week 5 - respiration

Question 1

parts of the upper respiratory tract

Answer 1

nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses
the pharynx
the larynx

Question 2

function of upper respiratory system

Answer 2

warm inspired air to body temp
humidify air
filter for particulates

Question 3

parts of lower respiratory tract

Answer 3

the larynx below level of vocal folds
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
lungs

Question 4

function of lower respiratory

Answer 4

gas exchange

Question 5

where is the respiratory centre

Answer 5

medulla oblongata

Question 6

which neurones automatically maintain a rhythmic cycling pattern

Answer 6

inspiratory and expiratory neurones

Question 7

an apex

Answer 7

extends superiorly into the root of the neck, above first rib

Question 8

costal surface

Answer 8

close to ribs/costa cartilages and intercostal spaces

Question 9

mediastinal surface

Answer 9

close to the mediastinum anteriorly and vertebral column posteriorly. surface contains the hilum

Question 10

diaphragmatic (base)

Answer 10

sits on the diaphragm

Question 11

inferior border

Answer 11

separates the base from the costal surface

Question 12

anterior border

Answer 12

separates costal surface from mediastinal surface

Question 13

posterior border

Answer 13

separates costal surface from mediastinal surface

Question 14

lobes and fissures of right lung

Answer 14

3 lobes separated by 1 horizontal (between superior and inferior) and 1 oblique fissure (between inferior lobe and other two)
superior lobe - contact with anterior thoracic wall, projects into root of neck
middle lobe - contact with anterior and lateral thoracic wall
inferior lobe - contact with posterior and inferior thoracic wall

Question 15

lobes and fissures of left lungs

Answer 15

2 lobes separated by 1 oblique fissure
superior lobe - contact with upper part of anterior and lateral thoracic wall, projects into root of the neck
inferior lobe - contact with posterior and inferior part of the thoracic wall
lingula - projection that extends over the anterior surface of heart

Question 16

hilum of lung

Answer 16

area which structures (roots) enter and leave the lung
- pulmonary artery
- 2 pulmonary veins
- main bronchus
- bronchial vessels
- nerves
- lymphatics

Question 17

lungs in relation to vertebra

Answer 17

most superior aspect is level with T1, most inferior is level with T12

Question 18

oblique fissure

Answer 18

posteriorly - midline, near spine of T4
laterally - descends diagonally, crossing 4th and 5th intercostal spaces to reach rib 6
anteriorly - follows rib 6 and its costal cartilage

Question 19

horizontal fissure

Answer 19

lies anteriorly, following the contour of rib 4

Question 20

pleura

Answer 20

thin membrane that encloses lungs and lines walls of thoracic cavity
one continuous layer
serous membrane - produces serous fluid that lubricates cavity

Question 21

parietal pleura

Answer 21

lines pulmonary cavities and is adherent to thoracic wall, mediastinum and diaphragm
costal pleura - covers internal surfaces of thoracic wall
mediastinal pleura - covers lateral aspects of mediastinum
diaphragmatic pleura - covers superior aspect of diaphragm each side of mediastinum
cervical pleura - extends through superior thoracic aperture forming domed pleura over the apex of the lung

Question 22

visceral pleura

Answer 22

covers lungs and is adherent to all its surfaces, including horizontal and oblique fissures

Question 23

pleural cavity

Answer 23

potential space between the layers of pleura
doesn’t exist in healthy individuals
could fill with air or blood if punctured

Question 24

pleura function

Answer 24

allows smooth movement of lungs during respiration
fluid provides surface tension to keep lung surface in contact with thoracic wall

Question 25

pleural recesses

Answer 25

pleural cavity extends further than lungs superiorly - 3-4cm above first costal cartilage anteriorly - L+R approach each other posterior to sternum inferiorly - costal pleura extends to rib 8 in the midclavicular line and to rib 10 in the midaxillary line

Question 26

bones of the thorax

Answer 26

sternum 12 pairs of ribs + costal cartilages 12 thoracic vertebra

Question 27

function of bones of thorax

Answer 27

provide attachment points for muscles of respiration move to facilitate breathing provide protection for the vulnerable organs within the thorax

Question 28

sternum

Answer 28

manubrium sternal body sternal angle xiphoid process

Question 29

ribs

Answer 29

1-7 are true ribs (articulate directly with sternum, own costal cartilage) 8-12 are false ribs (articulate indirectly with sternum, shared costal cartilages 11-12 are floating ribs (don't articulate with sternum, shorted and pointier)

Question 30

diaphragm

Answer 30

large flat central tendon innervated by R+L phrenic nerves which originate at C3-C5 3 structures through diagram are the aorta, inferior vena cava, oesophagus

Question 31

intercostal neurovascular bundle

Answer 31

intercostal artery, vein and nerve travel together in intercostal space, lie at lower border of each rib

Question 32

external intercostal muscles

Answer 32

extend from lower border of rib above to upper border of rib below run around wall of thorax from tubercles of each rib posteriorly to cartilages of ribs end in thin membranes pull ribs up and forward during inspiration

Question 33

internal intercostal muscles

Answer 33

run between most inferior lateral edge of the costal grooves of the ribs above to the superior margins of the ribs below fibres run diagonally backwards and down pull ribs down and inwards during active respiration

Question 34

innermost intercostal muscles

Answer 34

incomplete and variable separated form internal by bundle of intercostal blood vessels and nerves

Question 35

movements of breathing

Answer 35

forwards - anteroposterior - pump handle, ribs are handle backwards - laterally - bucket handle - ribs are handle pivoting sternum and spine

Question 36

vascular tree

Answer 36

arteries, vein and capillaries take poor oxygenated blood to lungs then return highly oxygenated blood to heart

Question 37

airway tree

Answer 37

air filled branching tubes originating from trachea conduct new atmospheric air to gas exchange surfaces and return used air to atmosphere

Question 38

trachea

Answer 38

smallest total cross-sectional area so responsible for most of airways resistance hyaline cartilage rings prevent collapse of inspiration

Question 39

bronchi

Answer 39

trachea bifurcates at T4 into 2 primary bronchi which enter lung right main bronchus - wider and shorter, more vertical to reach hilum left main bronchus - oriented more horizontally and runs inferior to arch of aorta and anterior to oesophagus primary divide into secondary (one per lobe) then divide into tertiary

Question 40

bronchioles

Answer 40

12th division of bronchi, bronchioles are found collapsible passage ways with smooth muscle walls further 11 divisions and respiratory bronchioles are formed , they terminate at alveolar ducts - respiratory zone of the lower respiratory system

Question 41

lung lobules

Answer 41

cluster of alveoli surrounded by capillaries

Question 42

alveoli

Answer 42

basement membranes fused to the endothelium of the capillaries surrounding them apical surface is covered in a surfactant - gasses dissolve to aid diffusion

Question 43

upper respiratory tract

Answer 43

cavities lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium columnar cells have numerous cilia on their surface epithelium also contains mucous secreting goblet cells

Question 44

lower respiratory tract

Answer 44

in the more peripheral branches the epithelium becomes thinner though cells are still ciliated columnar with goblet cells. bronchioles are lined by simple ciliated columnar epithelium most proximal components are the respiratory bronchioles which are lined with cuboidal ciliated epithelium The alveolar ducts are lined with flattened epithelium.

Question 45

type I pneumocytes

Answer 45

thin cells for gaseous diffusion, 40% of cells but 90% of SA

Question 46

type II pneumocytes

Answer 46

secrete surfactant rounded and contain mitochondria