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Fundamentals > Week 5 Elimination > Flashcards

Week 5 Elimination Flashcards

1
Q

By age one, UTU’s are more likely to develop in who? Why?

A

Females, improper wiping technique

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2
Q

In males for ages less than one, who is more likely to have uti’s

A

Uncircumcised

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3
Q

Males older than what with a family history of what are more likely to develop impaired urinary pattern

A

Age one
Prostatic hyperplasia

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4
Q

What are the signs of urinary urgency?

A

Strong desire to pee
Changes in the flow of urinary stream
Urinary retention

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5
Q

What about hospitals may affect urination and bowel patterns?

A

IV lines
Not as relaxing
Not enough time b/c people and testing

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6
Q

How much blood can the kidneys filter daily?

A

120 to 150 quarts of blood

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7
Q

How much urine can be produced each day?

A

1-2 quarts

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8
Q

Up to how many cups can a bladder hold?

A

2 cups

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9
Q

What are the three muscles that work together to prevent accidental urination?

A

Urethra
Internal speaker
Pelvic floor muscles

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10
Q

What muscles help support their urethra

A

Pelvic floor muscles with the external sphincter

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11
Q

What color should healthy urine be?

A

Light yellow, clear and odorless without cloudiness

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12
Q

How much urine should a adult produce

A

1.5 to 1.8 L daily.

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13
Q

How much urine should a toddler produce

A

1.5 mg/ kilogram per hour

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14
Q

how much urine should an infant produce?

A

About 2 mL per kilogram per hour

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15
Q

How much urine should an adult produce per hour?

A

0.5 mL per kilogram per hour.

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16
Q

How much urine should a teenager produce per hour?

A

1.5 ml kg/h.

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17
Q

What kind of foods can make your your intern reddish?

A

Blackberries, beets, rhubarb

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18
Q

What kind of food can make your urine turn brown?

A

Aloe or fave beans

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19
Q

What can alcohol caffeine in tea due to urine production and your body?

A

Make you dehydrated and increase urine production

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20
Q

What are some things that can increase urine production

A

Alcohol
Caffeinated beverages
Highly processed meals
Soup

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21
Q

Why does older age cause change within the urinary tract?

A

Kidneys can lose function with a loss of tissue and nephrons and reductions in blood supply, which leads to reduce the amount of urine production
Loss of tone and bladder can lead to your in leakage, incontinence or retention

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22
Q

Where does stool begin to form in the G.I. tract?

A

In the large intestine

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23
Q

Where is vitamin K formed and why is it important?

A

In the large intestine
Important for blood, clotting and strong bones

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24
Q

What is the Bristol stool chart for?

A

Describe the different consistencies of school on a continuum

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25
Q

According to the Bristol stool chart, what kind of stool type is constipation and what is ideal and what is diarrhea?

A

Type one and two are constipation
Type three and four is ideal or expectedt
Type 5-7 is diarrhea

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26
Q

What are some foods known to increase diarrhea?

A

Alcohol
Caffeinated foods and beverages
Dairy
Food
Fructose beverages
Spicy foods
Apples, peaches and pears
Sweetener, such as sorbitol, mannitol and xylitol

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27
Q

What can cause or increase the risk of peptic ulcer disease?

A

NSAID drugs

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28
Q

What are some age related considerations of the stomach?

A

There can be age related changes in the stomach lining and stomach elasticities also diminishes with age so the stomach cannot hold as much food and affects the rate of a emptying

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29
Q

What kind of physical changes in older adults can affect constipation?

A

Decreased peristalsis
Decreased muscle tone in about
Lifestyle changes, such as an activity and decreased fluid and fiber intake
Ingestion of medication, such as antihypertensives and antacids
Enlargement in the size of the rectum

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30
Q

What is urinary incontinence?

A

The inability to control urination resulting in the involuntary passage of urine

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31
Q

What is one of the most common bladder problem that affects urine retention?

A

Urinary incontinence

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32
Q

How does pregnancy affect urinary incontinence?

A

It increases pressure on the pelvic floor and I can also occur later in life

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33
Q

What are some conditions that women have that can lead to urinary incontinence that is not part of pregnancy?

A

Pelvic organ, prolapse, or nerve damage after birth

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34
Q

How can males usually get urinary incontinence?

