Week 4 Mock exam questions Flashcards
L4a: 1. Which of the following is NOT a significant predictor of young people’s sexual behavior according to the lecture? a) Parental divorce b) Educational level of parents c) Profession of parents d) Number of siblings
Correct answer: d) Number of siblings
Explanation: While structural family characteristics such as parental divorce, educational level of parents, and profession of parents are discussed as predictors of young people’s sexual behavior, the number of siblings is not mentioned as a significant factor. Having older siblings can be a predictor.
There is a weak link in literature.
L4a: 2. According to the lecture, which of the following parenting factors is NOT protective for early sexual initiation? a) Support b) Closeness c) Communication about safe sex d) Autonomy
Correct answer: c) Communication about safe sex
Explanation: While communication about safe sex is important for promoting safe sexual behavior, the lecture mentions that it does not necessarily prevent early sexual initiation.
L4a: 3. Which theory explains how media affect the sexual beliefs and attitudes of youth by presenting a one-sided view of reality? a) Social cognitive theory b) Social comparison theory c) Cultivation theory d) Differential susceptibility media effects model
Correct answer: c) Cultivation theory
Explanation: Cultivation theory posits that exposure to media over time can shape individuals’ perceptions of reality, leading them to adopt the beliefs and attitudes presented in media messages, even if they are one-sided.
L4a: 4. According to the lecture, which type of peer norm has the strongest influence on adolescent sexual behavior? a) Descriptive norms b) Injunctive norms c) Peer pressure d) Supportive norms
Correct answer: a) Descriptive norms
Explanation: Descriptive norms, which refer to peer sexual behavior, are highlighted as the most influential type of peer norm on adolescent sexual behavior in the lecture.
L4a: 5. Explain the differential susceptibility media effects model and how it relates to the impact of media on young people’s attitudes and behaviors regarding sexuality.
The differential susceptibility media effects model, proposed by Valkenburg & Peter, emphasizes that individuals vary in their susceptibility to media effects based on personal, developmental, and social factors. This model suggests that the effects of media on an individual’s attitudes, behaviors, and well-being are mediated by cognitive, emotional, and excitatory response rates. In essence, it acknowledges that different people respond differently to media content based on their unique characteristics and circumstances.
In the context of young people’s sexuality, this model suggests that the impact of media on their attitudes and behaviors is not uniform. Some individuals may be more susceptible to media messages due to factors such as personality traits, developmental stage, and social environment. For example, adolescents who are more impressionable or who lack critical thinking skills may be more influenced by unrealistic portrayals of sexuality in the media.
Furthermore, the model implies that the effects of media on young people’s sexuality are not solely determined by the content itself but also by individual differences and contextual factors. For instance, a teenager’s social support network, family dynamics, and cultural background may interact with media exposure to shape their attitudes towards sex and relationships.
Overall, the model suggests that understanding the impact of media on young people’s sexuality requires considering a range of factors beyond just the content of the media itself, including individual differences and social contexts.
Van Bongardt: 1. According to the article, what shift in perspective has recent research undertaken regarding youth romantic relationships and sexual activities? a) Viewing them as isolated and individualistic behaviors. b) Recognizing them as risky behaviors leading to negative outcomes. c) Understanding them as normative parts of adolescent development. d) Ignoring their influence on future behaviors.
Answer: c) Understanding them as normative parts of adolescent development.
Explanation: Recent research views youth romantic relationships and sexual activities as normal parts of adolescent development rather than risky behaviors. This shift aims to understand these behaviors as typical developmental phenomena, focusing on promoting healthy relationships and sexual education.
Van Bongardt: 2. Which aspect of adolescent development is highlighted by the ecological perspective discussed in the article? a) The independence of adolescent behaviors from social contexts. b) The influence of individual traits alone on romantic relationships. c) The interaction between individual traits and social contexts. d) The negligible role of peer influences in shaping romantic and sexual experiences.
Answer: c) The interaction between individual traits and social contexts.
Explanation: The ecological perspective emphasizes that adolescent behaviors and relationships are shaped by interactions between individual traits and social contexts, such as relationships with parents and peers.
