Week 1 Mock exam questions

Question 1

L1a: What was one of the significant contributions of Alfred Kinsey to the field of sexology post-World War II?
o A. Introducing the concept of gender identity
o B. Developing the human sexual response cycle
o C. Removing homosexuality from the DSM
o D. Studying the full spectrum of human sexual behaviors objectively

Answer 1

Answer: D. Studying the full spectrum of human sexual behaviors objectively
Explanation: Alfred Kinsey’s work post-World War II was notable for its objective study of human sexual behaviors, including controversial topics such as masturbation, orgasm, and homosexuality. His approach moved away from moral judgments and provided a broader understanding of human sexuality.

Question 1

L1a: Which of the following best describes the shift in understanding sexuality from the early 1900s to the 1940s?
o A. From biological to psychological perspectives
o B. From religious-moral to medical-psychiatric perspectives
o C. From societal norms to individual behavior perspectives
o D. From gender roles to sexual orientation perspectives

Answer 1

Answer: B. From religious-moral to medical-psychiatric perspectives
Explanation: During the early 1900s to the 1940s, there was a significant shift in the understanding of sexuality from a religious and moral framework to a more medical and psychiatric perspective. This period marked the beginning of sexology as a scientific study, moving away from religious explanations of sexuality.

Question 2

L1a: Which feminist work in the 1973-2000 period focused on sexual violence and inequality?
o A. Simone de Beauvoir’s “La deuxieme sexe”
o B. Masters & Johnson’s research
o C. Shere Hite’s research
o D. Helen O’Connell’s anatomical studies

Answer 2

Answer: C. Shere Hite’s research
Explanation: Shere Hite’s work during the 1973-2000 period brought significant attention to issues of sexual violence and inequality. Her research, along with that of other feminists like Susan Brownmiller, emphasized the social constructs surrounding sexuality and the importance of addressing these inequalities.

Question 3

L1a: What recent development in sexology involved a breakthrough in understanding female sexual anatomy?
o A. The discovery of the human sexual response cycle
o B. The development of the Kinsey scale
o C. The full anatomical mapping of the clitoris
o D. The removal of homosexuality from the DSM

Answer 3

Answer: C. The full anatomical mapping of the clitoris
Explanation: A significant recent development in sexology was the full anatomical mapping of the clitoris, completed by Helen O’Connell in 1998 and 2005. This discovery has contributed to a deeper understanding of female sexual pleasure and anatomy.

Question 4

L1a: Discuss the evolution of the study of sexuality from the early 1900s to the present day. What are the major shifts and who were some key figures involved?

Answer 4

o A. The shift from religious-moral perspectives to medical-psychiatric perspectives, with key figures such as Iwan Bloch and Magnus Hirschfeld.
o B. The post-World War II transition to a multidisciplinary approach, with contributions from Alfred Kinsey and John Money.
o C. The 1960s sexual liberation movement, characterized by Masters & Johnson’s research on the human sexual response cycle.
o D. The rise of social-constructivist views in the 1973-2000 period, including the removal of homosexuality from the DSM and the work of Shere Hite.
Explanation: The study of sexuality has evolved significantly from the early 1900s to today. Initially, it moved from religious-moral perspectives to medical-psychiatric approaches, with foundational work by Iwan Bloch and Magnus Hirschfeld. Post-World War II, Alfred Kinsey and John Money introduced a multidisciplinary approach, broadening the understanding of human sexual behavior and gender identity. The 1960s saw a focus on the physical aspects of sex through Masters & Johnson’s work, while the period from 1973 to 2000 brought social-constructivist perspectives to the forefront, challenging earlier views and emphasizing sexual equality and violence. Key milestones include the full anatomical mapping of the clitoris by Helen O’Connell and ongoing research into female sexual arousal and pleasure.

Question 5

Bullough: 1. Who were the primary proponents of sex research between 1890 and 1940?
o A) Psychologists specializing in questionnaires
o B) Social scientists with extensive field studies
o C) Physicians with expertise in bodily functions
o D) Biologists with a focus on animal behavior

Answer 5

Answer: C) Physicians with expertise in bodily functions
Explanation: The article explains that from 1890 to 1940, physicians were the main proponents of sex research due to their expertise in bodily functions, despite their limited specialized knowledge in sexuality.

