Week 1: Introduction to Psychological Theory, Knowledge and it's Application Flashcards
Empirical methods establish evidence how?
By use of observational and experimental data.
The scientific-practitioner model/ boulder theory
Refers to the relation between science and practice. In which each provide cardinal information for the other. A cycle perpetuated by the other.
Science Legitimises Practice
Practice informs Science
What is the difference between cross-sectional and longitudinal studies?
Cross-sectional studies collect data at a single point in time. Selecting participants that are unexposed to the study
Longitudinal studies collect data from various points in time. They continue with the same participants over a period of time.
The hierarchy of scientific research has 7 levels, which are categorised into three types of information. What are they?
-Information
-Unfiltered Information
-Filtered Information
What does ‘unfiltered information refer to?
Original research studies, that have yet to be fully synthesised.
What does ‘filtered information refer to?
Is the sysnthesis of data around a topic. ‘The appraisal of a topic’.
What are the ‘unfiltered information’ levels, explain each in descending order.
Randomised Control Trials (RCT): To quell bias in aspects of the study which aren’t typically controlled. They are considered beyond the experimental focus, but beholds influence just the same. Therefore, aspects will be randomised, and unknown to even the experimenters.
Cohort Studies: A specific longitudinal study. A population defined by common characteristics are followed over time, and tested at ‘cross-sections’.
Case-controlled studies: An overall study conducted to compare the group with anomalies to those without, both having been exposed by the same causal root.
Case series: Refer to multiple individuals reporting an anomaly, founded without the use of a control group.
Case reports: Are generally used to analyse an anomaly from one patient. A case that is not typical to the rest.
What are the ‘filtered information levels, explain each in descending order.
Systematic reviews: A review of all the research available on a given topic, with strict methods of locating and synthesizing data.
Critically appraised topics (evidence syntheses and guidelines): A clinical appraisal of clinically relevant studies.
Critically appraised individual articles (article synopsis): Articles that are selected and rated for clinical relevance, by physicians.
The three ‘Levels of Explanation’ for behaviour, what are they?
Lower: Biological explanation
Middle: Interpersonal
Higher: Cultural and social
Two types of values
Subjective values: Personal beliefs that are formed by the person themselves.
Objective values: ‘Classed as ethics and morality’. These are almost ‘external beliefs’, beliefs that provide structure in a society
Conflict between facts and value can be worsened by?
Conflict rhetoric: When a fact clashes with an ‘ethical’ boundary and is rejected for being ‘immoral’.
Focus: Removing attention from the fact that’s been newly founded, to the value that’s been just uprooted. Proposes a debate that draws attention away from facts.
Resolution strategy: Given the immeasurable nature and subjectivity of values, values are much harder to establish than facts.
Experts and resources: When facts and values collide, this often calls for many experts of varying fields. Therefore, even more resources are required to mediate and translate the conflict between the two.
Bias: Concerns both sides, as both are susceptible to bias.