Van Bongardt: 3. What is a key finding of the study by Beyers et al. (2015) discussed in the article? a) Positive parenting weakens the link between peer sexual norms and adolescents’ sexual behaviors. b) Peer sexual norms have no impact on adolescents’ sexual behaviors. c) Positive parenting has no influence on adolescents’ sexual behaviors. d) Peer sexual norms reinforce the influence of positive parenting on adolescents’ sexual behaviors.
Answer: a) Positive parenting weakens the link between peer sexual norms and adolescents’ sexual behaviors.
Explanation: Contrary to expectations, the study found that positive parenting buffered the influence of peer sexual norms on adolescents’ sexual behaviors, especially in late adolescence.
Van Bongardt: 4. What methodological approach is highlighted as a strength of the studies presented in the special issue? a) Traditional survey methods. b) Qualitative interviews. c) Cutting-edge methods like online questionnaires and daily diary assessments. d) Historical analysis.
Answer: c) Cutting-edge methods like online questionnaires and daily diary assessments.
Explanation: The special issue highlights the use of cutting-edge methods like online questionnaires, computer-assisted interviews, and daily diary assessments to study romantic relationships and sexuality.
Van Bongardt: How does the article suggest researchers should bridge the gap between research on romantic relationships and sexuality?
The article suggests that researchers should bridge the gap between research on romantic relationships and sexuality by exploring how characteristics of romantic relationships influence sexual behaviors. It emphasizes the need to move beyond studying casual sexual encounters and focus on understanding sexuality within committed romantic relationships.
By investigating the interplay between romantic contexts and sexual experiences, researchers can enrich both fields and gain a deeper understanding of how adolescents and young adults navigate their relationships and sexual health.
Naezer&vanOosterhout: 1. What is the primary focus of the article “Only sluts love sexting: Youth, sexual norms and non-consensual sharing of digital sexual images” by Naezer & Van Oosterhout? A) The benefits of sexting for adolescent sexual exploration
B) The legal implications of non-consensual image sharing
C) Gendered sexual norms and their influence on attitudes towards sexting
D) The impact of social media on youth socialization
Correct Answer: C) Gendered sexual norms and their influence on attitudes towards sexting
Explanation: The article primarily examines how gendered sexual norms shape attitudes and behaviors regarding sexting and non-consensual image sharing among youth.
Naezer&vanOosterhout: 2. What distinguishes the methodology used in the study discussed in the article? A) It only involved interviews with victims of non-consensual image sharing
B) Interviews were conducted with perpetrators, victims, and bystanders to gain varied perspectives
C) The study focused exclusively on Dutch youth aged 15–21
D) Participants were recruited solely through online platforms
Correct Answer: B) Interviews were conducted with perpetrators, victims, and bystanders to gain varied perspectives
Explanation: The methodology involved interviewing different groups involved in non-consensual image sharing to provide a comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon.
Naezer&vanOosterhout: 3. Which of the following is NOT identified as a motive for non-consensual image sharing among Dutch youth in the article? A) Seeking revenge
B) Relieving tension
C) Enhancing digital literacy
D) Gaining popularity
Correct Answer: C) Enhancing digital literacy
Explanation: The article mentions various motives for non-consensual image sharing, including seeking revenge, relieving tension, reinforcing friendships, teaching lessons about sexting consequences, and gaining popularity. However, enhancing digital literacy is not listed as a motive.
Naezer&vanOosterhout: 4. What role do gendered sexual norms play in the context of non-consensual image sharing, according to the article? A) They discourage any form of sexting among youth
B) They lead to victim-blaming and gender double standards
C) They primarily affect boys’ attitudes towards sexting
D) They have no influence on the prevalence of non-consensual image sharing
Correct Answer: B) They lead to victim-blaming and gender double standards
Explanation: Gendered sexual norms contribute to victim-blaming and double standards, particularly affecting girls who are more harshly judged and stigmatized for engaging in sexting.
Naezer&vanOosterhout: What are some key recommendations proposed by the authors to address non-consensual image sharing among youth, based on the findings of their study?
Answer: The authors suggest that effective interventions should recognize the complexities of non-consensual image sharing and adopt a nuanced, sex-positive approach.
They emphasize the importance of shifting focus onto perpetrators rather than solely on victims and addressing the root causes, such as prevailing gendered sexual norms.
Additionally, the authors advocate for future research to explore dynamics in other forms of image-based abuse and consider intersectionality in experiencing such abuse across social categories like gender, sexuality, race/ethnicity, education, and age.
