Week 5 Mock exam questions

Question 1

L5a: 1. What is a common misconception about reactions to sexual abuse according to the lecture?
a) Victims typically scream and fight during abuse.
b) Victims are always abused by strangers.
c) Victims of abuse are less likely to experience psychological harm.

Answer 1

Correct Answer: a) Victims typically scream and fight during abuse. Explanation: The lecture suggests that contrary to the myth that victims would scream and fight during abuse, they often freeze, which may contribute to the perpetuation of abuse.
B is ook correct.

Question 2

L5a: 2. According to the lecture, why is it challenging for bystanders to react appropriately to sexual abuse? Choose the best option:
a) Bystanders lack empathy for victims.
b) Bystanders are often not aware of the abuse.
c) Bystanders may blame the victim or disbelieve them.
d) Bystanders are afraid of the perpetrator.

Answer 2

Correct Answer: c) Bystanders may blame the victim or disbelieve them. Explanation: The lecture discusses how bystanders may engage in victim-blaming or disbelief, making it difficult for them to react appropriately to sexual abuse.
De rest zou evt ook kunnen, maar c past het beste

Question 3

L5a: 3. How can guilt contribute to psychological problems in victims of sexual abuse? a) Guilt leads to increased self-esteem. b) Guilt may cause victims to forget about the abuse. c) Guilt can result in self-harming behaviors and depression. d) Guilt is not a significant factor in the aftermath of abuse.

Answer 3

Correct Answer: c) Guilt can result in self-harming behaviors and depression. Explanation: The lecture highlights that guilt, a persistent feeling among victims of sexual abuse, can lead to various psychological issues, including self-harm and depression.

Question 4

L5a: 4. Which therapy listed in the lecture involves gradually approaching trauma-related memories and feelings? a) Narrative exposure therapy b) Imagery rescripting c) Cognitive processing therapy d) Prolonged exposure

Answer 4

Correct Answer: d) Prolonged exposure
Explanation: Prolonged exposure therapy teaches individuals to gradually approach their trauma-related memories, feelings, and situations, helping them understand that these memories are not dangerous and do not need to be avoided.

Question 5

L5a: What are some common misconceptions addressed in the lecture regarding sexual abuse and its aftermath, and how do these misconceptions contribute to the perpetuation of abuse and the challenges faced by victims?

Answer 5

1. Misconception: Victims of sexual abuse typically scream and fight during the abuse.
   * Reality: The lecture highlights that victims often freeze instead of reacting aggressively. This misconception contributes to the perpetuation of abuse because bystanders may not recognize the signs of abuse when victims do not exhibit expected behaviors.
2. Misconception: Sexual abuse is usually perpetrated by strangers.
   * Reality: In many cases, sexual abuse occurs within close relationships, such as by family members or trusted individuals. Believing that strangers are the primary perpetrators may lead to overlooking signs of abuse within familiar environments, thus perpetuating the abuse.
3. Misconception: Victims are to blame for their abuse.
   * Reality: Victim-blaming is a significant issue highlighted in the lecture. Bystanders may blame the victim or disbelieve them, contributing to the challenges faced by victims in seeking help and support. This misconception can also lead to feelings of guilt and shame among victims, further complicating their recovery process.
4. Misconception: Sexual abuse only involves physical harm.
   * Reality: The lecture emphasizes that sexual abuse causes psychological harm as well, including feelings of guilt, low self-esteem, and PTSD. This misconception may prevent bystanders from recognizing the full extent of the harm experienced by victims and providing appropriate support.

These misconceptions contribute to the perpetuation of abuse by fostering environments where abuse can thrive unchecked. They also pose challenges for victims in seeking help, as they may fear judgment or disbelief from others. By addressing and debunking these misconceptions, the lecture underscores the importance of raising awareness and providing support to victims of sexual abuse.

