Week 3 Mock exam questions

Question 1

L3a: 1. What is a key aspect of the minority stress model?
o A) It focuses solely on discrimination as a stressor.
o B) It emphasizes the importance of social contexts in shaping stress experiences.
o C) It excludes coping resources from its framework.
o D) It suggests that bisexual individuals do not experience unique stressors

Answer 1

Answer: B) It emphasizes the importance of social contexts in shaping stress experiences. Explanation: The minority stress model, developed by Meyer and others, highlights how social contexts influence stress experiences among sexual minority individuals. It acknowledges various stressors, including discrimination, victimization, expectations of rejection, and internalized negative attitudes, and underscores their impact on mental health outcomes.

Question 1

L3a: 2. What contributes to the shorter life expectancy of lesbian and bisexual women compared to heterosexual women?
o A) Genetic factors unique to sexual minority women.
o B) Higher rates of substance abuse among lesbian and bisexual women.
o C) Minority stressors, such as discrimination and victimization.
o D) Bi-invisibility in healthcare settings.

Answer 1

Answer: C) Minority stressors, such as discrimination and victimization. Explanation: The lecture notes that lesbian and bisexual women may have shorter life expectancies compared to heterosexual women, with factors such as minority stress contributing to health disparities. These stressors can negatively impact physical health outcomes. Bi-invisibility is an example of minority stress.

Question 2

L3a: 3. Which statement best describes the impact of bullying victimization on bisexual adolescents’ mental health compared to homosexual and heterosexual peers?
o A) Bullying victimization has a greater impact on bisexual adolescents’ mental health due to double discrimination.
o B) Bullying victimization affects bisexual adolescents similarly to homosexual and heterosexual peers.
o C) Bisexual adolescents are less likely to experience bullying victimization compared to homosexual and heterosexual peers.
o D) Bullying victimization has no significant impact on mental health outcomes among bisexual adolescents.

Answer 2

Answer: A) Bullying victimization has a greater impact on bisexual adolescents’ mental health due to double discrimination. Explanation: The lecture notes that bullying victimization contributes to poorer mental health outcomes among bisexual adolescents, partly due to bisexual-specific minority stressors such as double discrimination. This suggests that bisexual adolescents may face unique challenges compared to homosexual and heterosexual peers.

Question 3

L3a: 4. What is a characteristic of subtle forms of prejudice against LGB+ individuals?
o A) Explicit hostile attitudes and behaviors.
o B) Denial of the existence of LGB+ individuals.
o C) Implicit negative associations and mild negative emotions.
o D) Open acceptance of LGB+ individuals in society.

Answer 3

Answer: C) Implicit negative associations and mild negative emotions. Explanation: Subtle forms of prejudice involve implicit negative associations, mild negative emotions, and non-verbal behavioral expressions. Unlike blatant prejudice, which is overt and explicit, subtle prejudice may be less noticeable but still impactful in shaping attitudes and behaviors towards LGB+ individuals.
B zou ook kunnen.

Question 4

L3a: 5. Discuss the importance of interventions, such as Gender and Sexuality Alliances in schools, in improving the climate for sexual minority youth. How might such interventions contribute to mental health outcomes and overall well-being?

Answer 4

Answer: Interventions like Gender and Sexuality Alliances (GSAs) play a crucial role in improving the climate for sexual minority youth within school settings. By providing a supportive environment and fostering inclusivity, GSAs can help reduce feelings of isolation and alienation often experienced by sexual minority individuals. This sense of belonging can positively impact mental health outcomes by promoting resilience and coping mechanisms.

Additionally, GSAs can serve as platforms for education and awareness, challenging stereotypes and prejudices, and promoting acceptance and understanding among students and staff. Through initiatives like gender-neutral toilets and anti-bullying campaigns, GSAs contribute to creating safer spaces where sexual minority youth feel empowered to express their identities without fear of discrimination or harassment.

Ultimately, by addressing the unique stressors faced by sexual minority youth and promoting acceptance and diversity, interventions like GSAs can significantly enhance mental health and overall well-being among this population.

Question 5

Goldbach&Gibbs: 1. What is one of the key findings regarding coping mechanisms among sexual minority adolescents in the study? a) Concealing one’s sexual identity universally improves mental well-being. b) Coping resources are predominantly found within the LGBT community. c) Supportive parents and teachers positively influence outcomes. d) Coping mechanisms have remained unchanged since 2003.

Answer 5

Answer: c) Supportive parents and teachers positively influence outcomes.
Explanation: The article mentions that coping mechanisms among sexual minority adolescents include various resources such as supportive parents, teachers, and LGBT centers. These resources positively influence outcomes for these adolescents, highlighting the importance of family and school support in coping with minority stress.

