Week 5 Elimination Flashcards
1
Q
By age one, UTU’s are more likely to develop in who? Why?
A
Females, improper wiping technique
2
Q
In males for ages less than one, who is more likely to have uti’s
A
Uncircumcised
3
Q
Males older than what with a family history of what are more likely to develop impaired urinary pattern
A
Age one
Prostatic hyperplasia
4
Q
What are the signs of urinary urgency?
A
Strong desire to pee
Changes in the flow of urinary stream
Urinary retention
5
Q
What about hospitals may affect urination and bowel patterns?
A
IV lines
Not as relaxing
Not enough time b/c people and testing
6
Q
How much blood can the kidneys filter daily?
A
120 to 150 quarts of blood
7
Q
How much urine can be produced each day?
A
1-2 quarts
8
Q
Up to how many cups can a bladder hold?
A
2 cups
9
Q
What are the three muscles that work together to prevent accidental urination?
A
Urethra
Internal speaker
Pelvic floor muscles
10
Q
What muscles help support their urethra
A
Pelvic floor muscles with the external sphincter
11
Q
What color should healthy urine be?
A
Light yellow, clear and odorless without cloudiness
12
Q
How much urine should a adult produce
A
1.5 to 1.8 L daily.
13
Q
How much urine should a toddler produce
A
1.5 mg/ kilogram per hour
14
Q
how much urine should an infant produce?
A
About 2 mL per kilogram per hour
15
Q
How much urine should an adult produce per hour?
A
0.5 mL per kilogram per hour.
16
Q
How much urine should a teenager produce per hour?
A
1.5 ml kg/h.
17
Q
What kind of foods can make your your intern reddish?
A
Blackberries, beets, rhubarb
18
Q
What kind of food can make your urine turn brown?
A
Aloe or fave beans
19
Q
What can alcohol caffeine in tea due to urine production and your body?
A
Make you dehydrated and increase urine production
20
Q
What are some things that can increase urine production
A
Alcohol
Caffeinated beverages
Highly processed meals
Soup
21
Q
Why does older age cause change within the urinary tract?
A
Kidneys can lose function with a loss of tissue and nephrons and reductions in blood supply, which leads to reduce the amount of urine production
Loss of tone and bladder can lead to your in leakage, incontinence or retention
22
Q
Where does stool begin to form in the G.I. tract?
A
In the large intestine
23
Q
Where is vitamin K formed and why is it important?
A
In the large intestine
Important for blood, clotting and strong bones
24
Q
What is the Bristol stool chart for?
A
Describe the different consistencies of school on a continuum
25
According to the Bristol stool chart, what kind of stool type is constipation and what is ideal and what is diarrhea?
Type one and two are constipation
Type three and four is ideal or expectedt
Type 5-7 is diarrhea
26
What are some foods known to increase diarrhea?
Alcohol
Caffeinated foods and beverages
Dairy
Food
Fructose beverages
Spicy foods
Apples, peaches and pears
Sweetener, such as sorbitol, mannitol and xylitol
27
What can cause or increase the risk of peptic ulcer disease?
NSAID drugs
28
What are some age related considerations of the stomach?
There can be age related changes in the stomach lining and stomach elasticities also diminishes with age so the stomach cannot hold as much food and affects the rate of a emptying
29
What kind of physical changes in older adults can affect constipation?
Decreased peristalsis
Decreased muscle tone in about
Lifestyle changes, such as an activity and decreased fluid and fiber intake
Ingestion of medication, such as antihypertensives and antacids
Enlargement in the size of the rectum
30
What is urinary incontinence?
The inability to control urination resulting in the involuntary passage of urine
31
What is one of the most common bladder problem that affects urine retention?
Urinary incontinence
32
How does pregnancy affect urinary incontinence?
It increases pressure on the pelvic floor and I can also occur later in life
33
What are some conditions that women have that can lead to urinary incontinence that is not part of pregnancy?