Question 6

Bullough: 2. What methodological approach did Alfred Kinsey prefer for collecting data on sexual behavior?
o A) Laboratory experiments
o B) Self-administered questionnaires
o C) Personal interviews
o D) Anthropological reports

Answer 6

Answer: C) Personal interviews
Explanation: Kinsey preferred personal interviews for collecting data on sexual behavior, as he believed they were essential for gathering accurate data and distrusted the reliability of self-administered questionnaires.

Question 7

Bullough: 3. What was one significant criticism of the early 20th-century psychiatric studies on sexuality?
o A) They focused too heavily on statistical sampling methods
o B) They often considered homosexuality an illness
o C) They involved too many social scientists
o D) They were too transparent in their funding processes

Answer 7

Answer: B) They often considered homosexuality an illness
Explanation: The article notes that early 20th-century psychiatric studies, particularly those with psychoanalytic training, were flawed by biased assumptions, including the view that homosexuality was an illness.

Question 8

Bullough: 4. How did Kinsey’s work impact societal perceptions of female sexuality?
o A) It reinforced traditional views of female chastity
o B) It had no significant impact on societal views
o C) It helped shift perceptions and encouraged further research
o D) It mainly focused on male sexual behavior

Answer 8

Answer: C) It helped shift perceptions and encouraged further research
Explanation: Kinsey’s research challenged societal views on female sexuality and encouraged further studies in the field, contributing to a broader understanding and more open discussions of female sexual behavior.

Question 9

Bullough: Explain how Alfred Kinsey’s background and approach differed from traditional sex researchers before him, and discuss the long-term impact of his contributions to the field of sex research.

Answer 9

Alfred Kinsey differed from traditional sex researchers in that he was primarily a biologist specializing in gall wasps before turning his attention to human sexuality. Unlike earlier researchers who were mainly physicians with a moralistic approach or psychiatrists with biased views, Kinsey approached sex research scientifically. He focused on classification and description rather than moral judgment, conducting personal interviews to gather data on sexual behavior. This method helped reduce biases inherent in self-administered questionnaires.

Kinsey’s work had a profound long-term impact on the field of sex research. He challenged societal assumptions about sexual behaviors, including taboo topics such as homosexuality and female sexuality. His research helped shift public perceptions, sparking discussions and debates that led to more open attitudes towards sexuality. Furthermore, Kinsey aimed to establish sex research as a scientific discipline, founding a significant library and an institution dedicated to the study of sex. Despite controversies and criticisms, his legacy endures, influencing contemporary sexual studies, public attitudes, and social movements for gender and sexual equality.

Question 10

Laan: According to the article, what role does gender equality play in sexual desire, specifically in the context of the research conducted in Denmark?
A. Gender equality has no impact on sexual desire.
B. Gender equality increases men’s sexual desire but decreases women’s desire.
C. Gender equality makes the endorsement of gendered cultural scripts the sole predictor of lower desire for sex.
D. Gender equality decreases both men’s and women’s sexual desire.

Answer 10

Answer: C. Gender equality makes the endorsement of gendered cultural scripts the sole predictor of lower desire for sex.
Explanation: In Denmark, where gender equality is high, women who follow (endorse) traditional gender roles (gendered cultural scripts) tend to have lower sexual desire. This shows that societal norms and beliefs play a big role in influencing sexual desire in places with more gender equality.

Question 11

Laan: What is the ‘coital imperative,’ and how does it affect women’s sexual pleasure according to the article?
A. The belief that sex must involve clitoral stimulation, enhancing women’s pleasure.
B. The emphasis on penile-vaginal intercourse as the primary sexual activity, limiting women’s opportunities for pleasure.
C. A cultural norm prioritizing foreplay over intercourse, increasing women’s pleasure.
D. The assumption that men should always initiate sex, reducing women’s desire for sex.

Answer 11

Answer: B. The emphasis on penile-vaginal intercourse as the primary sexual activity, limiting women’s opportunities for pleasure.
Explanation: The ‘coital imperative’ refers to the societal emphasis on penile-vaginal intercourse as the primary form of sexual activity. This perspective limits women’s opportunities for sexual pleasure because it often overlooks the importance of clitoral stimulation, which is crucial for many women to experience orgasm.

Question 12

Laan: How does the article describe the relationship between sexual pleasure and health indicators, particularly for women?
A. Sexual pleasure has no significant correlation with health indicators for women.
B. Sexual pleasure negatively impacts health indicators for women.
C. Sexual pleasure is positively correlated with various health indicators, especially for women.
D. Sexual pleasure only affects mental health indicators for women.