Question 6

Goldbach&Gibbs: 2. What social context significantly influences stress and coping among sexual minority adolescents according to the article? a) LGBT community b) Peers and social media c) School d) All of the above

Answer 6

Answer: d) All of the above
Explanation: The article emphasizes that various social contexts, including family, school, peers and social media, religion, race and ethnicity, and the LGBT community, significantly influence stress and coping among sexual minority adolescents. Each of these contexts presents unique stressors and coping mechanisms for these adolescents.

Question 7

Goldbach&Gibbs: 3. How does minority stress theory explain the disparate (ongelijke) mental health outcomes between sexual minority adolescents and heterosexual peers? a) By highlighting the genetic predisposition to mental health issues among sexual minorities. b) By emphasizing the importance of socioeconomic factors in mental health outcomes. c) By illustrating the interconnectedness of environmental stressors and minority status. d) By focusing solely on individual-level coping mechanisms.

Answer 7

Answer: c) By illustrating the interconnectedness of environmental stressors and minority status.
Explanation: Minority stress theory suggests that various chronic psychosocial stressors, including discrimination and environmental factors, impact sexual minorities, leading to negative behavioral health patterns. This theory emphasizes the interconnectedness of environmental circumstances and minority status, illustrating how exposure to stressors influences mental health outcomes.

Question 8

Goldbach&Gibbs: 4. According to the article, what is a significant factor contributing to the development of long-term health trajectories and solidifying sexual identities during adolescence? a) Legal advancements in favor of LGBT rights b) Supportive peers within the LGBT community c) Exploration of various identity labels d) Experiences of discrimination in adulthood

Answer 8

Answer: c) Exploration of various identity labels
Explanation: The article highlights that adolescence is critical for establishing long-term health trajectories and solidifying sexual identities. During this period, adolescents often explore various identity labels, which can influence the impact of minority stress on their mental health.

Question 9

Goldbach&Gibbs: How does the study propose to enhance support for sexual minority adolescents based on its findings regarding minority stress theory, coping mechanisms, and social context?

Answer 9

The study proposes several strategies to enhance support for sexual minority adolescents based on its findings.

1. Assess and Use Coping Resources: The study suggests directly evaluating and using coping tools to reduce stress-related problems among sexual minority youth. This could mean creating more supportive environments in schools and communities through policies that encourage acceptance.
2. Consider Multiple Social Contexts: It’s important to look at different social areas like family, school, peers, religion, ethnicity, and the LGBT community when understanding and addressing the stress these adolescents face. Tailoring support to these specific contexts can help reduce stress and improve their well-being.
3. Understand Developmental Stressors: Recognizing the challenges of developing a sexual identity during adolescence is crucial. By understanding the changing nature of sexual identity and offering support for identity exploration, professionals can better help sexual minority adolescents manage stress.

Overall, the study stresses a comprehensive approach to supporting sexual minority adolescents by addressing their complex experiences across different social areas and developmental stages.

Question 10

Cramwinkel: 1. What is the primary focus of recent interventions targeting Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Prejudice (SOGIP)?
a) Increasing awareness through educational courses
b) Modifying basic affective responses and behaviors
c) Promoting passive activities like reading fiction
d) Encouraging religious individuals to accept LGBTQ rights

Answer 10

Correct Answer: b) Modifying basic affective responses and behaviors
Explanation: Recent interventions on (subtle) prejudice aim to modify basic affective responses and behaviors towards LGBTQ individuals rather than merely increasing awareness or promoting passive activities.

Question 11

Cramwinkel: 2. Which demographic characteristic is strongly associated with higher levels of SOGIP?
a) Higher education level
b) Lower income
c) Religiosity
d) Political liberalism

Answer 11

Correct Answer: c) Religiosity
Explanation: Religiosity is strongly associated with higher levels of SOGIP, with religious individuals generally displaying more prejudice than nonreligious individuals.

Question 12

Cramwinkel: 3. What is a characteristic of subtle prejudice, as described in the article?
a) Explicit hostility
b) Nonverbal behaviors like aggression
c) Implicit negative associations
d) Overt negative behaviors

Answer 12

Correct Answer: c) Implicit negative associations
Explanation: Subtle prejudice is characterized by implicit negative associations, mild negative emotions, and nonverbal behaviors such as avoiding physical contact or the absence of positive attitudes towards LGBTQ individuals.

Question 13

Cramwinkel: 4. According to the article, which intervention shows promise in reducing SOGIP by encouraging individuals to actively take the perspective of stigmatized groups?
a) Watching educational videos
b) Playing cooperative video games
c) Attending diversity training sessions
d) Developing alliances with LGBTQ individuals

Answer 13

Correct Answer: d) Developing alliances with LGBTQ individuals
Explanation: Developing alliances, where majority individuals become advocates for sexual and gender minorities, holds promise for reducing SOGIP by encouraging individuals to actively take the perspective of stigmatized groups.