Pelvic organ, prolapse, or nerve damage after birth
34
How can males usually get urinary incontinence?
In large prostate restricting flow of urine from the bladder, which can cause incomplete bladder, emptying and later urinary leaking
35
What can cause stress incontinence?
Coughing, sneezing, laughing, or physical activity to increase pressure on the bladder
36
What can cause urge incontinence?
Inaccessible toilet, there is a strong need or urge to urinate, but making occurs before they can reach the toilet
37
What is reflex incontinence?
Urinary leakage of the result of nerve damage
38
What causes overflow incontinence?
Incomplete water emptying that results in the bladder, or over filling leading to leakage
39
What does functional incontinence caused by?
Physical and ability to reach the toilet in time such as arthritis or Ivy lines
40
What can cause nocturnal enuresis
Alcohol or caffeine at night
Stress in children
Medication’s
41
What are some interventions for incontinence?
Lifestyle modifications
Improving diet and exercise
Reducing caffeine or alcohol intake
Avoiding medication’s that cause urinary incontinence
Pelvic floor exercises
Catheterization
42
What is urinary retention?
Incomplete emptying of the bladder
43
Who is more likely to develop urinary retention?
Nails because of enlarged prostate
44
What are some interventions for urinary retention due to enlarge prostate?
Determining the cause of the enlargement, and treating it accordingly
45
What are some frequent findings associated with urinary retention?
Difficulty urinating
Pain
Abdominal distention
Frequency, hesitancy week or a low urine stream
Urinary leakage
46
What is a cystoscopy?
Hey scope that looks inside the urethra and bladder
47
What is the clinical definition of constipation?
Fewer than three bowel movements a week
48
When is constipation most common
An older adults
After pregnancy
Those who consume little to no fiber
Those who take certain medication’s
Those with G.I. disorders
49
What are some manifestations of constipation?
Fever
Bleeding from the G.I. tract
Abdominal pain
Vomiting
Low back pain
Weight loss
50
What is fecal impaction and why does it occur?
It is when harden stool clumps together, preventing a person from evacuating
This usually forms and people who are immobile or have a nervous system injury
51
What kind of intervention can be used on impaction?
Warm mineral, oil enema
52
What is the clinical definition of acute diarrhea?
Loose watery stool, lasting for about 1 to 2 days,
53
What is a clinical parameter for persistent diarrhea
Lasting longer than two weeks, but less than four
54
What is the medical definition for chronic diarrhea?
Lasting longer than four weeks
55
What are some risk factors for diarrhea?
Infection
Medication used
G.I. disorders
Diet
56
What are some serious complications of diarrhea?
No absorption and dehydration
57
What intervention is necessary for veer diarrhea and what are the symptoms of severe diarrhea?
A fever of 102 or more lasting for two days or six or more bowel movements a day and black or bloody feces
Medical intervention
58
What are some signs of dehydration?
Decrees frequency of urination
Depressed fontanelles
Sunken eyes
decreased skin turgor
59
Who is bowel incontinence most common in
Older adults, age of 65 or over
Hospitalized
Nursing homes
60
What is encopresis
Spell incontinence in children
61
What are other words for bowel incontinence?
Fecal incontinence
Accidental bowel leakage
62
What is the word for someone who is unaware of leakage of feces?
Passive incontinence
63
What are some three categories of diuretics?
Thiazide diuretics
Loop diuretics
Potassium sparing, diuretics
64
What are some medications that affect stool production?
Antacids
Anti-cholinergics and anti-spasmodic medication is used to treat muscle spasms
Anti-seizure meds
Calcium channel blockers to treat elevated blood pressure
Diuretics to increase your in production
Iron supplements
Anti-Parkinson disease medication’s
Narcotic pain meds to treat pain
Anti-depressants
65
What medication can increase gastric, motility and diarrhea
Antibiotics
Magnesium containing antacids
66
What are some signs that an infant is dehydrated?