Question 6

Covers: What prompted the Dutch government to establish a network of Sexual Assault Centres (SACs) in the Netherlands?
a) A rise in sexual assault cases in the country
b) Fragmented support (visiting multiple locations) for victims leading to delays and lack of expertise
c) Pressure from international organizations
d) An increase in funding for healthcare services

Answer 6

Answer: b) Fragmented support for victims leading to delays and lack of expertise
Explanation: The article states that researchers advised the Dutch government to create SACs to streamline support for victims due to the fragmented system, which hindered recovery.

Question 7

Covers: 2. What percentage of acute sexual assault victims contacted the Dutch SACs between 2016 and 2020?
a) Approximately 25%
b) Approximately 50%
c) Approximately 75%
d) Approximately 90%

Answer 7

Answer: c) Approximately 75%
Explanation: The article mentions that from 2016 to 2020, 15,936 sexual assault victims contacted Dutch SACs, with 7,056 being acute cases, which is roughly 75% of the total.

Question 8

Covers: 3. Which of the following is NOT a weakness identified in the SWOT analysis of the SAC network?
a) Insufficient accessibility for certain demographic groups
b) Inconsistencies in forensic examination procedures
c) Long waiting lists for mental health services
d) Lack of adherence to quality standards

Answer 8

Answer: d) Lack of adherence to quality standards
Explanation: The article outlines weaknesses such as insufficient accessibility for certain demographic groups, disparities in forensic examinations, and challenges in accessing mental health services due to long waiting lists.

Question 9

Covers: 4. What is a key opportunity for the development of SACs mentioned in the article?
a) Increasing wait times for victims seeking services
b) Decreasing media attention on sexual assault
c) Legal reforms classifying all non-consensual sex as rape
d) Reduction in resources for SACs due to budget cuts

Answer 9

Answer: c) Legal reforms classifying all non-consensual sex as rape
Explanation: The article suggests that upcoming legal reforms in the Netherlands, classifying all non-consensual sex as rape, could encourage more victims to seek help, presenting an opportunity for the development of SACs.

Question 10

Covers: 5. Discuss the multidisciplinary model of Sexual Assault Centers (SACs) and its significance in providing support to sexual assault victims, citing examples from the article.

Answer 10

Answer: The multidisciplinary model of Sexual Assault Centers (SACs) involves collaboration among various stakeholders, including hospitals, health services, psycho-social services, and the police. This approach ensures that victims receive comprehensive care encompassing medical, forensic, and psychological services, ultimately aiming to minimize the impact of sexual assault and facilitate recovery.

For instance, SACs in the Netherlands offer integrated medical and psychological care along with forensic examinations to reduce stress and repeated questioning for victims. Victims can access these services without referrals or police involvement through a 24/7 national hotline, ensuring immediate support. Furthermore, SACs follow a ‘watchful waiting’ approach, providing psychoeducation and trauma screening before initiating treatments like EMDR or Cognitive Behavioral Therapy if needed.

This multidisciplinary approach not only addresses the immediate physical and psychological needs of victims but also facilitates police reporting and legal outcomes. By combining expertise from different disciplines, SACs can provide tailored support to victims, contributing to their overall well-being and recovery process.

Question 11

L5b: 1. What is NOT an example of sexual violence according to the lecture? a) Cyberbullying b) Stalking c) Verbal disagreement d) Sexual assault

Answer 11

Answer: c) Verbal disagreement
Explanation: Verbal disagreement, while potentially unpleasant, does not fall under the umbrella of sexual violence as defined in the lecture. Sexual violence encompasses acts such as cyberbullying, stalking, and sexual assault, which involve various forms of coercion or aggression.

Question 12

L5b: 2. Which group is reported to experience the highest levels of sexual violence according to the lecture? a) Heterosexual women b) Gay men c) Bisexual women d) Lesbian women

Answer 12

Answer: c) Bisexual women
Explanation: According to the lecture, bisexual women report the highest levels of sexual violence compared to heterosexual and lesbian women. This statistic highlights the vulnerability of certain marginalized groups to sexual violence.