Question 14

Cramwinkel: 5. Explain the importance of addressing both blatant and subtle forms of prejudice in interventions targeting Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Prejudice (SOGIP), and provide examples of strategies discussed in the article that target each form of prejudice.

Answer 14

Answer:
Addressing both blatant and subtle forms of prejudice is crucial in interventions targeting Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Prejudice (SOGIP) because each form presents unique challenges and requires tailored approaches for effective reduction.
- Blatant prejudice involves explicit hostility towards LGBTQ individuals and is often rooted in religious or ideological convictions. Examples of strategies targeting blatant prejudice include contact interventions, where individuals interact with members of stigmatized groups to humanize them and challenge negative stereotypes, and developing alliances where majority individuals advocate for sexual and gender minorities, fostering empathy and understanding.
- On the other hand, subtle prejudice is characterized by implicit negative associations and nonverbal behaviors, making it harder to recognize and combat. Strategies targeting subtle prejudice often focus on modifying basic affective responses and behaviors towards LGBTQ individuals. For example, perspective-taking interventions encourage individuals to see the world from the viewpoint of stigmatized groups, aiming to reduce prejudice by fostering empathy and understanding. Another example is exposure to artwork and playing cooperative video games, which have shown promise in reducing subtle prejudice by promoting perspective-taking and increasing positive attitudes towards diversity.

Overall, addressing both forms of prejudice ensures a comprehensive approach to reducing SOGIP and increases the effectiveness of interventions by targeting different manifestations of bias.

Question 15

L3b: 1. What is one of the misconceptions about intersectionality, according to the lecture? A) It only explains privilege B) It is solely a theoretical framework C) It denies differences between oppressed groups D) It promotes color-blind approaches

Answer 15

Answer: C) It denies differences between oppressed groups
* Explanation: Intersectionality challenges color-blind approaches by acknowledging differences and experiences of oppression. It recognizes both oppression and privilege.

Question 16

L3b: 2. How is intersectionality implemented in research, as per the lecture? A) By focusing solely on diversity considerations B) By ignoring potential inequalities C) By adapting research methods to exclude marginalized groups D) By theorization and identifying varying levels of social privilege

Answer 16

Answer: D) By theorization and identifying varying levels of social privilege
* Explanation: Intersectionality is implemented in research through theorization and the identification of people with varying levels of social privilege. It involves exposing potential inequalities and adapting research methods to be more inclusive.

Question 17

L3b: 3. What is one of the practical implications of intersectional research mentioned in the lecture? A) Reinforcing existing stereotypes B) Influencing policies and interventions C) Ignoring identity politics D) Minimizing the importance of privilege

Answer 17

Answer: B) Influencing policies and interventions
* Explanation: Intersectional research leads to practical implications such as influencing policies and interventions, promoting identity politics, and fostering awareness of privilege.

Question 18

L3b: 4. What is a challenge mentioned in conducting intersectional research, according to the lecture? A) Overgeneralizing studies B) Recognizing contextual variations in privilege C) Excluding marginalized groups intentionally D) Underestimating dominant identities

Answer 18

Answer: B) Recognizing contextual variations in privilege

Challenges in intersectional research include the dilemma of inclusion leading to exclusion, recognizing contextual variations in privilege, acknowledging the positionality of researchers, avoiding overburdening marginalized groups, and addressing the preference for simplicity in research approaches

Question 19

L3b: 5. Explain how intersectionality challenges traditional research approaches and why it is important for understanding marginalized groups.

Answer 19

Answer: Intersectionality challenges traditional research approaches by emphasizing the interconnectedness of various social categories and identities, such as race/ethnicity, class, gender, and sexual orientation.

Unlike traditional approaches that often focus on singular dimensions of identity, intersectionality recognizes that individuals experience multiple forms of oppression and privilege simultaneously. This challenges the notion of a “universal” experience and highlights the importance of considering the complexity of lived experiences.

Understanding marginalized groups through an intersectional lens is crucial because it allows researchers to uncover the unique ways in which individuals are impacted by intersecting systems of oppression. By acknowledging the complexity of identity and social structures, intersectionality enables researchers to identify and address the specific barriers and challenges faced by marginalized communities. This, in turn, can inform more effective policies, interventions, and support systems that take into account the diverse needs and experiences of these groups.

Additionally, intersectional research promotes inclusivity and social justice by amplifying the voices of those who have been historically marginalized and overlooked in mainstream discourse.

