week 2 - cns

Question 1

what is CNS made up of

Answer 1

brain and spinal cord

Question 2

left hemisphere of brain functions

Answer 2

logic, numbers and language
sensory and motor pathways for right side of body

Question 3

right hemisphere of brain functions

Answer 3

creativity, imagination and rhythm
sensory and motor pathways for right side of body

Question 4

corpus callosum

Answer 4

neural bridge of nerve fibres that joins hemispheres - communicate between

Question 5

forebrain (3 components)

Answer 5

cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus

Question 6

hindbrain (3 components)

Answer 6

cerebellum, pons, medulla

Question 7

brainstem (3 components)

Answer 7

midbrain, pons, medulla

Question 8

midbrain function

Answer 8

controls higher functions such as eye movement and the auditory system

Question 9

pons function

Answer 9

roles in consciousness and posture

Question 10

medulla function

Answer 10

controls basic, life-sustaining functions such as breathing and heart rate

Question 11

cerebellum structure

Answer 11

two mounds of folded tissue posterior to the brainstem
connected to the brainstem by three peduncles

Question 12

peduncles

Answer 12

bands of neurons resembling a stalk

Question 13

cerebellum function

Answer 13

motor functions and motor learning
motor skills stored in cerebellar memory

Question 14

thalamus

Answer 14

The majority of information passing to the cerebral hemispheres passes through the thalamus first. The thalamus then relays the information to the relevant part of the cerebrum.

Question 15

hypothalamus functions

Answer 15

function is homeostasis
does this by input info to medulla
autonomic nervous system origin
other functions are achieved by stimulating pituitary gland to release hormones

Question 16

cerebral cortex structure and function

Answer 16

is the grey matter of hemispheres
humans hemisphere surface is convoluted to increase SA
functions include intelligence, personality, planning and organisation, motor function

Question 17

sulci

Answer 17

infoldings of brain. Often used to demarcate (mark the boundary of) different functional areas.

Question 18

gyri

Answer 18

sticky out bits between sulci. These are areas of functional grey matter. Adjacent gyri may have very different functions

Question 19

frontal lobe function

Answer 19

movement, decision making, problem solving and planning

Question 20

pre central gyrus

Answer 20

subsection of frontal lobe
primary motor cortex - executes voluntary motor movement

Question 21

parietal lobe (somatosensory cortex)

Answer 21

receive and process sensory information

Question 22

post central gyrus

Answer 22

primary somatosensory cortex - detects touch, temperature, pressure, pain

Question 23

occipital lobe

Answer 23

visual processing
visual information is sent to parietal and temporal lobe for further processing

Question 24

temporal lobe

Answer 24

memory, emotion, hearing, language
structures of limbic system are located here

Question 25

meninges

Answer 25

layer of tissue that physically separates CNS from body

Question 26

pia mater

Answer 26

adheres to brain and dips down into sulci

Question 27

arachnoid mater

Answer 27

middle layer

Question 28

dura mater

Answer 28

outermost, tough layer

Question 29

cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 29

clear fluid that is lower in proteins, cells and most ions (except Na+, Cl-, Ca2+) than plasma
produced by choroid plexus (specialised epithelium)
lines cavities (ventricles) within the brain

Question 30

arachnoid granulations

Answer 30

where CSF is reabsorbed into the venous circulation

Question 31

aqueducts

Answer 31

link ventricles so CSF can circulate through brain

Question 32

vertebral canal

Answer 32

protects spinal cord
made up of vertebral foramen stacked on top of each other to make a canal the whole length of vertebral column

Question 33

vertebra consist of two parts

Answer 33

body and arch

Question 34

what is the vertebral arch made up of

Answer 34

2 pedicles, 2 lamina, 2 transverse processes, 1 spinous process, 4 articular processes

Question 35

intervertebral discs

Answer 35

forms a fibrocartilaginous joint between two adjacent vertebrae
allows slight movement and absorbs shock

Question 36

annulus fibrosus

Answer 36

in vertebrae - outer fibrous ring made up of laminae of fibrocartilage to withstand compression

Question 37

nucleus pulposus

Answer 37

gel-like centre that helps distribute pressure evenly across the disc to act as a shock absorber.

Question 38

ascending pathways

Answer 38

travel from the body to the brain. They tend to carry sensory information, such as touch, pain, and proprioception (body awareness)

Question 39

descending pathways

Answer 39

travel from the brain to the body. They tend to carry motor instructions, to initiate and control movement

Question 40

dorsal root

Answer 40

nerves enter spinal cord from body

Question 41

ventral root

Answer 41

nerves exit spinal cord

Question 42

ventral median fissure

Answer 42

deep groove used to identify the anterior surface of spinal cord

Question 43

dorsal column

Answer 43

Ascending sensory neurons carrying fine touch and proprioception information from the limbs

Question 44

lateral column

Answer 44

descending motor tracts from the cerebral cortex

Question 45

anterolateral fasciculus

Answer 45

ascending sensory neurons carrying pain and temperature fibres

Question 46

lumbar puncture/spinal tap

Answer 46

remove CSF from spinal canal from below L1

Question 47

high white blood cells in spinal CSF

Answer 47

infection such as meningitis

Question 48

high red blood cells in spinal CSF

Answer 48

brain haemorrhage or stroke