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Applied Psychology > Week 5: Predicting People's Behaviour > Flashcards

Week 5: Predicting People's Behaviour Flashcards

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1
Q

Implicit Association Test

A

Mahzarin Banaji and Tony Greenwald in 1995.

IAT, which displayed an image then words. Tests the time between exposed to the image and your selection.

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2
Q

Implicit bias and attitudes

A

Internalised assumptions that cause us to approach situations from a pre-established viewpoint. Usually cannot be accessed simply by asking. Often, such bias do not align with who we are, we think homeless people are lazy and we are not homeless ourselves.

Causes:

-We seek to identify patterns.
-We like to take shortcuts
-Our experience and social conditioning

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3
Q

Examples of Implicit bias

A

Girls are often internalise the perception that they are worse at math than language. Girls are much less likely to pursue a career in STEM.

Black people half as likely to be recruit despite having the same qualifications as a white person.

Doctors tend to dominant conversation with black people

Don’t even get me started on the judicial system.

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4
Q

Strategies against implicit biases

A

-Focus on seeing people as individuals
-Understand your stereotypes
-Examine reflex action
-Switch perspective
-Increase exposure
-Practice mindfulness

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5
Q

Factors which predict behaviour

A

Interpersonal Attraction

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6
Q

Interpersonal Attraction?

Hint: Aspects that allow us to predict behaviour.

A

-Proximity
-Interpersonal Reward
-Similarity
-Physical attractiveness

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7
Q

Proximity

A

-Interaction accessibility (50-50 chance of your ‘one and only’ being within walking distance) Situational influences.
-Essentially breeds familiarity.
-Genetic endowment
-Initial and final impressions (bad initial impression, and growing familiar
-Interaction accessibility rather than physical proximity.
-Environmental spoiling (spoiling one’s living space)

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8
Q

Lott and Lott 1974

Reward and Affiliation

A

Rewarding and successful experience

Unrewarding and failing experience.

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9
Q

Interpersonal Reward

A

-Behaviourist perspective (Byrne& Murren 1988)
-Reciprocal
-Investment return
-Resources, material or otherwise
-Romantic partner (similar values)

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10
Q

Similarity

A

…is perceived as attractive. Subsets of this are homophily. (Steinburg and Monahan 2007). Exceptions of this are dominant preferring submissives.

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11
Q

Homophily

A

Friends are selected by similarity.

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12
Q

Physical attractiveness

A

Reis et al 1980 Physically attractive individuals reported interactions as much more pleasant, than those who weren’t.

Is it confused with the effect physical attractiveness bestows, general confidence in one’s impressions and interactions?

More relevance in romantic relationships, as opposed to non-romantic relationships.

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13
Q

Matching hypothesis

A

People choose those which consider themselves on a similar ‘par’ of attractiveness. Than those who were not. (Yela & Sangrador 2001)

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14
Q

Ventral Staritam Arousal

A

Is the physiological reward gained when eye contact is maintained with an attractive person, and lost when eye contact is broken.

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15
Q

Love types

A

Hatfield 1988- Two types

Passionate Love: Wild physical attraction and ‘absorption?’

Often has a ‘used by date’ that leads to…

Companionate Love: Deep affection, emotional intimacy and friendship. -Burton et al. 2001

Resurgences of passionate love throughout companionate love.

-Sternburg 1998- Triangular love theory (three types)

Intimacy-
Passion-
Commitment-

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16
Q

Love through the evolutionary perspective.

A

A means to procreate

-Birnbaum and Reis marked three contributions to love. Caring for offspring (parental love), courtship, sexual intimacy and concern for family are aspects considered for reproduction.

Fletcher et al. 2004 found both men and women valued warmth and trustworthiness. However, women emphasised status and resources. While men emphasized attractiveness, energy, wellbeing and vitality. Which aligns with the theory ‘to procreate’.

-sexual strategies.

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17
Q

Ethical Hedonism

A
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18
Q

Evolutionary Psychologists propose…

A

People act in a way that maximises their inclusive fitness and more likely to behave altruistically to relatives.

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19
Q

Bystander Intervention

A

It is found people are unlikely to help if in the presence of strangers. Individuals will constantly look for reassurances not to get involved, and will lend into the false sense of security of diffusing responsibility between others.

Although, if surrounded by compatriots 20% more likely to help.

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20
Q

Aggression

A

Behaviour aimed to harm.
-Culture variances
-Gender variances (consistent across cultures, males are more likely to perform acts of violence)

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21
Q

Social Influence (other’s presence)

A

Obedience: Compliance with authority. Milgram Experiment.