A

In large prostate restricting flow of urine from the bladder, which can cause incomplete bladder, emptying and later urinary leaking

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35
Q

What can cause stress incontinence?

A

Coughing, sneezing, laughing, or physical activity to increase pressure on the bladder

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36
Q

What can cause urge incontinence?

A

Inaccessible toilet, there is a strong need or urge to urinate, but making occurs before they can reach the toilet

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37
Q

What is reflex incontinence?

A

Urinary leakage of the result of nerve damage

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38
Q

What causes overflow incontinence?

A

Incomplete water emptying that results in the bladder, or over filling leading to leakage

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39
Q

What does functional incontinence caused by?

A

Physical and ability to reach the toilet in time such as arthritis or Ivy lines

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40
Q

What can cause nocturnal enuresis

A

Alcohol or caffeine at night
Stress in children
Medication’s

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41
Q

What are some interventions for incontinence?

A

Lifestyle modifications
Improving diet and exercise
Reducing caffeine or alcohol intake
Avoiding medication’s that cause urinary incontinence
Pelvic floor exercises
Catheterization

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42
Q

What is urinary retention?

A

Incomplete emptying of the bladder

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43
Q

Who is more likely to develop urinary retention?

A

Nails because of enlarged prostate

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44
Q

What are some interventions for urinary retention due to enlarge prostate?

A

Determining the cause of the enlargement, and treating it accordingly

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45
Q

What are some frequent findings associated with urinary retention?

A

Difficulty urinating
Pain
Abdominal distention
Frequency, hesitancy week or a low urine stream
Urinary leakage

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46
Q

What is a cystoscopy?

A

Hey scope that looks inside the urethra and bladder

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47
Q

What is the clinical definition of constipation?

A

Fewer than three bowel movements a week

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48
Q

When is constipation most common

A

An older adults
After pregnancy
Those who consume little to no fiber
Those who take certain medication’s
Those with G.I. disorders

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49
Q

What are some manifestations of constipation?

A

Fever
Bleeding from the G.I. tract
Abdominal pain
Vomiting
Low back pain
Weight loss

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50
Q

What is fecal impaction and why does it occur?

A

It is when harden stool clumps together, preventing a person from evacuating
This usually forms and people who are immobile or have a nervous system injury

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51
Q

What kind of intervention can be used on impaction?

A

Warm mineral, oil enema

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52
Q

What is the clinical definition of acute diarrhea?

A

Loose watery stool, lasting for about 1 to 2 days,

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53
Q

What is a clinical parameter for persistent diarrhea

A

Lasting longer than two weeks, but less than four

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54
Q

What is the medical definition for chronic diarrhea?

A

Lasting longer than four weeks

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55
Q

What are some risk factors for diarrhea?

A

Infection
Medication used
G.I. disorders
Diet

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56
Q

What are some serious complications of diarrhea?

A

No absorption and dehydration

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57
Q

What intervention is necessary for veer diarrhea and what are the symptoms of severe diarrhea?

A

A fever of 102 or more lasting for two days or six or more bowel movements a day and black or bloody feces
Medical intervention

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58
Q

What are some signs of dehydration?

A

Decrees frequency of urination
Depressed fontanelles
Sunken eyes
decreased skin turgor

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59
Q

Who is bowel incontinence most common in

A

Older adults, age of 65 or over
Hospitalized
Nursing homes

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60
Q

What is encopresis

A

Spell incontinence in children

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61
Q

What are other words for bowel incontinence?

A

Fecal incontinence
Accidental bowel leakage

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62
Q

What is the word for someone who is unaware of leakage of feces?

A

Passive incontinence

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63
Q

What are some three categories of diuretics?

A

Thiazide diuretics
Loop diuretics
Potassium sparing, diuretics

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64
Q

What are some medications that affect stool production?

A

Antacids
Anti-cholinergics and anti-spasmodic medication is used to treat muscle spasms
Anti-seizure meds
Calcium channel blockers to treat elevated blood pressure
Diuretics to increase your in production
Iron supplements
Anti-Parkinson disease medication’s
Narcotic pain meds to treat pain
Anti-depressants

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65
Q

What medication can increase gastric, motility and diarrhea

A

Antibiotics
Magnesium containing antacids

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66
Q

What are some signs that an infant is dehydrated?

A

Crying without tears
dry diapers for more than three hours

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67
Q

What are some conditions that can lead to dehydration?