Crying without tears
dry diapers for more than three hours
67
What are some conditions that can lead to dehydration?
Diabetes
Kidney failure
Cystic fibrosis
68
What are some factors that can lead to UTIs?
Sexual activity
Menopause
Urinary retention
Urinary obstruction
Frequent catheter used
Diabetes
Urinary tract abnormalities
Younger
Advanced age
Women, especially pregnant
69
What can urinary incontinence be caused by?
Constipation
UTI
Spinal cord issues
Diabetes
70
What are some manifestations of UTI?
Burning sensation
Urgency despite little to no urine to pass
foul smell
increased urgency frequency
unable to empty fully
71
What happens if UTI is left untreated for too long?
Severe lower back pain
Fever
Nausea
Vomiting
Blood in the urine
72
What are other names for kidney stones? 
Renal calculi
Nephrolithiasis
Urolithiasis
73
What are some conditions that increase the risk of developing kidney stones?
Cystic kidney disease
Gout
Hypercalciuria
Hyper parathyroidism
Obesity
Frequent UTIs
Diuretics
Calcium containing antacids
74
What are some manifestations of kidney stones?
Sharp back pain
Blood in the urine
Fever, chills, and nausea
Vomiting
Burning, painful urination
75
What are some interventions for kidney stones?
Pain medication’s
Shockwave therapy known as ESWL
Physically removed by surgery
76
What is the clinical definition of kidney failure?
The loss of 15% of expected kidney function
77
What are some common side effects or conditions of kidney failure not directly associated with the kidneys
Effects quality of sleep
Sexual dysfunction
78
What are some hormonal changes that cause prostate enlargement?
An increase of estrogen and a decrease of testosterone, which contributes to benign prostate hyperplasia
It could also be elevated levels of male hormone called dihydrotestosterone
79
How common is BPH?
Are 90% of males older than 80 years have this
80
What are some manifestations of BPH?
Urinary frequency
urgency
nighttime urination
weak or slow urinary stream
urinary incontinence
Urinary retention 
81
What is a condition where a small sacs or pouches form in the colon
Diverticulosis
82
What is it called when an inflamed pouch or sac forms as a result of stool becoming in trapped
Diverticulitis
83
What happens when diverticulosis makes the colon tear
It causes an infection in the abdomen called peritonitis
84
What is it called when someone experiences a domino pain and changes to bell and elimination patterns that can cause diarrhea constipation or both?
Irritable bowel syndrome
85
What is IBS –c
When most of the daily bowel movements are hard or lumpy
86
What is IBS – D
IBS with diarrhea
87
What is IBS – M
It is when there is a mixture of both diarrhea and constipation throughout the day
88
What are some factors that can cause IBS
Family history
Female gender
Stressful events
G.I. tract infection
Digestive disorders
Anxiety
Depression
Fibromyalgia
89
What are some interventions for IBS?
Dietary changes
More fiber
Avoid gluten
Adequate sleep
Probiotics
Exercise
90
What is it called when there is chronic inflammation and alterations of the large intestine or colon
Ulcerative colitis
91
What are some risk factors for ulcerative colitis?
Jewish descent
Environment
Overactive, intestinal immune system
92
What are some manifestations of ulcerative colitis?
Diarrhea with blood or pass
Abdominal discomfort
Fatigue, nausea and fever
Anemia
93
What are some interventions for ulcerative colitis?
Medication’s to induce remission
Surgery
Full surgical removal of the colon
94
What is the disease that is similar to ulcerative colitis and causes inflammation in the G.I. tract specifically in the small intestine
Crohn’s disease
95
What is the progression of Crohn’s disease?
Begins gradually and worsens over time and can experience times of remission
96
What are some risk for developing Crohn’s disease?
Between the ages of 20 and 29
Family history
Auto immune disorder
High fat diet
Tobacco use
97
What can Crohn’s disease lead to?