Question 13

L5b: 3. What is a characteristic of affirmative consent? a) Implied agreement b) Silence implies consent c) No verbal agreement needed d) Consent can be withdrawn at any time

Answer 13

Answer: d) Consent can be withdrawn at any time
Explanation: Affirmative consent requires explicit agreement, meaning that consent must be actively and verbally communicated. Additionally, affirmative consent emphasizes that consent can be withdrawn at any time, highlighting the importance of ongoing communication and respect for boundaries.
A kan ook

Question 14

L5b: 4. What is emphasized as crucial in promoting responsible sexual behavior in alternative sexual practices? a) Traditional gender roles b) Nonverbal cues c) Consent and communication d) Assumptions about desires

Answer 14

Answer: c) Consent and communication
Explanation: The lecture highlights the importance of consent and communication in alternative sexual practices such as BDSM and polyamory. These practices emphasize the necessity of explicit consent and ongoing dialogue to ensure that all parties involved are comfortable and respected.

Question 15

L5b: What are some key factors that contribute to the complexity of sexual consent, and how can individuals navigate these complexities in their sexual interactions?

Answer 15

Sexual consent is complex due to various factors such as societal norms, power dynamics, and the ambiguity of nonverbal cues.

Societal norms and stereotypes can influence perceptions of consent, while power dynamics may create situations where individuals feel unable to freely give or withhold consent.

Additionally, nonverbal cues can be ambiguous and open to interpretation, leading to misunderstandings.

To navigate these complexities, individuals can prioritize clear communication and active listening in their sexual interactions. This includes explicitly asking for and giving consent, respecting boundaries, and being attuned to verbal and nonverbal cues. It’s essential to recognize that consent is not a one-time event but an ongoing process that requires continuous communication and mutual respect. By fostering open and honest communication, individuals can create safer and more consensual sexual experiences for all parties involved.

Question 16

Brown: What is a key premise of the Bioecological Theory of Sexual Harassment of Girls, as discussed in the article?
A) Sexual harassment is primarily a result of individual psychological factors.
B) Sexual harassment arises due to biological differences between boys and girls.
C) Sexual harassment stems from the sexualization of girls and women.
D) Sexual harassment is a consequence of inadequate school policies.

Answer 16

Explanation: The correct answer is C) Sexual harassment stems from the sexualization of girls and women. The article emphasizes that a key premise of the bioecological theory proposed is that the prevalence of sexual harassment and assault is rooted in the sexualization of girls and women.

This is highlighted through the discussion of societal norms, gender stereotypes, and the objectification of individuals based on their sexual appeal. Other options (A, B, and D) are not supported by the content provided in the article.

Question 17

Brown: According to the article, what role do parents play in shaping children’s development and attitudes towards gender stereotypes?
A) Parents have no significant influence on children’s understanding of gender.
B) Parents reinforce gender stereotypes through their actions and behaviors.
C) Parents are solely responsible for eliminating gender stereotypes in children.
D) Parents encourage children to challenge societal norms from an early age.

Answer 17

Explanation: The correct answer is B) Parents reinforce gender stereotypes through their actions and behaviors.

The article highlights the significant role parents play in shaping children’s understanding of gender through various means such as clothing choices, toy selection, and language use. This reinforcement contributes to the construction and perpetuation of gender stereotypes in children. Options A, C, and D are not supported by the content provided in the article.

Question 18

Brown: Discuss the implications of the Bioecological Theory of Sexual Harassment of Girls on future research and policy interventions.

Answer 18

Explanation: This open-ended question prompts a discussion on the potential impact of the bioecological theory on future research and policy interventions concerning sexual harassment of girls.

A comprehensive response may include considerations of how understanding the multifaceted influences on sexual harassment can inform the development of targeted prevention strategies at various levels, such as within families, schools, and broader societal contexts.
So, understanding the many factors that cause sexual harassment can help create specific prevention strategies for families, schools, and society as a whole.