A

Diabetes
Kidney failure
Cystic fibrosis

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68
Q

What are some factors that can lead to UTIs?

A

Sexual activity
Menopause
Urinary retention
Urinary obstruction
Frequent catheter used
Diabetes
Urinary tract abnormalities
Younger
Advanced age
Women, especially pregnant

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69
Q

What can urinary incontinence be caused by?

A

Constipation
UTI
Spinal cord issues
Diabetes

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70
Q

What are some manifestations of UTI?

A

Burning sensation
Urgency despite little to no urine to pass
foul smell
increased urgency frequency
unable to empty fully

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71
Q

What happens if UTI is left untreated for too long?

A

Severe lower back pain
Fever
Nausea
Vomiting
Blood in the urine

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72
Q

What are other names for kidney stones? 

A

Renal calculi
Nephrolithiasis
Urolithiasis

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73
Q

What are some conditions that increase the risk of developing kidney stones?

A

Cystic kidney disease
Gout
Hypercalciuria
Hyper parathyroidism
Obesity
Frequent UTIs
Diuretics
Calcium containing antacids

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74
Q

What are some manifestations of kidney stones?

A

Sharp back pain
Blood in the urine
Fever, chills, and nausea
Vomiting
Burning, painful urination

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75
Q

What are some interventions for kidney stones?

A

Pain medication’s
Shockwave therapy known as ESWL
Physically removed by surgery

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76
Q

What is the clinical definition of kidney failure?

A

The loss of 15% of expected kidney function

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77
Q

What are some common side effects or conditions of kidney failure not directly associated with the kidneys

A

Effects quality of sleep
Sexual dysfunction

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78
Q

What are some hormonal changes that cause prostate enlargement?

A

An increase of estrogen and a decrease of testosterone, which contributes to benign prostate hyperplasia
It could also be elevated levels of male hormone called dihydrotestosterone

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79
Q

How common is BPH?

A

Are 90% of males older than 80 years have this

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80
Q

What are some manifestations of BPH?

A

Urinary frequency
urgency
nighttime urination
weak or slow urinary stream
urinary incontinence
Urinary retention 

81
Q

What is a condition where a small sacs or pouches form in the colon

A

Diverticulosis

82
Q

What is it called when an inflamed pouch or sac forms as a result of stool becoming in trapped

A

Diverticulitis

83
Q

What happens when diverticulosis makes the colon tear

A

It causes an infection in the abdomen called peritonitis

84
Q

What is it called when someone experiences a domino pain and changes to bell and elimination patterns that can cause diarrhea constipation or both?

A

Irritable bowel syndrome

85
Q

What is IBS –c

A

When most of the daily bowel movements are hard or lumpy

86
Q

What is IBS – D

A

IBS with diarrhea

87
Q

What is IBS – M

A

It is when there is a mixture of both diarrhea and constipation throughout the day

88
Q

What are some factors that can cause IBS

A

Family history
Female gender
Stressful events
G.I. tract infection
Digestive disorders
Anxiety
Depression
Fibromyalgia

89
Q

What are some interventions for IBS?

A

Dietary changes
More fiber
Avoid gluten
Adequate sleep
Probiotics
Exercise

90
Q

What is it called when there is chronic inflammation and alterations of the large intestine or colon

A

Ulcerative colitis

91
Q

What are some risk factors for ulcerative colitis?

A

Jewish descent
Environment
Overactive, intestinal immune system

92
Q

What are some manifestations of ulcerative colitis?

A

Diarrhea with blood or pass
Abdominal discomfort
Fatigue, nausea and fever
Anemia

93
Q

What are some interventions for ulcerative colitis?

A

Medication’s to induce remission
Surgery
Full surgical removal of the colon

94
Q

What is the disease that is similar to ulcerative colitis and causes inflammation in the G.I. tract specifically in the small intestine

A

Crohn’s disease

95
Q

What is the progression of Crohn’s disease?

A

Begins gradually and worsens over time and can experience times of remission

96
Q

What are some risk for developing Crohn’s disease?

A

Between the ages of 20 and 29
Family history
Auto immune disorder
High fat diet
Tobacco use

97
Q

What can Crohn’s disease lead to?

