Week 5 (Skeletal) Flashcards
Long Bone
Longer than wide. Rigid levers acted upon by muscles
Long Bones: Longer than they are wide, with a shaft (diaphysis) and two distinct ends (epiphyses). Examples include the femur, humerus, and phalanges.
Short bone
Equal in length and width. Glide across one another
Short Bones: Roughly cube-shaped or box-like, with approximately equal dimensions in length, width, and thickness. Examples include the carpals and tarsals.
Flat Bones:
Protect soft organs. Curved but wide & thin
Flat Bones: Thin, flattened, and often curved, providing a large surface area for muscle attachment and protection of internal organs. Examples include the skull bones, ribs, and scapulae.
Irregular Bones:
Do not fit into a category
Irregular Bones: Complex in shape and do not fit into the categories of long, short, or flat bones. Examples include the vertebrae and facial bones.
Sesamoid Bones
Sesamoid Bones: Small, round bones embedded within tendons or joint capsules. Examples include the patella (kneecap).
Internal Features of a Long Bone
Long bones have a central hollow cavity called the medullary cavity, which contains yellow bone marrow. They also have spongy bone (cancellous bone) at the ends, surrounding the medullary cavity, and compact bone (cortical bone) forming the shaft.
External Features of a Long Bone
- Long bones have distinct ends called epiphyses, which are covered by articular cartilage for articulation with other bones.
- The shaft is surrounded by a periosteum, a dense fibrous membrane that provides attachment for muscles and tendons.
Describe the location and function of the four (4) types of bones cells
List the functions of bones
Support: Provides structural support for the body and protection for internal organs.
Movement: Serves as attachment sites for muscles, allowing movement.
Mineral Storage: Stores minerals such as calcium and phosphate, essential for metabolic processes.
Blood Cell Production: Houses red bone marrow, where hematopoiesis (blood cell formation) occurs.
Energy Storage: Stores triglycerides in yellow bone marrow, serving as an energy reserve.
Describe the types, functions and locations of cartilage in the human body
Name the major bones of the axial and appendicular skeletons
- Axial Skeleton: Includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.
- Appendicular Skeleton: Includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs, as well as the pectoral and pelvic girdles.
Give examples of fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial joints
Fibrous Joints: Sutures in the skull.
Cartilaginous Joints: Intervertebral discs.
Synovial Joints: Knee joint, shoulder joint.
Discuss the role of the skeletal system in maintaining homeostasis
Relate the structure and function of the skeletal system to a range of nursing actions
which bone cell
produces new bone extracellular matrix (collagen and minerals)
osteoblast
which bone cell
maintains the bone extracellular matrix (mature bone cell)
osteocyte
which bone cell
breaks the bone extracellular matrix
osteoclast
activation of which bone cell type would decrease the level of calcium in the blood
osteoblast
activation of which bone cell type would increase the level of calcium in the blood
osteoclast
list the roles of calcium in the human body
- muscle contraction
- nerve impulse formation
- blood clotting
- bone density
Bone density declines when bones are not subjected to physical stress. Therefore, what is the reasoning behind a nurse performing passive limb exercises for an immobile patient?
- Moving limbs causing muscles to pull upon bones via tendons
- This stimulates osteoblasts to produce bone extracellular matrix to maintain bone mass
Heating bone removes the organic (collagen and adipose) component
Would this leave the bone brittle or flexible?
-Adipose (lipid) and collagen (protein) drain out
- Brittle due to remaning minerals
Soaking bone in a decalcifying solution would remove the minerals. Would this leave the bone brittle or flexible
Minerals (calcium) removed
Bones soft and flexible due to collagen
Identify which region of the long bone above osteoarthritis damages
articular (hyaline) cartilage
why is it more difficult to dislocate the femur from the pelvis than the humerus from the scapula
- femur head articulates with deeper cavity (acetabulum) and held in place with more ligaments
List the 4 main structural features of a synovial joint
- articular cartilage
- fibrous capsule
- joint cavity filled with synovial fluid
- ligaments to reinforce
3 types of cartilage
1) Hyaline (glass) cartilage: Dense, fine collagen fibres, abundant
2) Elastic cartilage: Packed with elastin fibres
3) Fibrocartilage: Dense, parallel, coarse collagen fibres
Osteogenic cells
- Derived from mesenchymal cells
- These stem cells divide to produce daughter cells that differentiate into Osteoblasts
- Bone side of periosteum and endosteum, central canals and epiphyseal plates
Osteoblasts (bone- producing cells)
- Secrete collagen and other components of extracellular matrix and initiate calcification
- When surrounded by matrix becomes an Osteocyte
Osteocytes (mature bone cells)
- Maintain bone tissue
- Cells connected by channels (canaliculi) in matrix
- Exchanges made between cells via gap junctions
Osteoclasts (bone-breaking cells)
- Giant multinucleate cells
- Bone side of periosteum or endosteum
- Lysosome enzymes break collagen. Hydrochloric acid dissolves minerals
Cartilage
Extracellular matrix
- Chondrocytes (cartilage cells), proteoglycans (trap H2O) and fibres
- High water content enables it to spring back to its original shape
- No calcium, so flexible
- Avascular, nutrients diffuse in, heals slowly
A long bone
Diaphysis (shaft)
Cylinder of compact bone
A long bone; Epiphysis (head)
Enlarged ends to strengthen joint
Attachment of ligaments and tendons
A long bone; Epiphyseal plate (growth plate)
Hyaline cartilage separates epiphysis and diaphysis
Cartilage grows, then replaced with bone in youth
Plate calcified in adult = Epiphyseal line
A long bone; Articular (hyaline) cartilage
Covers ends. Allows joint to move, friction free
A long bone Bone covering and lining;
Periosteum
Around outer compact bone
Dense connective tissue, attaches to ligaments and tendons
Vascular (500 mL/min), nerves (pain)
A long bone Bone covering and lining;
Endosteum
Lines marrow cavity
Red bone marrow (myeloid)
▪ Haemopoietic. Reticular connective tissue
▪ Spongy bone of flat bones and epiphysis of long bones
Yellow bone marrow
▪ Lipid storage. Long bones
