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human anatomy > week 3+4 - cardiovascular > Flashcards

week 3+4 - cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

what muscle is heart made from

A

myocardium

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2
Q

contraction of ventricle

A

systole

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3
Q

relaxation of ventricle

A

diastole

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4
Q

what makes up the thoracic cage?

4 components

A

ribs, costal cartilage, sternum, thoracic vertebrae

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5
Q

mediastinum

A

central compartment of thorax between lungs

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6
Q

thoracic plane

A

imaginary line between sternal angle and T4 and T5

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7
Q

sternal angle

A

joint between manubrium and body of sternum

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8
Q

superior mediastinum

o,t,a,v,p,v,t,s

A

oesophagus
trachea
arch of aorta and branches
superior vena cava and tributanes
L + R phrenic and vagus nerves
thoracic duct
sympathetic chains

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9
Q

anterior mediastinum

A

fat
thymus

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10
Q

middle mediastinum

A

heart
pericardium

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11
Q

posterior mediastinum

da,o,t,a,s

A

descending aorta and branches
oesophagus
thoracic duct
azygos system of veins
sympathetic chains

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12
Q

phrenic nerves

A

supplies diaphragm
nerve roots from C3, C4, C5

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13
Q

azygos system of nerves

A

drains posterior thoracic wall
h shaped

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14
Q

sympathetic chains/trunk

A

sympathetic nervous system
external to spinal column
adjacent to vertebral bodies
one on each side of body

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15
Q

thoracic duct

A

lymphatic vessel for return of chyle/lymph to systemic venous system
drains lymph from lower limbs, abdomen and left side of body

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16
Q

pericardium

A

membrane that covers heart
2 layers
fibrous outer layer
inner thin serous layer

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17
Q

fibrous pericardium

A

continuous w great vessels adventitia
blended w central tendon of diaphragm
rigid structure

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18
Q

serous pericardium

A

analogous (similar to) pleural membrane
double layer - visceral and parietal

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19
Q

functions of pericardium

A

protection from infection
fixes heart in place and limits motion
lubrication
prevents rapid overfilling of heart

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20
Q

cardiac tamponade

A

blood/fluid accumulates in pericardium
compresses heart so ventricles can expand fully

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21
Q

pericarditis

A

inflammation of pericardium

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22
Q

dissecting aortic aneurysm

A

aortic dissection is a serious condition in which a tear occurs in the inner layer of the body’s main artery (aorta). Blood rushes through the tear, causing the inner and middle layers of the aorta to split (dissect)

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23
Q

acute myocardial infarction

A

life-threatening condition that occurs when blood flow to the heart muscle is abruptly cut off, also known as a heart attack

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24
Q

Pericardiocentesis

A

a procedure done to remove fluid that has built up in the sac around the heart (pericardium). It’s done using a needle and small catheter to drain excess fluid

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25
Q

superior vena cava (R)

A

de-oxygenated blood to right atrium from above heart

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26
Q

inferior vena cava (R)

A

de-oxygenated blood to right atrium from below heart

27
Q

pulmonary trunk (R)

A

exits right ventricle, de-oxygenated blood to lungs

28
Q

pulmonary veins (L)

A

enter left atrium on posterior
oxygenated blood from pulmonary circulation
4 veins - R/L superior/inferior

29
Q

aorta (L)

A

leaves heart, carries high pressure blood to systemic circulation

29
Q

epicardium

A

connective tissue layer over heart (protective)

30
Q

endocardium

A

layer of epithelium and connective tissue that lines heart and covers valves

31
Q

cardiac muscle

A

is striated
doesn’t require stimulation from nervous system
one stimulus causes whole heart to contract - syncytium

32
Q

intercalated discs

A

separate sarcoplasm of adjacent cardiac muscle cells
allows electrical excitations to pass through gap junctions

33
Q

what function does the fibrous skeleton have

A

prevents valve openings from collapsing or distending
provides base for attachment for leaflets and cusps of valves
forms electrical barrier between the atria and ventricles, preventing contracting together

34
Q

AV orifice

A

right, tricuspid valve between atria and ventricle

35
Q

AV node

A

electrical relay station between the atria and ventricles
located in the posteroinferior region of the interatrial septum near the opening of the coronary sinus.