A

Intestinal obstruction
Fistulas
Abscesses
Fishers or tears in the anus
Search within the G.I. tract
Nutrition
Inflammatory process in the body somewhere else

98
Q

What are manifestations of Crohn’s disease?

A

Diarrhea
Abdominal pain or cramping
Weight loss, anemia, fatigue, fever
Joint pain
Nausea
Painful bumps under the skin

99
Q

What are some forms of catheterization that is more permanent or require surgical installment?

A

Ileal conduit
Nephrostomy
Cystostomy
Neobladder urethral stents

100
Q

Why would a ureteral stent be necessary?

A

Allows for the passage of urine win the ureter is blocked such as a kidney stone

101
Q

A urostomy connects, what to what and allows what

A

Connects a portion of the removed, small intestine to the ureter, and attaches the wall of the abdomen, where a stoma is created to allow urine to pass through a pouch in the abdominal wall

102
Q

What kind of tube drains you’re in directly from the kidney to an external pouch

A

Nephrostomy tube

103
Q

When is a nephrostomy tube installed?

A

After kidney stone removal and usually removed once the kidney has healed

104
Q

What are two types of continent urinary diversion

A

Neobladder
Continent cutaneous, Reservoir

105
Q

What is the neobladder made of?

A

A part of the bladder and used to store urine before it is expelled from the body

106
Q

What is the difference between a new bladder and a continent cutaneous Reservoir?

A

Hey continent, cutaneous reservoir is placed in the abdomen, rather on the pelvis and attached to the ureters at one end of the clients stoma, and there is a valve so a catheter needs to be placed

107
Q

What is a cystostomy?

A

It is like a catheter, but is more invasive because the catheter is inserted directly into the bladder and the drainage bag is outside of the clients abdomen

108
Q

What are some complications of urinary diversion?

A

Kidney infections
Skin complications

109
Q

What are some reasons to have a vehicle diversion?

A

Colon or rectal cancer
Injury to the intestine
Inflammatory bowel disease such as Crohn’s disease or UC
Obstruction
Diverticulitis

110
Q

What are some types of fecal diversions?

A

Ileostomy
Colostomy
J pouch
Kock pouch

111
Q

What kind of people diversion uses the terminal end of the small intestine known as the Elianne?

A

Ileostomy

112
Q

When would a patient need a permanent ileostomy?

A

When the entire colon rectum and anus are removed or bypassed

113
Q

What does a colostomy do to the colon?

A

It allows the colon to heal or rest

114
Q

What are some benefits to colostomy irrigation

A

Remove stool from the colon
Change the vow to help prevent passage of store at other times
Reduces need to wear a colostomy pouch
Helps prevent constipation

115
Q

How does a j pouch work?

A

Internal pouch is formed with the ileum and connects that pouch to the anus, after removing the rectum and colon
Can be reversible

116
Q

What is a kock pouch

A

It is a pouch with a valve, so that the intestinal contents do not escape the ileostomy and a catheter placed through that, and the ostomy stoma can drain the contents

117
Q

What are some complications of fecal diversion?

A

Skin irritation
Stoma issues, such as hernias, prolapse or narrowing
Blockages
Diarrhea
Bleeding
Electrolyte imbalance
Infections
Leaking

118
Q

What is the type of testing that evaluates how bladder sphincters and urethra, are holding and releasing urine

A

Urodynamic testing

119
Q

What type of test measures urine speed and volume

A

Uroflowmetry

120
Q

What is the type of test that measures amount of urine left in the bladder after voiding

A

Post void residual measurement

121
Q

What is the type of test that measures water capacity on amount of fluid pressure inside of water as it is filling and it’s final capacity when the urge to urinate begins

A

Cystometric test

122
Q

What is the type of test that measures bladder pressure when the bladder begins to leak?

A

Leak point pressure measurement

123
Q

What is the test that calculates electrical impulses of the nerves and muscles of the bladder and sphincter

A

Electromyography

124
Q

What kind of test takes pictures and video of the bladder while it is filling and emptying

A

Video urodynamic test

125
Q

What type of test uses an optical instrument to view the lining of the ureters and kidneys?

A

Ureteroscopy

126
Q

What kind of test will include visual examination dipstick testing and microscopic examination?