Answer 12

Answer: C. Sexual pleasure is positively correlated with various health indicators, especially for women.
Explanation: The article highlights that recent surveys show sexual pleasure correlates with various health indicators, particularly for women. This correlation underscores the importance of sexual pleasure in contributing to overall well-being and health.

Question 13

Laan: 4. What societal factors are identified in the article as contributing to the gender gap in sexual pleasure?
A. Only biological differences between men and women.
B. Primarily biological factors, with minimal societal influence.
C. Societal norms, cultural expectations, and gendered sexual scripts.
D. Economic status and access to healthcare exclusively.

Answer 13

Answer: C. Societal norms, cultural expectations, and gendered sexual scripts.
Explanation: The article identifies societal norms, cultural expectations, and gendered sexual scripts as significant factors contributing to the gender gap in sexual pleasure. These factors influence how individuals experience and express sexual pleasure, often limiting opportunities for women compared to men.

Question 14

Laan: 5. Discuss the main reasons the article provides for why women experience less sexual pleasure and more pain during sex compared to men. Include at least three specific factors mentioned in the article.

Answer 14

The article provides several reasons for why women experience less sexual pleasure and more pain during sex compared to men:
1. Cultural and Societal Norms: Traditional and religious cultures often prioritize men’s pleasure over women’s, linking men’s pleasure directly to reproductive success. This societal focus on men’s sexual satisfaction can lead to neglect of women’s sexual needs and experiences.
2. The Coital Imperative: This societal emphasis on penile-vaginal intercourse as the primary sexual activity limits opportunities for women’s sexual pleasure. The lack of clitoral stimulation, which is crucial for many women to orgasm, results in a significant orgasm gap between men and women.
3. Painful Sex (Dyspareunia): A high prevalence of painful sex among women, especially young women, is noted. Many women perceive pain during sex as normal and continue sexual activity despite discomfort, often due to societal pressures, fear of partner rejection, or the belief that their partner’s pleasure is more important than their own.
4. Sexual Violence and Safety Concerns: High rates of sexual violence against women and girls contribute to negative sexual experiences. Additionally, societal messages about the importance of penile-vaginal intercourse and the stigma surrounding female sexuality can exacerbate feelings of fear and discomfort during sex.
These factors collectively create a sexual environment where women are less likely to experience pleasure and more likely to encounter pain and dissatisfaction during sexual activities.

Question 15

L1b: 1. At what stage of development do children typically become more aware of social norms, develop friendships, and may experience insecurities? A) Early Childhood (0-5) B) Childhood (6-11) C) Early Adolescence (12-14) D) Mid-Adolescence (15-18)

Answer 15

Answer: B) Childhood (6-11)
Explanation: During childhood (age 6-11), children become more aware of social norms, develop friendships, and may start experiencing insecurities, such as concerns about body image or conformity to social standards.

Question 16

L1b: 2. Which phase of sexual development is characterized by physical changes, identity development, and the emergence of feelings of sexual arousal and masturbation? A) Early Childhood (0-5) B) Childhood (6-11) C) Early Adolescence (12-14) D) Mid-Adolescence (15-18)

Answer 16

Answer: C) Early Adolescence (12-14)
Explanation: Early adolescence (age 12-14) is marked by physical changes, identity development, and the onset of sexual feelings and behaviors, including masturbation and the emergence of romantic relationships.

Question 17

L1b: 3. During which stage of development do young people typically experience increased self-control, a peak in sexual activity, and potential experimentation with alcohol and drugs? A) Mid-Adolescence (15-18) B) Late Adolescence (19-24) C) Childhood (6-11) D) Early Adolescence (12-14)

Answer 17

Answer: B) Late Adolescence (19-24)
Explanation: Late adolescence (age 19-24) is characterized by increased self-control, a peak in sexual activity, and potential experimentation with alcohol and drugs as young adults navigate the transition to legal adulthood.

Question 18

L1b: 4. What is a key takeaway regarding sexual development as presented in the lecture? A) Sexual development is solely influenced by biological factors. B) Most young people experience sexual milestones at the same age. C) Variability in sexual development is common and not necessarily problematic. D) Late initiation into sexual activity always leads to emotional difficulties.

Answer 18

Answer: C) Variability in sexual development is common and not necessarily problematic.
Explanation: The lecture emphasizes that variability in sexual development is common and not necessarily problematic, highlighting the importance of understanding individual differences and contexts in sexual development.

Question 19

L1b: Explain the importance of attachment in shaping early sexual development and provide an example of how attachment experiences may influence later sexual behaviors or attitudes.