Conformity: Changing oneself to accommodate other’s standards. Asch Experiment

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22
Q

Social Influence Principles

A
  1. Principle of Reciprocity (compelled to reciprocate)
  2. Principle of Commitment (compelled to act as expected, prior impressions, etc)
  3. Principle of Liking (we do things for the people we like, in hopes they’ll stick around)
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23
Q

Bystander Help depends on…

A

Situational Variables- personality, self-efficacy, and ‘high self-monitors’

Dispositional Variables

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24
Q

Social Interaction…

A

-Altruism
-Aggression

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25
Q

Reasons to form relationships

A

-Instrumental goals
-Companionship
-Shared Interests
-Relative obligations
Sexual Interests

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26
Q

Social exchange theories

A

Behaviourist principles that reciprocal reward is the centre of relationships. -Homans 1961
-Examples of markets, investment (even in personal relationships)

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27
Q

A person’s beliefs and exxpectations reflect on love

A

Sternburg. 25 different love stories, conceptions of love.

28
Q

Are we interested in reproduction or survival, if we still see them in the future.

A
29
Q

Predictingbehaviour gives us comfort. So, why is it so important. And is the previous statement exactly why, in predicting others behaviour we predict our own. Predictive techniques can change, like cognitive bias does.

A
30
Q

What is Altruism?

A

To assist others selflessly without expectation of receiving something back.

31
Q

Evolutionary perspective on altruism?

A

Maximise their inclusive fitness. Relatives

32
Q

Controversy around the origins of aggression.

A

-Biology and evolution
-Environment and social learning

33
Q

Ultimately, we act differently in groups, to what extent does this behaviour in our group extend to the behaviour in others.

A
34
Q

Why do people affiliate (relationships)?

A

-Instrumental goals
-Relatives
-Shared interests
-Companionship
-Sexual Interests

35
Q

What attracts and what endures (love)

A
36
Q

Rooted in social psychology

A
37
Q

Social media, a modern manifestation of an ancient need.

A

can lead to a ‘head-start’ in relationships, when physical proximity is nearly impossible, long distance. But not short distance and tlaking all the time.

Can shift from online to f2f.

38
Q

Attractive faces are perceived and categorised more easily, which may be why attractiveness is a social pinnacle. (DIngerfelder 2006)

A
39
Q

Social indifference is a strong contender for personality disorders. Apparently, who wouldn’t want love.

A

Is this a culturally pressed value measured by the majority.

40
Q

Sternburg’s 25 concepts of love 2001

A

People withholding pre-existing beliefs of love before actioning love. No story is regarded as better than the other. Rather, partner’s must successfully match these pre-existing expectations with their partner’s.

41
Q

Sexual Strategies- Men (selection process)

A

Men have the capacity to mate multiple partners, and bear multiple offspring simultaneously. Although, this diffuses their resources amongst the multiplicities. This causes their female counterparts to become ‘choosy’ s, and compels the males to show commit to one female.

Therefore, short-term strategies are attempting to create as many offspring.

Long-term strategies is adapting to female discernment, and creating the healthiest most resourceful offspring. Being picky about the other half of your offspring. Young, healthy, attractive enough to ensure arousal overtime and increase the man’s status (typically through family).

Success objects

42
Q

Sexual strategies- Women (selection process)

A

Females place immense risk on bearing an offspring. Not just because of the physical nature of pregnancy, they can only bear one offspring at a time and lower the potential of a mate to commit resources to them alone. Thus, renders them vulnerable unless they somehow manage to convince the male to commit exclusively to them. Usually done by being discerning of their partners.

This push for constant discernment makes short-term and long-term strategies very similar.

Sex objects

43
Q

Attachment theory and love

A

Romantic love is expected to bring security, attachment and love. Infancy and childhood experiences pre-determine attachment styles and are very much related to these expectations. There is research suggesting that attachment styles continue well into adulthood. Most likely to occur during threats of security.

44
Q

Parker 2002

A

Marriages last based on…

1) Characteristics of the couple and marriage. Commitment, willingness to adapt and compromise, sharing, friendship, reciprocity
2) Handling of everyday stressors. Conflict management.

45
Q

Commitment to a relationship

A

-How much has been invested
-Commonality (aspirations and values)
-Affairs

Men are likely to end a relationship over sexual chemistry.

Women are likely to end a relationship over long-term commitment and marriage.

46
Q

Commitment to a relationship

A

-How much has been invested
-Commonality (aspirations and values)
-Affairs

Men are likely to end a relationship over sexual chemistry.

Women are likely to end a relationship over long-term commitment and marriage.

47
Q

Bias in love

A

People tend to make assumption about their partner’s behaviour based on relationship satisfaction. For example, a satisfied individual will ‘reframe’ their partner’s actions. This can also direct a persons behaviour, a satisfied individual will find ways to elevate a relationship rather than dissolve one. Acceptance, and mutual realisation of one’s behaviour will help.