Intestinal obstruction
Fistulas
Abscesses
Fishers or tears in the anus
Search within the G.I. tract
Nutrition
Inflammatory process in the body somewhere else
98
What are manifestations of Crohn’s disease?
Diarrhea
Abdominal pain or cramping
Weight loss, anemia, fatigue, fever
Joint pain
Nausea
Painful bumps under the skin
99
What are some forms of catheterization that is more permanent or require surgical installment?
Ileal conduit
Nephrostomy
Cystostomy
Neobladder urethral stents
100
Why would a ureteral stent be necessary?
Allows for the passage of urine win the ureter is blocked such as a kidney stone
101
A urostomy connects, what to what and allows what
Connects a portion of the removed, small intestine to the ureter, and attaches the wall of the abdomen, where a stoma is created to allow urine to pass through a pouch in the abdominal wall
102
What kind of tube drains you’re in directly from the kidney to an external pouch
Nephrostomy tube
103
When is a nephrostomy tube installed?
After kidney stone removal and usually removed once the kidney has healed
104
What are two types of continent urinary diversion
Neobladder
Continent cutaneous, Reservoir
105
What is the neobladder made of?
A part of the bladder and used to store urine before it is expelled from the body
106
What is the difference between a new bladder and a continent cutaneous Reservoir?
Hey continent, cutaneous reservoir is placed in the abdomen, rather on the pelvis and attached to the ureters at one end of the clients stoma, and there is a valve so a catheter needs to be placed
107
What is a cystostomy?
It is like a catheter, but is more invasive because the catheter is inserted directly into the bladder and the drainage bag is outside of the clients abdomen
108
What are some complications of urinary diversion?
Kidney infections
Skin complications
109
What are some reasons to have a vehicle diversion?
Colon or rectal cancer
Injury to the intestine
Inflammatory bowel disease such as Crohn’s disease or UC
Obstruction
Diverticulitis
110
What are some types of fecal diversions?
Ileostomy
Colostomy
J pouch
Kock pouch
111
What kind of people diversion uses the terminal end of the small intestine known as the Elianne?
Ileostomy
112
When would a patient need a permanent ileostomy?
When the entire colon rectum and anus are removed or bypassed
113
What does a colostomy do to the colon?
It allows the colon to heal or rest
114
What are some benefits to colostomy irrigation
Remove stool from the colon
Change the vow to help prevent passage of store at other times
Reduces need to wear a colostomy pouch
Helps prevent constipation
115
How does a j pouch work?
Internal pouch is formed with the ileum and connects that pouch to the anus, after removing the rectum and colon
Can be reversible
116
What is a kock pouch
It is a pouch with a valve, so that the intestinal contents do not escape the ileostomy and a catheter placed through that, and the ostomy stoma can drain the contents
117
What are some complications of fecal diversion?
Skin irritation
Stoma issues, such as hernias, prolapse or narrowing
Blockages
Diarrhea
Bleeding
Electrolyte imbalance
Infections
Leaking
118
What is the type of testing that evaluates how bladder sphincters and urethra, are holding and releasing urine
Urodynamic testing
119
What type of test measures urine speed and volume
Uroflowmetry
120
What is the type of test that measures amount of urine left in the bladder after voiding
Post void residual measurement
121
What is the type of test that measures water capacity on amount of fluid pressure inside of water as it is filling and it’s final capacity when the urge to urinate begins
Cystometric test
122
What is the type of test that measures bladder pressure when the bladder begins to leak?
Leak point pressure measurement
123
What is the test that calculates electrical impulses of the nerves and muscles of the bladder and sphincter
Electromyography
124
What kind of test takes pictures and video of the bladder while it is filling and emptying
Video urodynamic test
125
What type of test uses an optical instrument to view the lining of the ureters and kidneys?
Ureteroscopy
126
What kind of test will include visual examination dipstick testing and microscopic examination?