Answer 19

Attachment plays a crucial role in shaping early sexual development by laying the foundation for how individuals perceive themselves, their relationships, and their bodies. For example, a secure attachment to caregivers during infancy and early childhood fosters feelings of safety, trust, and self-worth, which can positively influence later sexual behaviors and attitudes. Children who experience secure attachment are more likely to develop healthy self-esteem and body image, enabling them to navigate sexual experiences with confidence and assertiveness. On the other hand, insecure attachment, such as ambivalent or avoidant attachment styles, may contribute to difficulties in forming intimate relationships and lead to issues like low self-esteem, body image concerns, or fear of intimacy in adulthood. Therefore, the quality of attachment experiences in early life can have lasting effects on an individual’s sexual development and relationships.

Question 20

Cacciatore: 1. Which developmental theory emphasizes the influence of early attachments on later romantic relationships? a) Classical psychoanalytical theory b) Attachment theories c) Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development d) Developmental tasks theory

Answer 20

Answer: b) Attachment theories.
Attachment theories, such as those proposed by John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth, emphasize the importance of early attachments in shaping later social and emotional relationships. These theories suggest that the quality of early attachments influences individuals’ abilities to form secure relationships later in life, including romantic relationships. This emphasis on early emotional bonds aligns with the lecture’s discussion on the influence of early attachments on later romantic relationships.

Question 21

Cacciatore: 2. What is a key aspect of studying childhood sexuality mentioned in the lecture? a) Using only direct observation as a research method b) The absence of taboo surrounding the topic c) Limited empirical findings due to societal sensitivity d) Collecting retrospective data exclusively from adolescents

Answer 21

Answer: c) Limited empirical findings due to societal sensitivity.
The lecture highlights that childhood sexuality is a sensitive and often taboo topic, which limits the availability of empirical findings. Social norms and taboos surrounding the discussion of childhood sexuality hinder direct observation and open communication about the topic. Therefore, despite the importance of studying childhood sexuality, research in this area is often scarce, leading to limited empirical findings.

Question 22

Cacciatore: 3. At what age do empirical studies suggest that children commonly begin to understand that sexual intercourse serves purposes beyond reproduction? a) 3-15 months b) 5.5 years c) 10-12 years d) 15-17 years

Answer 22

Answer: c) 10-12 years. Empirical studies mentioned in the lecture suggest that children commonly begin to understand that sexual intercourse serves purposes beyond reproduction around the age of 10-12 years. This indicates a cognitive development in children’s understanding of sexuality beyond basic reproductive functions, reflecting their increasing awareness of broader aspects of human sexuality.

Question 23

Cacciatore; 4. What is emphasized as a crucial aspect of sexuality education for children and adolescents according to the lecture? a) Abstinence-only approaches b) Prioritizing risk prevention over emotional aspects c) Positive self-esteem and well-being d) Rushing the journey of sexual development

Answer 23

Answer: c) Positive self-esteem and well-being.
The lecture emphasizes the importance of positive self-esteem and well-being in sexuality education for children and adolescents. Traditional approaches that solely focus on risk prevention may overlook the emotional and psychological aspects of sexual development. By prioritizing positive self-esteem and well-being, sexuality education can promote healthier attitudes towards sexuality, enhance resilience against external pressures, and foster a greater sense of self-understanding and respect for boundaries.

Question 24

Cacciatore: 5. How does the “Steps of Sexuality” model proposed in the lecture differ from traditional approaches to sexuality education, and what are its key principles?

Answer 24

Answer: The “Steps of Sexuality” model differs from traditional approaches by prioritizing emotional growth and holistic understanding over simplistic, risk-focused education. Unlike traditional abstinence-only approaches, it advocates for positive self-esteem and well-being as foundational elements of sexuality education.

The key principles of this model include acknowledging individual variation in development, promoting self-understanding and respect for boundaries, and recognizing the influence of cultural and societal factors on sexual experiences.

Additionally, it emphasizes comprehensive education that covers childhood through adolescence, addressing cognitive, emotional, and behavioral aspects of sexual development. The model encourages further research and adaptation to diverse cultural contexts while advocating for inclusive education that respects the experiences of sexual minority youth and individuals with disorders of sex development.

Question 25

Graaf: 1. What is the primary reason for the delay in sexual initiation among young people, as indicated by the survey?
A) Increased social pressure for abstinence
B) Fear of online gossip and social media scrutiny
C) Lack of interest in sexual exploration
D) Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on social interactions

Answer 25

Correct Answer: B) Fear of online gossip and social media scrutiny
Explanation: The lecture mentions that young people are more cautious about taking the first steps in their sex lives due to pressure to make good choices and fear of gossip on social media if they engage too quickly in sexual contact.