48
Q

Cohabitation reasons research (Rhodes scale)

A
  1. More time/chance to bond
  2. Saving money
  3. Testing the waters
49
Q

Harding 2012 study on cohabitation

A
  1. Women found testing the relationship as a reason for cohabitation was only important to 9%, while men found it at 33%. These respondents were less satisfied with relationships, non-commital, likely to cheat, less secure and poorer at conflict resolution.

Conflict management was key to a successful relationship.

50
Q

Dark side of Relationships

A

Relationships are often where we meet our most insufferable selves. Greatest criticism and deepest hurts despite the euphoric nature of sometimes being seen.

Likely to be mad/ dissatisfied with close relation daily. If not weekly, from partner’s criticisms, stubbornness, selfishness and lack of consciousness. We are meaner to our relations than anyone else we know, those who are closest to you are well aware of your insufferable needs-Miller 1997

51
Q

Altruism

A

To act on seemingly selfless reasons, for the benefit of others. A type of prosocial behaviour.

52
Q

Prosocial behaviour, and the types of context in which it can occur.

A

Is helping others with or without the expectation of reciprocation.

-Micro: Within individuals
-Meso: Behaviours of helper-receiver dyad.
-Macro: Large group and organisations.

53
Q

What is a dyad?

A

A relationship where one would not exist without the other.

54
Q

Ethical Hedonism

Hint: Hypocrite

A

A philosophical argument that all behaviour is motivated by self-serving intentions. Essentially, any prosocial behaviour is really to assert one’s ideal-self standards. Maybe, to avoid guilt associated with not helping. ‘To increase one’s own pleasure, and decrease one’s own pain’.

55
Q

Aversive arousal reduction model

A

Related to the self-serving perspective on Ethical Hedonism. Empathy aroused by distress compels people to help, this is likely an aversive reaction that quells the feeling of shared distress.

-Just remember the monkey thing lol.

56
Q

Mood

A

People help others to maintain that good feeling (where is the sparkle emoji)

People help others to alleviate their negative emotion.

People are more likely to help in the presence of a pleasant fragrance, cookies and coffee roasting.

57
Q

Types of altruism… according to philosophy

A

-Ethical Hedonism
-Genuine Altruism
-Evolutionary take

58
Q

Genuine Altruism

A

Jean-Jacques Rosseau proposes that people are born naturally altruistic. It’s just that society ‘beats it out of them’. Whatever that means.

Adam Smith proposed that generally people are self-interested, just sometimes we a re altruistic.

59
Q

If a person’s ultimate goal in helping another is to benefit the other person, it should be received as altruistic behaviour.

A
60
Q

An evolutionary perspective

A

Evolutionary psychologists perceive altruism through reproductive success, to no ones suprise lol.

The ultimate aim is to protect oneself, and offspring. Disregarding personal fitness, if we expand to include inclusive fitness. The number of offspring which are reared will be taken care of by close relatives. Allowing the chance to imprint on as many of the coming generation, as possible.

Reciprocal altruism- the concept that an unrelated individual gives to another and will be repaid long-term, is observed to improve natural selection (?)

61
Q

Model of Bystander Intervention- Darley and Latene 1968

A

At any point a bystander may make a decision to not intervene. Must be surrounded by others for this model to be applicable.

Step 1: Notice the emergency
Step 2: Interpret the emergency
Step 3: Bystander must assume responsibility.- Where diffusion of responsibility occurs.

62
Q

City life and the bystander

A

Cities allow for anonymity, which allows most to deny responsibility.

63
Q

Agression, and types

A

Behaviour aimed to harm, and their autonomy.

-Hostile agression: Comes from a place of anger. Lashes out at a perceived injustice.

-Instrumental aggression: Calm and pragmatic aggression, usually contained for the purpose of a motive.

64
Q

Culturally alcohol facilitates behaviour that already exists, like aggression

A
65
Q

Gender and aggression

A

Males commit over 90% of criminal and aggressive behaviour. The trend in acts of violence over the years can be proportioned to the amount of adolescent males at the time.

20% of women will not report intimate partner violence (IPV). Most men will perpetuate violence once an emotional connection is made. Attacks are more likely to occur when their partner is pregnant, separated or divorced.

Women are more likely to support victims of bullying and men are likely to support the bullying.

Women commit actions of aggression indirectly, rather than directly.

66
Q

Stereotype threat

A

The internalised negative stereotype we foster about ourselves.

67
Q

Caution when using the IAT

A

Reliability must be obtained from multiple sources before applying to real life situations.

Applied Psychology (12 decks)

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