin fibres

3) Fibrocartilage: Dense, parallel, coarse collagen fibres

Question 28

Osteogenic cells

Answer 28

• Derived from mesenchymal cells
• These stem cells divide to produce daughter cells that differentiate into Osteoblasts
• Bone side of periosteum and endosteum, central canals and epiphyseal plates

Question 29

Osteoblasts (bone- producing cells)

Answer 29

• Secrete collagen and other components of extracellular matrix and initiate calcification
• When surrounded by matrix becomes an Osteocyte

Question 30

Osteocytes (mature bone cells)

Answer 30

• Maintain bone tissue
• Cells connected by channels (canaliculi) in matrix
• Exchanges made between cells via gap junctions

Question 31

Osteoclasts (bone-breaking cells)

Answer 31

• Giant multinucleate cells
• Bone side of periosteum or endosteum
• Lysosome enzymes break collagen. Hydrochloric acid dissolves minerals

Question 32

Cartilage

Answer 32

Extracellular matrix

• Chondrocytes (cartilage cells), proteoglycans (trap H2O) and fibres
• High water content enables it to spring back to its original shape
• No calcium, so flexible
• Avascular, nutrients diffuse in, heals slowly

Question 33

A long bone

Diaphysis (shaft)

Answer 33

Cylinder of compact bone

Question 34

A long bone; Epiphysis (head)

Answer 34

 Enlarged ends to strengthen joint
 Attachment of ligaments and tendons

Question 35

A long bone; Epiphyseal plate (growth plate)

Answer 35

 Hyaline cartilage separates epiphysis and diaphysis
 Cartilage grows, then replaced with bone in youth
 Plate calcified in adult = Epiphyseal line

Question 36

A long bone; Articular (hyaline) cartilage

Answer 36

Covers ends. Allows joint to move, friction free

Question 37

A long bone Bone covering and lining;

Periosteum

Answer 37

 Around outer compact bone
 Dense connective tissue, attaches to ligaments and tendons
 Vascular (500 mL/min), nerves (pain)

Question 38

A long bone Bone covering and lining;

Endosteum

Answer 38

Lines marrow cavity

Question 39

Red bone marrow (myeloid)

Answer 39

▪ Haemopoietic. Reticular connective tissue
▪ Spongy bone of flat bones and epiphysis of long bones

Question 40

Yellow bone marrow

Answer 40

▪ Lipid storage. Long bones