Question 20

Mereish: 1. What is one of the key factors that mediate the relationship between minority stressors and depressive symptoms among sexual and gender minority adolescents (SGMA) of color according to the study? a) Discrimination experiences b) Social support from family and friends c) Self-esteem and sense of mastery d) Academic achievement

Answer 20

Answer: c) Self-esteem and sense of mastery
Explanation: The study suggests that self-esteem and sense of mastery play a significant role in mediating the relationship between minority stressors and depressive symptoms among SGMA of color. This implies that lower self-esteem and a diminished sense of mastery are linked to higher depressive symptoms in this population.

Question 21

Mereish: 2. Which theory underscores the unique stressors faced by SGMA of color due to the intersection of their marginalized identities? a) Social learning theory b) Minority stress theory c) Intersectionality theory d) Cognitive dissonance theory

Answer 21

Answer: c) Intersectionality theory
Explanation: Intersectionality theory emphasizes the complex interplay of multiple marginalized identities, such as race, gender, and sexuality. In the context of the study, it highlights how SGMA of color face unique stressors due to the intersection of racism and heterosexism.

Question 22

Mereish: 3. What methodological approach did the study use to analyze the relationships between minority stressors, self-esteem, sense of mastery, and depressive symptoms? a) Longitudinal analysis b) Experimental design c) Descriptive statistics d) Correlational and mediation analyses

Answer 22

Answer: d) Correlational and mediation analyses
Explanation: The study employed correlational analyses to explore associations between various factors and mediation analyses to examine the mediating role of self-esteem and sense of mastery in the relationship between minority stressors and depressive symptoms.

Question 23

Mereish: 4. What sociodemographic characteristic showed minor differences in the study regarding microaggression scores and depressive symptoms? a) Age b) Gender identity c) Racial/ethnic background d) Socioeconomic status

Answer 23

Answer: c) Racial/ethnic background
Explanation: The study found minor racial and ethnic differences in microaggression scores and depressive symptoms among SGMA of color. This suggests that while there were variations, these differences were not major across different racial and ethnic groups.

Question 24

Mereish: 5. In what ways do the findings of the study underscore the importance of addressing subtle and intersectional minority stressors in supporting the mental well-being of sexual and gender minority adolescents (SGMA) of color?

Answer 24

Answer: The findings of the study emphasize the critical role of addressing subtle and intersectional minority stressors in promoting the mental well-being of SGMA of color.

Specifically, the study highlights that these stressors, such as microaggressions within both sexual and gender minority (SGM) and racial/ethnic communities, are prevalent across the United States.

Moreover, the study reveals that these stressors directly contribute to higher depressive symptoms among SGMA of color, even after considering overt forms of minority stress.

Additionally, the study demonstrates that self-esteem and sense of mastery mediate the relationship between minority stressors and depressive symptoms, indicating that bolstering these aspects of self-concept could mitigate the adverse mental health effects of minority stressors.

Overall, the findings underscore the importance of targeted interventions and clinical practices that address the nuanced experiences of SGMA of color, recognizing and mitigating the impact of subtle and intersectional stressors to support their mental well-being effectively.

Question 25

S2: What does the term “expression” refer to in the context of gender?
A) How you experience and define your gender identity. B) How you find yourself feeling drawn to other people. C) The physical traits you’re born with or develop. D) How you present gender through your actions, clothing, and demeanor.

Answer 25

Explanation: In the provided seminar, expression is defined as how one presents gender through actions, clothing, and demeanor, and how those presentations are viewed based on social expectations

Question 26

S2: Which of the following best describes heteronormativity?
A) The expectation that men and women have different sexual strategies. B) The idea that gender identity and sex assigned at birth are the same. C) The idea that ‘being heterosexual’ is the norm or natural state of men and women. D) The totality of normative ideas about gender and sexuality within a culture.

Answer 26

Correct Answer: C) The idea that ‘being heterosexual’ is the norm or the natural state of men and women.
Explanation: Heteronormativity refers to the societal belief that heterosexuality is the norm or default sexual orientation, and that relationships between men and women are natural and expected

Question 27

S2: Explain the concept of intersectionality and its significance in understanding social issues related to gender and sexuality.

Answer 27

Answer: Intersectionality refers to the interconnected nature of social categorizations such as race, gender, sexuality, and class, and how they overlap and intersect to create unique experiences of discrimination and privilege. It emphasizes that individuals can experience multiple forms of oppression or privilege simultaneously, and that these intersections must be considered to fully understand and address social inequality.

For example, a black woman may experience discrimination differently from a white woman or a black man due to the combined effects of racism and sexism.

Understanding intersectionality is crucial in addressing social issues related to gender and sexuality because it allows for a more nuanced analysis of power dynamics and helps to identify marginalized groups that may be overlooked in broader discussions of inequality.