Question 26

Graaf: 2. What trend is observed regarding contraceptive pill use among girls who have had vaginal sex?
A) Steady increase in usage over the years
B) Significant decline in usage since 2012
C) Consistent usage rates across different age groups
D) Replacement by non-hormonal contraceptive methods

Answer 26

Correct Answer: B) Significant decline in usage since 2012
Explanation: The lecture notes a sharp decline in contraceptive pill use among girls who have had vaginal sex, from 76% in 2012 to 46% in 2023.
Vgm klopt D ook?

Question 27

Graaf: 3. What factor is suggested to contribute to the stable rate of STI diagnoses despite declining condom use?
A) Decrease in the number of sexual partners
B) Increased trust in sexual partners
C) Greater awareness and testing for STIs
D) Limited spread of STIs within sexual networks

Answer 27

Correct Answer: A) Decrease in the number of sexual partners
Explanation: The lecture suggests that the stable rate of STI diagnoses might be influenced by the decrease in the group of young people with more sexual partners, making it less likely for STIs to spread in young people’s sexual networks.
Dus ook D

Question 28

Graaf: 4. What is one of the key reasons for dissatisfaction with current sex education among young people?
A) Lack of information about contraception
B) Limited focus on reproduction and STIs
C) Insufficient emphasis on sexual pleasure
D) Inadequate coverage of online dating safety

Answer 28

Correct Answer: C) Insufficient emphasis on sexual pleasure
Explanation: The lecture highlights that young people express a need for more comprehensive sex education, including topics like sexual pleasure, indicating dissatisfaction with the current offerings.

Question 29

Graaf: 5. Discuss one significant trend observed in the survey regarding sexual behavior or attitudes among young people, and analyze its potential implications for sexual health promotion strategies.

Answer 29

Answer: One significant trend observed in the survey is the increase in sexual victimization among young people, particularly girls. This trend has implications for sexual health promotion strategies as it underscores the urgent need for targeted interventions to address and prevent sexual violence. Educational programs focusing on consent, boundary-setting, and recognizing and reporting sexual abuse could empower young people to protect themselves and their peers.

Additionally, providing support services and resources for victims of sexual violence is crucial for addressing the psychological and emotional impact of such experiences and facilitating recovery. Collaborative efforts involving schools, community organizations, and policymakers are essential to implement comprehensive strategies that address the underlying factors contributing to sexual victimization and promote a culture of respect, consent, and healthy relationships among young people.

Question 30

S1: What was a significant contribution of Alfred Kinsey to the field of sexuality research?
a) Conducted observations of couples having intercourse
b) Introduced the terms gender identity, gender role, sexual orientation
c) Interviewed people about their sex lives, including taboo topics like masturbation and homosexuality
d) Experimented with individuals’ psychosexual development

Answer 30

Explanation: The correct answer is c). Alfred Kinsey conducted groundbreaking interviews with people about their sex lives, delving into taboo topics such as masturbation, homosexuality, and sex outside of marriage. His work paved the way for more open discussions and research into human sexuality.
_

Question 31

S1: Which term did John Money introduce, along with concepts like gender identity and sexual orientation?
a) Psychosexual development
b) Gender role
c) Infidelity
d) Sexual intercourse

Answer 31

Explanation: The correct answer is b). John Money introduced terms like gender identity, gender role, and sexual orientation. These concepts were pivotal in understanding the complexities of human sexuality and identity

Question 32

S1: Why might the current generation of young people be initiating sexual activity later than previous generations?

Answer 32

Explanation: The potential causes for the delay in sexual initiation among young people include:
1. Increase in perfectionism and desire for success: Young people may feel pressured to excel in various aspects of their lives, including relationships, leading them to delay sexual activity until they feel more confident or accomplished.
2. Increased insecurity due to norms and beauty ideals: With the rise of social media and unrealistic beauty standards, young people may feel more insecure about their bodies or sexual performance, leading to delays in initiating sexual activity.
3. Rise of online dating apps: While online dating apps provide opportunities to connect with others, they may also lead to less face-to-face interaction and practice with real-life dating skills, potentially delaying sexual initiation.
4. Delay in youth social activities: Changes in youth culture, such as delaying going out and drinking behaviors, may also contribute to delaying sexual initiation as social environments where sexual activity typically occurs are accessed later in life.