36
Q

crista terminalis

A

origin of the pectinate muscles. The sulcus terminalis (on the external surface) acts as a surface marking for the internal crista terminalis.

37
Q

fossa ovalis

A

An embryological remnant of the foramen ovale. The foramen ovale is a hole between the two atria in a foetal heart.

38
Q

interatrial septum

A

fibromuscular wall between the left and right atrium. The fossa ovalis and AV node is located here

39
Q

opening of coronary sinus

A

main cardiac vein that drains deoxygenated blood

40
Q

pectinate muscles

A

parallel ridges in the wall of the atrium

41
Q

right auricle

A

muscular pouch that acts to increase the capacity of the atrium

42
Q

SA node

A

pacemaker of the heart. It is located in the posterior wall of the right atrium, inferolateral to the opening of the superior vena cava, along the superior part of the crista terminalis

43
Q

sulcus terminalis

A

shallow depression marking the point of fusion between the venous part of the right atrium and the true right atrium. The crista terminalis sits on the internal surface on this structure

44
Q

chordae tendineae

A

attach to cusps of AV valves and papillary muscles of ventricle
hold valves in place and prevent reflux

45
Q

conus arteriosus

A

anterosuperior region of the right ventricle from which the pulmonary trunk arises

46
Q

IV groove

A

on external surface of heart
demarks division between ventricles

47
Q

IV septum

A

fibromuscular wall between ventricles

48
Q

moderator band

A

thick muscular structure that arises from IV septum and ends at right papillary muscle
shortcut for impulses

49
Q

pulmonary valve

A

semilunar valve between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

50
Q

trabeculae carneae

A

irregular muscular columns found on internal surface of ventricles

51
Q

aortic valve

A

semilunar valve between left ventricle and aorta

52
Q

atrioventricular valves

A

prevent backflow from ventricles into aorta during systole
increased pressure forces valves shut w tight seal
tricuspid on right (tri=rit)
bicuspid on left

53
Q

semilunar valves

A

prevent backflow into ventricles from great vessels in diastole
3 cusps shaped like pockets, backflow fills sinuses causing them to balloon and close valve

54
Q

heart sounds

A

AV valves closing - lub
semilunar valves closing - dub

55
Q

LCA

A

supplies - left atrium, most left ventricle, some right ventricle, anterior IV septum, SA node (40% population)
2 branches
anterior IV branch
circumflex branch

56
Q

RCA

A

supplies - right atrium, most right ventricle, some left ventricle, posterior IV septum, SA node (60% population)

57
Q

myocardial infarction (heart attack)

A

coronary artery blocked
myocardium becomes ischaemic

58
Q

heart attack treatment

A

primary percutaneous intervention - stent to widen vessel
thrombolytics or fibrinolytics
coronary artery bypass graft

59
Q

blood vessels have 3 layers

A

tunica intima - single layer of endothelial cells on thin connective tissue, main barrier to plasma proteins, secretes vasoactive products
tunica media - smooth muscle of varying thickness (elastic + collagen)
tunica adventitia - tethers vessels in place, in large arteries contains own small blood vessel network (vasa vasorum)

60
Q

elastic arteries

A

tunica media rich in elastin
expand (systole) and recoil (diastole) to maintain flow and pressure

61
Q

conduit arteries

A

tunica media relatively thicker than lumen compared to elastic
contains more smooth muscle to prevent collapse at sharp bends (elbow)

62
Q

arterioles

A

narrow and large numbers = resistance
proximal have lots of layers of smooth muscle
distal have 1-3 layers of smooth muscle

63
Q

arteriovenous anastomosis

A

only found is skin and nasal mucosa
lots of sympathetic nerves
nasal mucosa - warm inspired air
skin - regulate temp

human anatomy (9 decks)

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