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human anatomy > week 5 - respiration > Flashcards

week 5 - respiration Flashcards

1
Q

parts of the upper respiratory tract

A

nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses
the pharynx
the larynx

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2
Q

function of upper respiratory system

A

warm inspired air to body temp
humidify air
filter for particulates

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3
Q

parts of lower respiratory tract

A

the larynx below level of vocal folds
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
lungs

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4
Q

function of lower respiratory

A

gas exchange

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5
Q

where is the respiratory centre

A

medulla oblongata

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6
Q

which neurones automatically maintain a rhythmic cycling pattern

A

inspiratory and expiratory neurones

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7
Q

an apex

A

extends superiorly into the root of the neck, above first rib

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8
Q

costal surface

A

close to ribs/costa cartilages and intercostal spaces

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9
Q

mediastinal surface

A

close to the mediastinum anteriorly and vertebral column posteriorly. surface contains the hilum

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10
Q

diaphragmatic (base)

A

sits on the diaphragm

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11
Q

inferior border

A

separates the base from the costal surface

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12
Q

anterior border

A

separates costal surface from mediastinal surface

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13
Q

posterior border

A

separates costal surface from mediastinal surface

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14
Q

lobes and fissures of right lung

A

3 lobes separated by 1 horizontal (between superior and inferior) and 1 oblique fissure (between inferior lobe and other two)
superior lobe - contact with anterior thoracic wall, projects into root of neck
middle lobe - contact with anterior and lateral thoracic wall
inferior lobe - contact with posterior and inferior thoracic wall

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15
Q

lobes and fissures of left lungs

A

2 lobes separated by 1 oblique fissure
superior lobe - contact with upper part of anterior and lateral thoracic wall, projects into root of the neck
inferior lobe - contact with posterior and inferior part of the thoracic wall
lingula - projection that extends over the anterior surface of heart

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16
Q

hilum of lung

A

area which structures (roots) enter and leave the lung
- pulmonary artery
- 2 pulmonary veins
- main bronchus
- bronchial vessels
- nerves
- lymphatics

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17
Q

lungs in relation to vertebra

A

most superior aspect is level with T1, most inferior is level with T12

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18
Q

oblique fissure

A

posteriorly - midline, near spine of T4
laterally - descends diagonally, crossing 4th and 5th intercostal spaces to reach rib 6
anteriorly - follows rib 6 and its costal cartilage

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19
Q

horizontal fissure

A

lies anteriorly, following the contour of rib 4

20
Q

pleura

A

thin membrane that encloses lungs and lines walls of thoracic cavity
one continuous layer
serous membrane - produces serous fluid that lubricates cavity

21
Q

parietal pleura

A

lines pulmonary cavities and is adherent to thoracic wall, mediastinum and diaphragm
costal pleura - covers internal surfaces of thoracic wall
mediastinal pleura - covers lateral aspects of mediastinum
diaphragmatic pleura - covers superior aspect of diaphragm each side of mediastinum
cervical pleura - extends through superior thoracic aperture forming domed pleura over the apex of the lung

22
Q

visceral pleura

A

covers lungs and is adherent to all its surfaces, including horizontal and oblique fissures

23
Q

pleural cavity

A

potential space between the layers of pleura
doesn’t exist in healthy individuals
could fill with air or blood if punctured

24
Q

pleura function

A

allows smooth movement of lungs during respiration
fluid provides surface tension to keep lung surface in contact with thoracic wall

25
Q

pleural recesses

A

pleural cavity extends further than lungs
superiorly - 3-4cm above first costal cartilage
anteriorly - L+R approach each other posterior to sternum
inferiorly - costal pleura extends to rib 8 in the midclavicular line and to rib 10 in the midaxillary line

26
Q

bones of the thorax

A

sternum
12 pairs of ribs + costal cartilages
12 thoracic vertebra

27
Q

function of bones of thorax

A

provide attachment points for muscles of respiration
move to facilitate breathing
provide protection for the vulnerable organs within the thorax

28
Q

sternum

A

manubrium
sternal body
sternal angle
xiphoid process

29
Q

ribs

A

1-7 are true ribs (articulate directly with sternum, own costal cartilage)
8-12 are false ribs (articulate indirectly with sternum, shared costal cartilages
11-12 are floating ribs (don’t articulate with sternum, shorted and pointier)

30
Q

diaphragm

A

large flat central tendon
innervated by R+L phrenic nerves which originate at C3-C5
3 structures through diagram are the aorta, inferior vena cava, oesophagus

31
Q

intercostal neurovascular bundle

A

intercostal artery, vein and nerve travel together in intercostal space, lie at lower border of each rib

32
Q

external intercostal muscles

A

extend from lower border of rib above to upper border of rib below
run around wall of thorax from tubercles of each rib posteriorly to cartilages of ribs
end in thin membranes
pull ribs up and forward during inspiration

33
Q

internal intercostal muscles

A

run between most inferior lateral edge of the costal grooves of the ribs above to the superior margins of the ribs below
fibres run diagonally backwards and down
pull ribs down and inwards during active respiration

34
Q

innermost intercostal muscles

A

incomplete and variable
separated form internal by bundle of intercostal blood vessels and nerves

35
Q

movements of breathing

A

forwards
- anteroposterior
- pump handle, ribs are handle
backwards
- laterally
- bucket handle - ribs are handle pivoting sternum and spine

36
Q

vascular tree

A

arteries, vein and capillaries
take poor oxygenated blood to lungs then return highly oxygenated blood to heart

37
Q

airway tree

A

air filled branching tubes originating from trachea
conduct new atmospheric air to gas exchange surfaces and return used air to atmosphere

38
Q

trachea

A

smallest total cross-sectional area so responsible for most of airways resistance
hyaline cartilage rings prevent collapse of inspiration

39
Q

bronchi

A

trachea bifurcates at T4 into 2 primary bronchi which enter lung
right main bronchus - wider and shorter, more vertical to reach hilum
left main bronchus - oriented more horizontally and runs inferior to arch of aorta and anterior to oesophagus
primary divide into secondary (one per lobe) then divide into tertiary

40
Q

bronchioles

A

12th division of bronchi, bronchioles are found
collapsible passage ways with smooth muscle walls
further 11 divisions and respiratory bronchioles are formed , they terminate at alveolar ducts - respiratory zone of the lower respiratory system

41
Q

lung lobules

A

cluster of alveoli surrounded by capillaries

42
Q

alveoli

A

basement membranes fused to the endothelium of the capillaries surrounding them
apical surface is covered in a surfactant - gasses dissolve to aid diffusion

43
Q

upper respiratory tract

A

cavities lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium
columnar cells have numerous cilia on their surface
epithelium also contains mucous secreting goblet cells

44
Q

lower respiratory tract

A

in the more peripheral branches the epithelium becomes thinner though cells are still ciliated columnar with goblet cells.
bronchioles are lined by simple ciliated columnar epithelium
most proximal components are the respiratory bronchioles which are lined with cuboidal ciliated epithelium
The alveolar ducts are lined with flattened epithelium.

45
Q

type I pneumocytes

A

thin cells for gaseous diffusion, 40% of cells but 90% of SA

46
Q

type II pneumocytes

A

secrete surfactant
rounded and contain mitochondria

human anatomy (9 decks)

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