A

Urinanalysis

127
Q

What are some things that are tested in a reagent strip evaluation test

A

Key tones
Glucose
Billy
Nitrates

128
Q

What are two indications that there is a infection or kidney problem

A

Bacteria indicates infection
Casts are proteins that can result due to kidney problems

129
Q

What can antibiotics do to a urinalysis?

A

It can cause a false negative result for infection

130
Q

What does a urine culture evaluate?

A

Presence of bacteria and yeast that can cause a UTI

131
Q

What is a difference between urine culture and urinalysis

A

A urine culture requires a clean, catch into a sterile specimen cup, which needs to be sent out for further testing
A clean catch

132
Q

How long does a urine culture usually take?

A

24 to 48 hours

133
Q

What does the 24 hour urine collection test for?

A

Looks for amounts of chemicals that are in the urine over a 24 hour. Period.

134
Q

What are some foods to avoid before a 24 hour specimen collection?

A

Medication’s vitamins, supplements, and OTC’s

135
Q

What kind of test diagnoses problems associated with pancreatic and bile duct such as gallstones infections, pancreatitis, and pancreatic masses

A

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

136
Q

What kind of test evaluates for bleeding changes Nevelle habits chronic diarrhea, unexplained weight loss, abdominal pain, cancer diverticulitis. Fistula’s polyps or ulcers.

A

Lower G.I. series

137
Q

What kind of test evaluates this off of your stomach and upper intestines after an expensive finding such as persistent, heartburn play, nausea vomiting pain, issues with swallowing unexplained, weight loss, ulcers, cancer, precancerous condition celiac disease, in narrowing of esophagus are blockages

A

Upper G.I. endoscopy

138
Q

What evaluates for nausea and vomiting, a domino pain and difficulties with swallowing unexplained, weight loss, cancerous, growths, and injuries to the esophagus reflux, hernias, scarring, and ulcers

A

Upper G.I. series

139
Q

What are some medication’s that can lead to false positives in fecal occult blood tests?

A

Aspirin, ibuprofen, and vitamin C, supplements

140
Q

Why is bladder irrigation important

A

It prevents blood clots to form in the bladder, or to remove any clots that might be present

141
Q

What is not unexpected finding of bladder irrigation?

A

Pain and discomfort

142
Q

What are some lifestyle changes that clients can do to help urinary elimination patterns

A

Reducing caffeine alcohol, acidic fruits, chocolate soda, and spicy foods

143
Q

What are some techniques for a bladder training?

A

Setting a schedule to use the bathroom
Knowing the clients current powder or schedule
Keeping an illumination journal

144
Q

What is the purpose of bladder scanning?

A

To determine the need for catheterization and avoid any unnecessary catheterization and potential uti

145
Q

What kind of catheters are used to empty the bladder as needed?

A

Straight or intermittent catheters

146
Q

What kind of clients will utilize intermittent catheters?

A

Paraplegic’s in conjunction with the bladder training 

147
Q

What kind of external catheter can a male patient use?

A

A condom catheter that is not invasive

148
Q

What is an alternative to indwelling catheters for females?

A

Female, external catheter

149
Q

What is the difference between an indwelling catheter and a intermittent catheter?

A

An indwelling catheter has a small inflatable balloon at the end of a catheter to hold it in place in the bladder

150
Q

what kind of technique is needed for external catheter’s?

A

I clean technique, because nothing is being inserted into the urethra

151
Q

What are some ways to prevent CAUTI?

A

Proper hydration
Good hand washing
Cleaning after bowel movements

152
Q

What are some reasons why a catheter may leak?

A

Blood clots
Kink in tubing
Bladder spasms

153
Q

What are some lifestyle changes to help her store usual bowel elimination patterns

A

High fiber, diet
Stress reduction techniques
Adequate hydration
Staying active and getting regular exercise

154
Q

How long should a retention enema be held for

A

15 to 30 minutes depending on the type of solution

155
Q

What are some solutions that are used in enemas for medical purposes?

A

Topwater
Hypotonic mineral oil
0.9% saline isotonic.
Sodium phosphate, hypertonic solution

156
Q

What kind of solution should not be used for giving animals to infants and children and why?

A

It can cause water, toxicity, and circulatory overload so tap water cannot be used on children and infants

157
Q

How often can tap water enemas be used in adults?

A

Only once

158
Q

What can happen if a pregnant person or children younger than six years of age use a laxative or stool softener?

