Week 3 (Cells, Microbes) Flashcards
Describe the three (3) main structural features of a cell
- Plasma Membrane: Surrounds the cell, regulating the passage of substances in and out.
- Cytoplasm: Gel-like substance within the cell where organelles are suspended.
- Nucleus: Control center of the cell, containing genetic material
Relate the structure and function of the cell to a range of nursing actions
Label the main anatomy of a bacterial cell, enveloped and non-enveloped virus
Contrast acellular infectious agents with cellular microorganisms
- Acellular Infectious Agents (e.g., viruses, viroids, prions): Lack cellular structure and cannot carry out metabolic processes on their own; require a host cell to replicate.
- Cellular Microorganisms (e.g., bacteria, archaea, protists, fungi): Single-celled organisms with cellular structure capable of independent growth and reproduction.
Outline the role of DNA replication, protein synthesis and mitosis in homeostasis
- DNA Replication: Ensures accurate transmission of genetic information during cell division.
- Protein Synthesis: Produces proteins necessary for cell structure, function, and regulation.
- Mitosis: Process of cell division, maintaining the constant number of chromosomes and producing genetically identical daughter cells, thus contributing to tissue growth, repair, and maintenance.
Differentiate between hypertonic, isotonic and hypotonic solutions
- Hypotonic solution has a lesser solute concentration (thus more water) than cell
- Isotonic solution has same solute concentration (thus water concentration) as that of cell
- Hypertonic solution has a greater solute concentration (thus less water) than cell
Define diffusion, osmosis and active transport
- Diffusion: Passive movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
- Osmosis: Diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.
- Active Transport: Movement of molecules across a membrane against their concentration gradient, requiring energy input (usually from ATP).
Identify the components of the plasma membrane and state their functions
- Border of cell and some organelles
- Bilayer of phospholipids and proteins in a constantly changing fluid mosaic
- Separates intracellular from extracellular fluid
What the following statement with their terms:
Cellular material inside the cell.
Cytoplasm
What the following statement with their terms:
Control centre of cell (DNA)
Nucleus
What the following statement with their terms:
Increase surface area of plasma membrane (absorption)
- microvili
What the following statement with their terms:
Double layer of lipids with protein molecules in it
Plasma membrane
What the following statement with their terms:
Membranous networks, smooth or rough
- endiplasmic reticulum
What the following statement with their terms:
Protein synthesis
- ribosome
What the following statement with their terms:
Modifies proteins and lipids for export
Golgi complex
What the following statement with their terms:
Transport products such as protein
Secretory vesicle
What the following statement with their terms:
Contain acidic digestive enzymes (pathogen and debris)
Lysosomes
What the following statement with their terms:
Synthesises adenosine triphosphate
Mitochondrion
What the following statement with their terms:
Role in cell division mitosis
Centriole
What the following statement with their terms:
Role in joining cells together
Desmosome
What the following statement with their terms:
Proteins organised as micro filaments, microtubules or intermediate filaments (scaffold) eg myosin, keratin
Cytoskeleton
What is mitosis and where does it occur in the human body?
Cell division; the making of new cells from pre-existing cells
Most areas of the body
Osmosis
Movement of water from an area of high concentration to an area of lower water concentration through a selectively permeable membrane
Diffusion
Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration until an equilibrium is reached
Vacillated diffusion
Passive transport in which a solute binds a specific carrier protein on one side of the membrane and is released on the other side
Active transport
Energy is derived from ATP to pump a substance across a cellular membrane against its concentration gradient
Phagocytosis
Type of endocytosis in which large particles such as pathogens are taken into the cell
Exocytosis
Movement of materials out of the cell by the fusing of secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane
What microorganisms grow in clusters of spherical-shaped bacteria
Straphylocpccusv
What are survival structures formed by some strain of bacillus
Endospores
The absence of ….. would prevent a cell from undergoing mitosis
Centrioles
Most cells of the ….. system lack centrioles
Nervous system
State the dominant organelles in each cell type:
Fibroblasts
- Lie along the protein fibres they secrete (e.g collagen).
- Golgi complex, RER
State the dominant organelles in each cell type:
Macrophage
- Lysosomes to digest (break) pathogens, debris, bone
