Week 5 (lectures) Flashcards
What is transport policy?
Development of constructs and propositions that are established to achieve objectives and the functioning and performance of the transport system.
Explain out of what components policy design exists
Policy goals: the statements or objectives and ambitions of the government in a specific policy area
Policy instrument: the arrangement of the means used throughout the policy process to achieve policy goals.
Transport policy has two fundamental principles. Explain them.
travel is a derived demand and no activity that people wish to undertake for its own sake.
People minimise their generalised costs of travel: not only money but also time taken for travel.
Name the dimensions in transport policy
Technical: innovations. freight transport is impacted by the transfer from the road onto rails.
Political: decisions in transport policy have influence on other policy fields
Social: development of transport influences society as a whole
What is the new deal for transport?
An attempt to coherent transport policy. it aimed for:
* integration within and between different types of transport, environment, land use planning and policies for education/health/wealth creation.
policy goals need coherence. explain why.
Otherwise different policy objectives would sit in each others way. The goals need to relate to the same overall objective and need to be pursued at the same time without tradeoffs.
Three aspects are important with policy (triangle). Explain them.
Policy cooperation: dialogue and information showing
policy coordination: prevent policy conflicts, implies cooperation plus transparency and some attempts to avoid policy conflicts.
policy integration: joined up policy dialogue and information, transparency and avoidance of policy conflicts. Also, joint working, attempts to create synergies between policies and the use of the same goals to formulate policy.
Explain what NGA’s are
New Governance Arrangements. Instead of providing more instruments, look at the combination and integration of multiple instruments and NEW instruments.
What is policy packaging?
Combination of individual policies/measures to achieve a certain goal. Alligning different policy instruments with each other aiming for succesful implementations.
What three interrelated objectives does policy packaging strive to achieve?
Effectiveness: the extent to which the objectives of a policy have been achieved and the relationship between intended/actual effects of outputs in the achievement of objectives.
Implementability: The extent to which it can be implemented. Is there public acceptance
Efficiency: combination of the two above.
What is authoritive power and in which forms does it emerge?
Authorative power is an actor’s ability to reduce or influence another actor to carry out his directives or any other norms he supports.
It shows in three distinct forms:
* coercive power: resting on the application of physical sanctions or threat thereof
- Remunerative power: resting on the control of resource allocation. How are resources relocated?
- Normative power: relies on persuasion, manipulation and suggestion, manipulate someone in a specific direction.
Explain NATO ‘Hoods Scheme’
Nodality: existence of the centre. ‘information’ or ‘knowledge’ strategic use of their position at the centre of the network. Strategically share information/knowledge
Authority: regulation (command, prohibit, permit)
Treasure: Fiscal instruments (taxes/subsidies)
Organization: direct action or treatment by government using its stock of land, buildings and equipment and individuals in the government’s direct possession.
Explain how policy is presented in networks.
sets of linkages between governmental and other actors structures around public policy making and implementation. These actors are interdepedent and policy emerges from the interaction between them.
What is the difference between substantive and procedural policy instruments?
substantive instruments propose direct change of certain behaviour or the physical environmental for example. Procedural instruments on the other hand, are primarily used to alter aspects of a government’s own workings and policy making behaviour.
What can procedural instruments be used for?
- Define or alter policy actors’ positions
- Add actors to policy networks
- Change access rules for policy actors
- Influence policy network formation
- Promote self-regulation
When are policy goals considered coherent?
If they relate to the same overall policy objectives and can be pursued without tradeoffs.
When are policy instruments considered consistent?
If they are mutually supportive and work together to achieve the same goal.
Goals/means are considered … if they serve corresponding purposes.
Congruent
What is policy drift?
When policy goals are coherent but policy instruments are inconsistent. e.g. Goals change but instruments stay the same.
What is conversion?
When policy goals are incoherent but instruments are becoming more consistent. E.g. the instruments change and the goals stay the same.
What is layering?
When policy goals are incoherent and policy instruments are inconsistent. Usually the result of when new policy goals/instruments are developed without abandoning previous ones.
What is the overall idea of the mobilitystrategy of the municipality of Groningen?
Reducing the speed of traffic. Reduce speed limit for cars
Stimulate public transport, cycling and walking.
Explain the three dimensional approach of the municipality of Groningen.
Less space
Change of modes: compact clean and healthy mobility
Green mobility. Emission free vehicles.
Streets as catalysts for urban transformation. explain the policy
Designs to redesign public space
Operationalization of strategic vision
improving quality of life.
Name examples of procedural policy instruments
- committees
- Inquiry commissions to introduce new ideas into policy processes
- Establish/alter departmental advisory committees to introduce new actors
- Define or alter policy actions
- Add actors to policy networks
- Change access rules
- Promote self-regulation among actors
Name examples of substantive policy instruments
Environmental vision
Zoning plan
Programme
Restricting car use:
* price of gasoline
* traffic calming and speed limits
* road supply
* parking
promotion of public transport
* quantity of service
* quality of service
* user information
* discounts