A

Can cause serious medical conditions, such as appendicitis or bowel obstruction

159
Q

When are rectal tube is used?

A

Used in clients who are incontinent and are in ICUs with no bowel control

160
Q

What are some reasons for bowel incontinence?

A

multiple sclerosis
Laxative abuse
Childbirth
Spinal cord injuries
Emotional problems

161
Q

What are some interventions for clients with urinary diversion

A

Washing the stoma with mild soap and water
Patting dry
How to measure the wafer and change out the system
Using a barrier device
Stoma care
Look out for painful urination

162
Q

What is one of the most common complaints among clients with bowel diversion

A

Stool spillage from poorly fitted collection pouch

163
Q

What are the three major losses in diarrhea?

A

Fluids
K+ electrolytes
Bicarb

164
Q

What happens in the physiology when your fluids decreases?

A

Low BP
Higher end HR
Increase in RR

165
Q

What happens if you loos bicarb through diarrhea?

A

Metabolic acidosis

166
Q

How big should the stoma wafer be?

A

1/8th bigger than the actual osteomy

167
Q

What can the AP do with ostomies?

A

They can change the bag

168
Q

How do you want to position a patient for an enema?

A

Left side

169
Q

What should you do if the patient feels pain during an enema?

A

Stop

170
Q

What is the guaiac test aka?

A

Rectal occult test

171
Q

What are the symptoms of UTI?

A

Dysuria,
Hematuria
Foul smell
Cloudiness
Dribbling

172
Q

What are some contraindications for bedpans?

A

Hip fracture
Standard order for foley

173
Q

What is a three way foley used for?

A

Hematuria to flush out clots

174
Q

What does ketones in an urinalyses indicate?

A

Diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperglycemia

175
Q

How much fluid should an average person drink a day? mL

A

2000 mL

176
Q

How can narcotic affect gastric motility?

A

Slows gastric motility and the risk of constipation

177
Q

What is the type of catheter than can be used to directly drain urine from the bladder through an access point in the lower abdomen

A

Suprapubic catheter

178
Q

What happens if you take antibiotics for urinary problems?

A

change odor
may loosen stool and give rash

179
Q

What are three drugs that will help with urinary problems?

A

antibiotics,
tricyclic antidepressants
phenazopyridine

180
Q

What are some medications for bowel elimination

A

laxatives
cathartics
laxative overuse

181
Q

What causes paralytic ileus?

A

intestinal obstruction from reduced motility following bowel manipulation during surgery, electrolyte imbalance, wound infection, or medication

182
Q

What kind of stoma creates two abdominal stomas to drain stool and reconnect to the inactive intestine

A

double barrel colostomy

183
Q

what color on a stool test means there is blood in the stool?

A

blue

184
Q

How high should you hang an enema bag?

A

18 inches max

185
Q

How far should you insert an enema tube for an infant?

A

two inches or five cm

186
Q

How far should you insert an enema tube for an adult?

A

3-4 in or 7.6 to 10.2 cm

187
Q

Urinary incontinence increases the risk for what?

A

falls, fractures, pressure injuries, and depression

188
Q

How does pregnancy increase bowel elimination complications?

A

growing fetus compromising intestinal space
slower peristalsis
straining increasing risk of hemorrhoids

189
Q

How much fiber should people eat a day?

A

25 to 30 grams/day

190
Q

what does pregnancy do to urinary elimination patterns?

A

compromises bladder space and compresses the bladder
there is a 30 to 50% increase in circulatory volume
hormone relaxin causes relaxation of the sphincter

191
Q

How often should you reposition a patient?

A

every two hours.

192
Q

What kind of incontinence is due to an overactive bowel?

A

urge incontinence

193
Q

Noctural enuresis can usually happen to what people?

A

those who drink alcohol
children.

194
Q

How does BPH cause UTI?

A

they are not ale to urinate, so the urine remains in the bladder

195
Q

What are some symptoms of urinary retention

A

inability to urinate
pain abdominal distention urinary frequency
urinary hesitancy
weak or slow urine stream
urinary leakage.

196
Q

What is dysuria

A

Discomfort and painful urination

197
Q

What is oliguria?

A

a little amount of pee

198
Q

what helps with constipation?

A

yogurt
fiber
walking
go regularly

199
Q

What kind of technique should be used for catheter insertion?

A

sterile technique

Fundamentals (15 decks)

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