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human anatomy > week 3+4 - cardiovascular > Flashcards

week 3+4 - cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

what muscle is heart made from

A

myocardium

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2
Q

contraction of ventricle

A

systole

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3
Q

relaxation of ventricle

A

diastole

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4
Q

what makes up the thoracic cage?

4 components

A

ribs, costal cartilage, sternum, thoracic vertebrae

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5
Q

mediastinum

A

central compartment of thorax between lungs

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6
Q

thoracic plane

A

imaginary line between sternal angle and T4 and T5

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7
Q

sternal angle

A

joint between manubrium and body of sternum

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8
Q

superior mediastinum

o,t,a,v,p,v,t,s

A

oesophagus
trachea
arch of aorta and branches
superior vena cava and tributanes
L + R phrenic and vagus nerves
thoracic duct
sympathetic chains

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9
Q

anterior mediastinum

A

fat
thymus

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10
Q

middle mediastinum

A

heart
pericardium

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11
Q

posterior mediastinum

da,o,t,a,s

A

descending aorta and branches
oesophagus
thoracic duct
azygos system of veins
sympathetic chains

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12
Q

phrenic nerves

A

supplies diaphragm
nerve roots from C3, C4, C5

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13
Q

azygos system of nerves

A

drains posterior thoracic wall
h shaped

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14
Q

sympathetic chains/trunk

A

sympathetic nervous system
external to spinal column
adjacent to vertebral bodies
one on each side of body

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15
Q

thoracic duct

A

lymphatic vessel for return of chyle/lymph to systemic venous system
drains lymph from lower limbs, abdomen and left side of body

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16
Q

pericardium

A

membrane that covers heart
2 layers
fibrous outer layer
inner thin serous layer

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17
Q

fibrous pericardium

A

continuous w great vessels adventitia
blended w central tendon of diaphragm
rigid structure

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18
Q

serous pericardium

A

analogous (similar to) pleural membrane
double layer - visceral and parietal

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19
Q

functions of pericardium

A

protection from infection
fixes heart in place and limits motion
lubrication
prevents rapid overfilling of heart

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20
Q

cardiac tamponade

A

blood/fluid accumulates in pericardium
compresses heart so ventricles can expand fully

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21
Q

pericarditis

A

inflammation of pericardium

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22
Q

dissecting aortic aneurysm

A

aortic dissection is a serious condition in which a tear occurs in the inner layer of the body’s main artery (aorta). Blood rushes through the tear, causing the inner and middle layers of the aorta to split (dissect)

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23
Q

acute myocardial infarction

A

life-threatening condition that occurs when blood flow to the heart muscle is abruptly cut off, also known as a heart attack

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24
Q

Pericardiocentesis

A

a procedure done to remove fluid that has built up in the sac around the heart (pericardium). It’s done using a needle and small catheter to drain excess fluid

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25
superior vena cava (R)
de-oxygenated blood to right atrium from above heart
26
inferior vena cava (R)
de-oxygenated blood to right atrium from below heart
27
pulmonary trunk (R)
exits right ventricle, de-oxygenated blood to lungs
28
pulmonary veins (L)
enter left atrium on posterior oxygenated blood from pulmonary circulation 4 veins - R/L superior/inferior
29
aorta (L)
leaves heart, carries high pressure blood to systemic circulation
29
epicardium
connective tissue layer over heart (protective)
30
endocardium
layer of epithelium and connective tissue that lines heart and covers valves
31
cardiac muscle
is striated doesn't require stimulation from nervous system one stimulus causes whole heart to contract - syncytium
32
intercalated discs
separate sarcoplasm of adjacent cardiac muscle cells allows electrical excitations to pass through gap junctions
33
what function does the fibrous skeleton have
prevents valve openings from collapsing or distending provides base for attachment for leaflets and cusps of valves forms electrical barrier between the atria and ventricles, preventing contracting together
34
AV orifice
right, tricuspid valve between atria and ventricle
35
AV node
electrical relay station between the atria and ventricles located in the posteroinferior region of the interatrial septum near the opening of the coronary sinus.
36
crista terminalis
origin of the pectinate muscles. The sulcus terminalis (on the external surface) acts as a surface marking for the internal crista terminalis.
37
fossa ovalis
An embryological remnant of the foramen ovale. The foramen ovale is a hole between the two atria in a foetal heart.
38
interatrial septum
fibromuscular wall between the left and right atrium. The fossa ovalis and AV node is located here
39
opening of coronary sinus
main cardiac vein that drains deoxygenated blood
40
pectinate muscles
parallel ridges in the wall of the atrium
41
right auricle
muscular pouch that acts to increase the capacity of the atrium
42
SA node
pacemaker of the heart. It is located in the posterior wall of the right atrium, inferolateral to the opening of the superior vena cava, along the superior part of the crista terminalis
43
sulcus terminalis
shallow depression marking the point of fusion between the venous part of the right atrium and the true right atrium. The crista terminalis sits on the internal surface on this structure
44
chordae tendineae
attach to cusps of AV valves and papillary muscles of ventricle hold valves in place and prevent reflux
45
conus arteriosus
anterosuperior region of the right ventricle from which the pulmonary trunk arises
46
IV groove
on external surface of heart demarks division between ventricles
47
IV septum
fibromuscular wall between ventricles
48
moderator band
thick muscular structure that arises from IV septum and ends at right papillary muscle shortcut for impulses
49
pulmonary valve
semilunar valve between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
50
trabeculae carneae
irregular muscular columns found on internal surface of ventricles
51
aortic valve
semilunar valve between left ventricle and aorta
52
atrioventricular valves
prevent backflow from ventricles into aorta during systole increased pressure forces valves shut w tight seal tricuspid on right (tri=rit) bicuspid on left
53
semilunar valves
prevent backflow into ventricles from great vessels in diastole 3 cusps shaped like pockets, backflow fills sinuses causing them to balloon and close valve
54
heart sounds
AV valves closing - lub semilunar valves closing - dub
55
LCA
supplies - left atrium, most left ventricle, some right ventricle, anterior IV septum, SA node (40% population) 2 branches anterior IV branch circumflex branch
56
RCA
supplies - right atrium, most right ventricle, some left ventricle, posterior IV septum, SA node (60% population)
57
myocardial infarction (heart attack)
coronary artery blocked myocardium becomes ischaemic
58
heart attack treatment
primary percutaneous intervention - stent to widen vessel thrombolytics or fibrinolytics coronary artery bypass graft
59
blood vessels have 3 layers
tunica intima - single layer of endothelial cells on thin connective tissue, main barrier to plasma proteins, secretes vasoactive products tunica media - smooth muscle of varying thickness (elastic + collagen) tunica adventitia - tethers vessels in place, in large arteries contains own small blood vessel network (vasa vasorum)
60
elastic arteries
tunica media rich in elastin expand (systole) and recoil (diastole) to maintain flow and pressure
61
conduit arteries
tunica media relatively thicker than lumen compared to elastic contains more smooth muscle to prevent collapse at sharp bends (elbow)
62
arterioles
narrow and large numbers = resistance proximal have lots of layers of smooth muscle distal have 1-3 layers of smooth muscle
63
arteriovenous anastomosis
only found is skin and nasal mucosa lots of sympathetic nerves nasal mucosa - warm inspired air skin - regulate temp

human anatomy (9 decks)

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