Additionally, the response may explore how policymakers could use this framework to address systemic issues contributing to the normalization and tolerance of sexual harassment, aiming to create safer environments for girls and women.

Question 19

Brown: 1. Which of the following statements best summarizes the influence of peer groups on gender conformity pressures, as discussed in Brown et al.’s theory?
a) Peers primarily reinforce gender stereotypes, but parental influence remains the primary determinant of children’s behavior.
b) Peer perception reinforces gender conformity, particularly through harassment, affecting both boys and girls, with boys facing more pressure due to hegemonic masculinity.
c) Gender conformity pressures are solely enforced by teachers in school environments, while peers have minimal impact on children’s behavior.
d) Children’s exposure to media and marketing is the primary driver of gender conformity pressures, overshadowing the influence of peers.

Answer 19

Explanation: The correct answer is b). According to the article, peer perception significantly reinforces gender conformity, particularly through harassment, affecting both boys and girls. Boys experience more pressure due to the concept of hegemonic masculinity, which prioritizes dominance and toughness, leading to negative mental health outcomes for boys who don’t fit typical gender roles. This option encapsulates the role of peers in reinforcing gender conformity pressures, aligning with the central theme of the theory discussed in the article.

Question 20

Brown: 2. How do schools contribute to the perpetuation of sexual harassment, according to Brown et al.’s theory?
a) By implementing inclusive activities that encourage mixed-gender interactions, thus reducing gender stereotypes.
b) By enforcing strict policies against sexual harassment and providing comprehensive sexual education, effectively addressing the issue.
c) By often overlooking incidents of sexual harassment, reinforcing gender stereotypes through segregation, and lacking adequate policies and training to address the problem.
d) By prioritizing gender-neutral language and activities, thereby minimizing the salience of gender in educational settings.

Answer 20

Explanation: The correct answer is c). The lecture emphasizes that schools contribute to the perpetuation of sexual harassment by often overlooking incidents of harassment, reinforcing gender stereotypes through segregation practices, and lacking adequate policies and training to address the problem effectively. This option accurately reflects the role of schools as discussed in the article.

Question 21

Brown: Discuss the role of media, marketing, and toys in perpetuating sexual harassment acceptance and reinforcing sexualized gender stereotypes, as outlined in Brown et al.’s theory.

Answer 21

Explanation: In the article, the role of media, marketing, and toys is highlighted in perpetuating sexual harassment acceptance and reinforcing sexualized gender stereotypes.

Children’s exposure to biased media strengthens stereotypes, leading them to seek out media that aligns with their beliefs, thus perpetuating a cycle of reinforcement.

Media messages depict heteronormative sexualized girls and masculine boys, influencing children’s perceptions and behaviors.

Additionally, aggressive behaviors in boys and appearance-focused activities in girls are reinforced through media representations and marketed toys.

Furthermore, early access to sexist and violent pornography, facilitated by the internet and smartphones, contributes to the normalization of sexual harassment and reinforces gender stereotypes.

Overall, media, marketing, and toys play significant roles in shaping children’s attitudes and behaviors, contributing to the perpetuation of sexual harassment acceptance and reinforcing harmful gender stereotypes.

Question 22

Muehlenhard: 1. What prompted the initiative for New York colleges to implement affirmative consent policies? A) Lady Gaga’s advocacy B) Columbia University student’s lawsuit C) Jameis Winston’s legal action D) Rolling Stone’s story retraction

Answer 22

Correct Answer: B) Columbia University student’s lawsuit
Explanation: The article mentions that the initiative for New York colleges to implement affirmative consent policies was prompted by several high-profile incidents, including Columbia University student Emma Sulkowicz’s protest carrying a mattress around campus to symbolize her alleged rape, leading to a lawsuit against the university.

Question 23

Muehlenhard: 2. According to the article, which statement regarding consent is accurate? A) Consent is only valid if explicitly verbalized. B) Consent is primarily inferred through nonverbal cues. C) Consent is generally more common among heterosexual couples. D) Consent is irrelevant within the context of long-term relationships.

