Models, hypothesis and theories

Question 1

Who is Kinsey?

Answer 1

Introduced homosexual scales, described full spectrum of observable sexual behavior without making moral claims.

Question 2

Who is Money?

Answer 2

Introduced ‘gender’. Tested gender identity development on intersex children. Bruce/Brenda.

Question 3

Who are Masters & Johnson?

Answer 3

Observed people having sex. Developed the Sexual Response Cycle:
1. Excitement
2. Plateau
3. Orgasm
4. Resolution
Its a natural physiological process hich can be blocked by psychological inhibitions.

Question 4

Incentive motivation model

Answer 4

People are motivated by external stimuli to engage in behaviors. This contrasts with the belief that sexual desires arises internally as a spontaneous drive.

Question 5

Classic evolutionary theory

Answer 5

Limited explanatory power regarding sexuality. Evolutionary perspective looks at what do we need to survive and reproduce:
- Genetic variation: everyone differs, not everyone has same survival rate
- Natural selection: survival of the fittest
- Succesful reproduction: passing on strong genes

Question 6

Life history theory

Answer 6

Sexual strategies develop throughout individuals lives in response to environment.

Question 7

Classical psychoanalytical theory

Answer 7

Oral, anal, phallic and early genital phases. Pleasure derived from feeding control of bodily functions, genital sensations.
psychoanalytic theory in which major emphasis is placed on the libido, the stages of psychosexual development, and the id instincts or drives. The prototypical theory of this kind is that of Sigmund Freud.

Question 8

Attachment theory

Answer 8

Early attachment is important in shaping social relationships and emotional reactions, influencing later relationships.

Question 9

Eriksons stages of psychosocial development

Answer 9

Trust, autonomy and initiative developed in childhood influence later emotional relationships. Adolescence: focus shifts to identity formation where sexuality and gender become important.

Question 10

Developmental tasks theory

Answer 10

Successful completion of tasks in one stage is crucial for progress in later stages. Also with sexuality, can be step by step progression.

Question 11

Organization-activational hypothesis

Answer 11

Steriod hormones organize the nervous system during early development, which is reflected in m/w behaviors. Activation effects is about puberty.

Question 12

Gender similarity hypothesis

Answer 12

m/w are similar on most, but not all psychological variables.
- Differences: masturbation frequency, watching porn, having more sex partners, attitudes towards casual sex.

Question 13

Parental investment theory (part of evolutionary theory)

Answer 13

Women are heavy investors, they have high costs and large investments (getting pregnant, raising a child). Men are low investors, they can reproduce themselves very quick because they have low costs.

Question 14

Sexual strategies theory

Answer 14

Explains the different mating behaviors in m/w as evolutionary adaptations designed to maximize reproductive success.
- Men: short term mating to pass on their genes. Not all men act on their desires for sexual variety, because individual traits and mate attractiveness.
- Women: long term mating by being selective on their partner

Question 15

Socialization theories

Answer 15

Classical and operant conditioning (Pavlov), imitation (Bandura) and obsevational learning.

Question 16

Objectification theory

Answer 16

How does society treat the body as an object. Outer appearance distracts from inner bodily awareness, affecting sexual satisfaction. Women often have internalized observers’ perspectives of their own bodies.

Question 17

Sexual script theory

Answer 17

Gender typed sexual behavior, e.g. girls who show aggressive behavior, doens’t match with their script, so they get punished faster.

Question 18

Poststructuralist views

Answer 18

Views the sexed body as a cultural construct, similar to gender. Body is shaped by gender, and our understanding of ‘biological facts’ is influenced by cultural ideas about gender. The body, like gender, is a variable, historical and social construct. You shape the environment.

Question 19

‘Doing gender’

Answer 19

Gender isn’t something individuals inherently posses, but rather they actively perform and enact through their behaviors.

Question 20

Gender normative scripts and schema

Answer 20

We interpret the same behavior differently depending on who shows the behavior.