Urinanalysis
127
What are some things that are tested in a reagent strip evaluation test
Key tones
Glucose
Billy
Nitrates
128
What are two indications that there is a infection or kidney problem
Bacteria indicates infection
Casts are proteins that can result due to kidney problems
129
What can antibiotics do to a urinalysis?
It can cause a false negative result for infection
130
What does a urine culture evaluate?
Presence of bacteria and yeast that can cause a UTI
131
What is a difference between urine culture and urinalysis
A urine culture requires a clean, catch into a sterile specimen cup, which needs to be sent out for further testing
A clean catch
132
How long does a urine culture usually take?
24 to 48 hours
133
What does the 24 hour urine collection test for?
Looks for amounts of chemicals that are in the urine over a 24 hour. Period.
134
What are some foods to avoid before a 24 hour specimen collection?
Medication’s vitamins, supplements, and OTC’s
135
What kind of test diagnoses problems associated with pancreatic and bile duct such as gallstones infections, pancreatitis, and pancreatic masses
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
136
What kind of test evaluates for bleeding changes Nevelle habits chronic diarrhea, unexplained weight loss, abdominal pain, cancer diverticulitis. Fistula’s polyps or ulcers.
Lower G.I. series
137
What kind of test evaluates this off of your stomach and upper intestines after an expensive finding such as persistent, heartburn play, nausea vomiting pain, issues with swallowing unexplained, weight loss, ulcers, cancer, precancerous condition celiac disease, in narrowing of esophagus are blockages
Upper G.I. endoscopy
138
What evaluates for nausea and vomiting, a domino pain and difficulties with swallowing unexplained, weight loss, cancerous, growths, and injuries to the esophagus reflux, hernias, scarring, and ulcers
Upper G.I. series
139
What are some medication’s that can lead to false positives in fecal occult blood tests?
Aspirin, ibuprofen, and vitamin C, supplements
140
Why is bladder irrigation important
It prevents blood clots to form in the bladder, or to remove any clots that might be present
141
What is not unexpected finding of bladder irrigation?
Pain and discomfort
142
What are some lifestyle changes that clients can do to help urinary elimination patterns
Reducing caffeine alcohol, acidic fruits, chocolate soda, and spicy foods
143
What are some techniques for a bladder training?
Setting a schedule to use the bathroom
Knowing the clients current powder or schedule
Keeping an illumination journal
144
What is the purpose of bladder scanning?
To determine the need for catheterization and avoid any unnecessary catheterization and potential uti
145
What kind of catheters are used to empty the bladder as needed?
Straight or intermittent catheters
146
What kind of clients will utilize intermittent catheters?
Paraplegic’s in conjunction with the bladder training 
147
What kind of external catheter can a male patient use?
A condom catheter that is not invasive
148
What is an alternative to indwelling catheters for females?
Female, external catheter
149
What is the difference between an indwelling catheter and a intermittent catheter?
An indwelling catheter has a small inflatable balloon at the end of a catheter to hold it in place in the bladder
150
what kind of technique is needed for external catheter’s?
I clean technique, because nothing is being inserted into the urethra
151
What are some ways to prevent CAUTI?
Proper hydration
Good hand washing
Cleaning after bowel movements
152
What are some reasons why a catheter may leak?
Blood clots
Kink in tubing
Bladder spasms
153
What are some lifestyle changes to help her store usual bowel elimination patterns
High fiber, diet
Stress reduction techniques
Adequate hydration
Staying active and getting regular exercise
154
How long should a retention enema be held for
15 to 30 minutes depending on the type of solution
155
What are some solutions that are used in enemas for medical purposes?
Topwater
Hypotonic mineral oil
0.9% saline isotonic.
Sodium phosphate, hypertonic solution
156
What kind of solution should not be used for giving animals to infants and children and why?
It can cause water, toxicity, and circulatory overload so tap water cannot be used on children and infants
157
How often can tap water enemas be used in adults?