Answer 23

Correct Answer: B) Consent is primarily inferred through nonverbal cues.
Explanation: The article discusses how across studies, students reported typically communicating consent by using nonverbal behaviors or by not resisting their partners’ advances; verbal consent was reported least frequently. This suggests that consent is primarily inferred through nonverbal cues.

Question 24

Muehlenhard: 1. How do societal expectations and gendered sexual expectations contribute to complexities surrounding sexual consent among college students?

Answer 24

Societal expectations and gendered sexual expectations contribute significantly to the complexities surrounding sexual consent among college students.

In college environments, young women often face conflicting messages about sexuality, while men may feel pressured to conform to culturally prescribed sexual scripts.

The sexual double standard exacerbates these challenges, where women may face negative labels for engaging in sexual activity while men gain social status.

Additionally, party culture on college campuses, often fueled by heavy alcohol consumption, creates environments where women may feel pressured to tolerate unwanted advances. Fraternities (broederschappen), in particular, exert control over parties, sometimes leading to situations where women are vulnerable and lack control over their surroundings.

Moreover, societal norms dictate that men are expected to be sexually aggressive and persistent, while women are expected to be passive and demure. This dynamic can lead to misunderstandings and misinterpretations of consent signals, with men assuming that women’s nonverbal cues imply consent, and women feeling pressured to go along with sexual advances due to fear of social repercussions or violence.

Overall, societal expectations play a significant role in shaping how consent is understood and communicated, contributing to the complexities of navigating sexual encounters on college campuses.

Question 25

Muehlenhard: What is one of the main challenges associated with verbal communication of consent, as discussed in the article?
A) Verbal consent is often misconstrued as unnecessary by young people. B) Saying “yes” unequivocally signifies consent in all situations. C) Verbal consent tends to be more prevalent in non-penetrative sexual acts. D) The level of specificity regarding the consented sexual activity is unclear with verbal consent.

Answer 25

Answer Explanation: The correct answer is D) The level of specificity regarding the consented sexual activity is unclear with verbal consent. The article discusses how phrases like “I want to have sex with you” may leave room for interpretation, raising questions about the timing and clarity of verbal consent. This ambiguity poses a challenge in defining what constitutes verbal consent.

Question 26

Muehlenhard: What does the article suggest regarding nonverbal communication of consent?
A) Nonverbal cues are always clear indicators of consent. B) Accepting a drink is a reliable nonverbal cue for consent. C) Certain behaviors, like showing signs of arousal, might be mistakenly seen as consent. D) Smiling is universally understood as a nonverbal cue for refusal.

Answer 26

Answer Explanation: The correct answer is C) Certain behaviors, like showing signs of arousal, might be mistakenly seen as consent. The article discusses how some behaviors, such as showing signs of arousal, can be misinterpreted as consent, highlighting the potential for confusion and the importance of clear communication in sexual interactions.

Question 27

Muehlenhard: What are some limitations of existing research on sexual consent, according to the article?

Answer 27

The article outlines several limitations of existing research on sexual consent, including:

1. Lack of Complex Conceptualizations: Existing research often focuses on individual consent behaviors in isolation, neglecting contextual factors and the dynamic nature of consent negotiations. There’s a need for more nuanced questions and qualitative studies to capture the complexities of consent.
2. Limited Sample Diversity: Current research predominantly involves White, heterosexual, cisgender students, overlooking variations in consent dynamics across different demographics. Diversifying samples could provide insights into how consent norms vary based on factors like race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and socioeconomic status.
3. Insufficient Policy-Relevant Research: Research on sexual consent should inform educational programs and university policies. This includes understanding how students communicate consent, exploring consent dynamics within relationships, and assessing the effectiveness of existing policies like affirmative consent.

Addressing these limitations could lead to a better understanding of consent dynamics, improved policies, and more effective prevention strategies for sexual assault.