week 1 - intro

Question 1

which ribs are inferior and superior to the 5th intercostal space

Answer 1

the gap inferior to the 5th rib, superior to the 6th rib

Question 2

adrenaline/epinephrine function

Answer 2

it quickens the heart beat, strengthens the force of the heart’s contraction, opens bronchioles in lungs

Question 3

aldosterone

Answer 3

steroid hormone. produced in adrenal cortex. regulates balance of salt and water in body. secreted in low salt levels and binds to mineralocorticoid receptor - this upregulates production of protein to stop ENaC form being degraded. Na+ reabsorption in DCT is enhanced so more water reabsorption and blood pressure increases

Question 4

anterior

Answer 4

nearer to front/ view from front

Question 5

cortisol/hydrocortisone

Answer 5

steroid hormone, produced by adrenal cortex. regulates carbohydrate metabolism. increases concentration when stressed, peaks at 8am.

Question 6

fascia

Answer 6

a sheet or band of fibrous connective tissue enveloping, separating, or binding together muscles, organs, and other soft structures of the body

Question 7

gall bladder

Answer 7

small muscular sac under right lobe of liver. stores bile that is secreted by liver until needed for digestion. also concentrates bile (x5) while fasted

Question 8

inguinal ligament

Answer 8

the tough, fibrous ligament that stretches between the lateral edge of the pubic bone and the anterior superior iliac spine

Question 9

mediastinum

Answer 9

region in mammals between pleural sacs. contains heart and thoracic viscera (except lungs)

Question 10

medullary

Answer 10

in medulla or inner core

Question 11

necrotic

Answer 11

dead

Question 12

noradrenaline/ norepinephrine

Answer 12

neurotransmitter and hormone similar to adrenaline

Question 13

pericarditis

Answer 13

inflammation of lining around the heart. causes chest pain and accumulation of fluid around heart (effusion)

Question 14

posterior

Answer 14

near to back. view from back

Question 15

pyloric peritonium

Answer 15

ring of smooth muscle fibres around the opening of the stomach into duodenum

Question 16

severe peritonitis

Answer 16

inflammation of peritoneum (tissue layer of cells lining the inner wall of abdomen and pelvis). can come from infection , injury, bleeding or disease (lupus erythematosus)

Question 17

sex hormones (gonadocorticoids)

Answer 17

testosterone/oestrogen

Question 18

what is systemic sepsis and its symptoms

Answer 18

presence of bacteria/infectious organisms/toxins in the blood or in other tissue of the body. symptoms include fever, chills, malaise, low blood pressure and mental status changes. can be fatal. generally treat with antibiotics

Question 19

ureters

Answer 19

tube that carries urine down from kidney to the bladder. one per kidney

Question 20

(vermiform) appendix

Answer 20

small outpouching from the beginning of the large intestine.

Question 21

anatomical position (5 points)

Answer 21

Looking forward
Standing upright
Arms either side of the body
Palms forwards
Feet flat on the floor and pointing forwards

Question 22

talocrural

Answer 22

ankle

Question 23

transverse (horizontal/axial) planes

Answer 23

Splits the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) sections

Question 24

coronal (frontal) plane

Answer 24

splits the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) sections

Question 25

sagittal plane

Answer 25

splits the body into left and right sections

Question 26

proximal

Answer 26

nearer the trunk or point of origin (of a limb)

Question 27

distal

Answer 27

farther from the trunk of point of origin (of a limb)

Question 28

dorsum

Answer 28

dorsal surface (back) of hand or foot

Question 29

contralateral

Answer 29

opposite side of median plane

Question 30

ipsilateral

Answer 30

same side of median plane

Question 31

how many cervical vertebrae are there?

Answer 31

7 (C1-7)

Question 32

how many thoracic vertebrae are there?

Answer 32

12 (T1-12)

Question 33

how many lumbar vertebrae are there?

Answer 33

5 (L1-5)

Question 34

how many sacral vertebrae are there?

Answer 34

5 (S1-5)

Question 35

cardiovascular system

Answer 35

heart, blood vessels, and blood. it’s primary function is to transport nutrients and oxygen-rich blood to all parts of the body and to carry deoxygenated blood back to the lungs

Question 36

respiratory system

Answer 36

nasal cavity, larynx, tracheobronchial tree, and lungs. it’s primary function is breathing and gas exchange

Question 37

skeletal system

Answer 37

bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments in the body. it has a structural and locomotive function

Question 38

integumentary system

Answer 38

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, associated glands, hair, and nails. It is the largest organ of the body that forms a physical barrier between the external and internal environment

Question 39

muscular system

Answer 39

muscle fibres. muscle fibres are attached to bones or other structures and they are responsible for movement

Question 40

genitourinary/urogenital system

Answer 40

kidney, ureters, bladder, urethra, and sexual organs

Question 41

gastrointestinal/digestive system

Answer 41

mouth, pharynx (throat), oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus. it also includes the salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas, which make digestive juices and enzymes that help the body digest food and liquids

Question 42

immune system

Answer 42

a network of biological processes that protects an organism from diseases. it detects and responds to a wide variety of pathogens

Question 43

nervous systems

Answer 43

brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, sensory organs and other nervous tissue. it coordinates actions and sensory information by transmitting signals to and from different parts of the body

Question 44

endocrine system

Answer 44

messenger system comprising feedback loops of the hormones released by internal glands into the circulatory system, regulating target organs

Question 45

osteomalacia

Answer 45

soft bones, often caused by vitamin D deficiency