Only once
158
What can happen if a pregnant person or children younger than six years of age use a laxative or stool softener?
Can cause serious medical conditions, such as appendicitis or bowel obstruction
159
When are rectal tube is used?
Used in clients who are incontinent and are in ICUs with no bowel control
160
What are some reasons for bowel incontinence?
multiple sclerosis
Laxative abuse
Childbirth
Spinal cord injuries
Emotional problems
161
What are some interventions for clients with urinary diversion
Washing the stoma with mild soap and water
Patting dry
How to measure the wafer and change out the system
Using a barrier device
Stoma care
Look out for painful urination
162
What is one of the most common complaints among clients with bowel diversion
Stool spillage from poorly fitted collection pouch
163
What are the three major losses in diarrhea?
Fluids
K+ electrolytes
Bicarb
164
What happens in the physiology when your fluids decreases?
Low BP
Higher end HR
Increase in RR
165
What happens if you loos bicarb through diarrhea?
Metabolic acidosis
166
How big should the stoma wafer be?
1/8th bigger than the actual osteomy
167
What can the AP do with ostomies?
They can change the bag
168
How do you want to position a patient for an enema?
Left side
169
What should you do if the patient feels pain during an enema?
Stop
170
What is the guaiac test aka?
Rectal occult test
171
What are the symptoms of UTI?
Dysuria,
Hematuria
Foul smell
Cloudiness
Dribbling
172
What are some contraindications for bedpans?
Hip fracture
Standard order for foley
173
What is a three way foley used for?
Hematuria to flush out clots
174
What does ketones in an urinalyses indicate?
Diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperglycemia
175
How much fluid should an average person drink a day? mL
2000 mL
176
How can narcotic affect gastric motility?
Slows gastric motility and the risk of constipation
177
What is the type of catheter than can be used to directly drain urine from the bladder through an access point in the lower abdomen
Suprapubic catheter
178
What happens if you take antibiotics for urinary problems?
change odor
may loosen stool and give rash
179
What are three drugs that will help with urinary problems?
antibiotics,
tricyclic antidepressants
phenazopyridine
180
What are some medications for bowel elimination
laxatives
cathartics
laxative overuse
181
What causes paralytic ileus?
intestinal obstruction from reduced motility following bowel manipulation during surgery, electrolyte imbalance, wound infection, or medication
182
What kind of stoma creates two abdominal stomas to drain stool and reconnect to the inactive intestine
double barrel colostomy
183
what color on a stool test means there is blood in the stool?
blue
184
How high should you hang an enema bag?
18 inches max
185
How far should you insert an enema tube for an infant?
two inches or five cm
186
How far should you insert an enema tube for an adult?
3-4 in or 7.6 to 10.2 cm
187
Urinary incontinence increases the risk for what?
falls, fractures, pressure injuries, and depression
188
How does pregnancy increase bowel elimination complications?
growing fetus compromising intestinal space
slower peristalsis
straining increasing risk of hemorrhoids
189
How much fiber should people eat a day?
25 to 30 grams/day
190
what does pregnancy do to urinary elimination patterns?
compromises bladder space and compresses the bladder
there is a 30 to 50% increase in circulatory volume
hormone relaxin causes relaxation of the sphincter
191
How often should you reposition a patient?
every two hours.
192
What kind of incontinence is due to an overactive bowel?
urge incontinence
193
Noctural enuresis can usually happen to what people?
those who drink alcohol
children.
194
How does BPH cause UTI?
they are not ale to urinate, so the urine remains in the bladder
195
What are some symptoms of urinary retention
inability to urinate
pain abdominal distention urinary frequency
urinary hesitancy
weak or slow urine stream
urinary leakage.
196
What is dysuria
Discomfort and painful urination
197
What is oliguria?
a little amount of pee
198
what helps with constipation?
yogurt
fiber
walking
go regularly
199
What kind of technique should be used for catheter insertion?
sterile technique