Question 21

Interactive model of gender-related behavior (Deaux&Major)

Answer 21

Dynamic nature of gender roles and behaviors, suggesting they are not fixed traits.

Question 22

Feminist gender similarities hypothesis

Answer 22

Holds that males and females are similar on most, but not all, psychological variables. That is, men and women, as well as boys and girls, are more alike than they are different. Both genders face similar adaptive challenges, e.g. cognitive abilities.

Question 23

Evolutionary psychology

Answer 23

Serves as a meta-theory for understanding gender differences and similarities. It predicts that women and men differ in domains where they faced different adaptive challenges over evolutionary history, such as mating and sexuality. However, they are expected to be similar in domains where they faced similar adaptive challenges, like taste preferences and habitat choices.

Question 24

Minority stress model

Answer 24

Minority groups experience stress from experiencing stigma/discrimination what can lead to negative mental health or physical outcomes.
- Distal: discrimination/victimization
- Proximal: expectations of rejection, internalization negative societal attitudes

Question 25

Intersectionality theory

Answer 25

Suggests that Sexual and gender minority adolescents (SGMA) of color face unique stressors due to the intersection of their marginalized identities, e.g. racism.

Question 26

Psychological mediation framework

Answer 26

Suggests that challenges to general psychological processes, like self-concept, may explain how minority stress affects health outcomes.

Question 27

Cultivation theory

Answer 27

How does media affect the sexual beliefs/attitudes of youth. One sided message gives false impression of reality. And if young people get exposed to this frequently, sex-information from others can be overruled. Media “reality” will become part of their sexual beliefs and attitudes.

Question 28

Social cognitive theory

Answer 28

People learn by observing/imitating others on media.

Question 29

Social comparison theory

Answer 29

People compare themselves to others, upward and downward. Upward = body dissatisfaction.

Question 30

Differential susceptibility to media effects model

Answer 30

Emphasizes the active role of youngsters’ in the selection of and interaction with media content. People vary in their susceptibility to media effects based on their differences in disposition, development, and social context.

Question 31

Identity development theories

Answer 31

Suggests that conformity to peer norms decreases as individuals develop more autonomous sense of self.

Question 32

Transactional theory

Answer 32

Suggests that teens not only gets influencd by their surroundings but also influence them back. So, teens romantic and sexual development can affect their social relationships with peers and parents.

Question 33

Gate management model within sexual assault

Answer 33

Where victims receive integrated medical, forensic, psychological support in one location. This reduces the impact of sexual assault and improve offender apprehension.

Question 34

Multidisciplinary model within sexual assault

Answer 34

In sexual assault centers involves collab between hospitals, health service, psycho-social service, police.

Question 35

Bioecological theory of sexual harassment of girls

Answer 35

Suggests that parents, peers, schools and media and toys contribute to sexual harassment rates.
- Parents reinforce gender stereotypes
- Peers pressure conformity
- Schools often ignore harassment signals
- Media + toys further reinforce stereotypes

Question 36

Conventional health-based approach in Comprehensive sexual education

Answer 36

Prevents sexual risks and negative outcomes like STIs, HIV, unplanned pregnancies. Based on Behavior change theory.

Question 37

Behavior change theory

Answer 37

Onderdeel van Conventional health-based approach in Comprehensive sexual education. Emphasizing social values, norms, attitudes, relationships and skills as determinants of sexual health behavior.

Question 38

Rights based empowerment approach in CSE

Answer 38

Recognize people as sexual being with desires. Sex positive and rights-based. Based on Learning centered approach.

Question 39

Learning centered approach in CSE

Answer 39

Onderdeel van Rights based empowerment approach in CSE. Is essential, focus on empowerment by placing them at the center of learning process, and encourage critial thinking and active participation.

Question 40

Multicomponent approach in CSE

Answer 40

Combine actions to enhance individual empowerment, strengthen health systems, foster supportive environments.