Nutrition Flashcards
1
Q
How long does food remain in the stomach?
A
Two hours 
2
Q
What organ is responsible for producing bile?
A
The liver
3
Q
What organ is responsible for filtering toxins from the blood
A
The liver
4
Q
What does the pancreas do?
A
Produces insulin to regulate sugar metabolism
5
Q
According to the USDA, how much fruit and vegetables should adults consume
A
2 cups of fruit and 2 1/2 cups of vegetables
6
Q
According to the USDA, how much grains proteins and dairy products should an adult consume a day
A
6 ounces of grain
5 1/2 ounces of protein
3 cups of dairy products
7
Q
How many calories should be in 2 to 8 year old be consuming
A
1000 2000 depending on gender and activity level
8
Q
How many calories should an adolescent from 9 to 14 years of age be eating a day?
A
16 to 2804 males depending on their activity level
1800 to 2400 for females, depending on their activity level as well
9
Q
How many calories should a 15 230 year old be eating a day
A
2200 to 2400 for males
1800 to 2400 for females
10
Q
How many calories should people 31 years and older be eating?
A
2000 to 3000 for males
1600 to 2200 for females
11
Q
Where are saturated fats found?
A
Milk, cheese, butter, and other full fat dairy products
12
Q
What is another name for vitamin B one
A
Thiamine
13
Q
What vitamin converts nutrients to energy
A
Vitamin B1
14
Q
What kind of vitamin can be found in whole grains, pork seed, and trout?
A
Vitamin B-1
15
Q
What is another name for a vitamin D2?
A
Riboflavin
16
Q
What is another name for vitamin B five?
A
Pantothenic
17
Q
What is another name for vitamin B3?
A
Niacin
18
Q
What vitamin can be found in yogurt, milk, Organ meats, and almonds
A
Vitamin B two
19
Q
What is a vitamin that can help with energy production and fat metabolism
A
Vitamin B2
20
Q
What foods can vitamin B three be found in
A
Meat, fish, nuts, green, and legumes
21
Q
What is the role of vitamin B5?
A
Help produce energy from food
22
Q
 What vitamins can be found in mushroom tuna, avocado, and chicken?
A
Vitamin B five
23
Q
What is the name for vitamin B six?
A
Pyridoxine
24
Q
What is another name for vitamin B seven?
A
Bio tin
25
what vitamin helps fatty acids synthesis?
Vitamin B five
26
What vitamin helps the body release sugar for energy and immune function?
Vitamin B6
27
What foods can you find vitamin B6?
Organ meats, salmon, tuna, and potatoes
28
What is another name for vitamin B9?
Folate
29
In which vitamin can you find in organ, meats, egg, salmon, and sunflower seeds
Vitamin B seven or biotin
30
What function do you need vitamin B 9
FOr necessary, proper cell division
31
Where would you find bnine vitamins?
Leafy, green vegetables, orange juice, eggs, beans, and avocados
32
What is another name for vitamin B 12?
Cobalamin
33
What is the function of vitamin B 12?
 To aid in red blood cell formation, and nervous system and brain function
34
Where would you find vitamin C
Brussels sprouts, citrus, fruit, spinach, berries, tomatoes, potatoes
35
What is the purpose of vitamin C?
To promote iron absorption, wound healing, bone formation, and immune function
36
Where would you find vitamin?
Fish, liver oil, beef, liver dairy products, leafy greens, and sweet potatoes
37
What is the function of vitamin a
Bone formation, vision tooth, formation, immune function, and cellular function
38
What is the purpose of vitamin D?
Bones and teeth, development, absorption, and metabolism of calcium and phosphorus
39
What type of vitamin is included in fish oil milk eggs dairy products?
Fish liver oil
Beef liver
Dairy products
Green, leafy vegetables
Sunlight
40
What vitamin works with calcium and phosphorus to build bones and teeth?
Vitamin D
41
What is the function of Vitamin E
To fight infection and have healthy red blood cells
42
Where would you find vitamin e?
Almonds, wheat germ, sunflower, seeds, and spinach
43
What vitamin is prevalent in vitamin E k butter, kale, and parsley?
Vitamin K 
44
Important functions of Vitamin K
Blood clotting and bone health
45
Function of Calcium
Proper function and structure of teeth and bones, muscle function, blood pressure regulation
46
Function of Phosphorus
Healthy bones and teeth, assists with acid–base balance
47
Phosphorus source
Eggs, fish, poultry, milk
48
Magnesium function
Muscle contraction, immune system health, nerve transmission
49
Magnesium sources
Legumes, green vegetables, seafood
50
vitamin responsible for fluid balance, nerve transmission, muscle contraction
Sodium
51
Sources of Sodium
Salt, soy sauce, processed foods, meats
52
funciton of Chloride
Salt, meats, soy sauce, processed foods
53
Chloride sources
Bananas, fruit, legumes, whole grains
54
Sulfur location
Located in protein molecules
55
Sulfur source
Eggs, meat, fish, legumes
56
Iron Function
Vital to the transport of oxygen throughout the body
57
Iron sources
Organ meats, red meats, leafy green vegetables, iron-fortified foods
58
Magnesium importance
Part of several enzymes
59
Magnesium sources
Nuts, some fish, brown rice, avocado, spinach, and bananas
60
Copper function
Iron metabolism
61
Copper sources
Legumes, whole grains, organ meats, water
62
zinc function
Normal growth, wound healing, and immune function
63
Zinc sources
Meats, fish, whole grains, vegetables
64
iodine function
Thyroid regulation
65
iodine source
Seafood, iodized salt, dairy products
66
fluoride source
Fluorinated water, foods and beverages prepared with fluorinated water
67
fluoride function
Bone and teeth development
68
vitamin that Defends against oxidative damage
Selenium
69
Selenium source
Grains, meats, seafood
70
how are net carbs calculated?
the amount of carbohydrates in a product minus either the fiber or the sugar alcohols and fiber. Fiber and sugar alcohols essentially cancel out carbohydrates
71
What is the information that must be listed ion a food label?
calories, fats, cholesterol, sodium, carbohydrates, fiber, sugar, protein, and some vitamins and minerals in each serving size
72
how is BMI calculated?
1. client’s weight (lbs) divided by their height (in)
2. that answer divided by height (in)
3. that answer times 703
73
BMI of 18.5 is considered what?
underweight
74
What is a healthy BMI?
18.5 to 24.9
75
What is an obese BMI?
25 to 29.9
76
What is it called when there is a BMI of 30 or greater?
obese
77
What vitamins can help with skin health?
Consuming a diet rich in vitamins A, C, D, and E
78
What vitamins and minerals help prevent hair loss?
C, zinc, iron, and essential fatty acids
79
To support brain health, clients should consume a diet with adequate what?
omega-3 fatty acids. Eating flax seed, walnuts, fish oil, and wild salmon
80
how much fiber should people be getting daily?
Females should eat 25 g of fiber per day, while men should get 38 g of fiber daily.
81
What minerals and vitamins help the body heal faster and prevent infection?
A, C, and E, iron, zinc, and folic acid
82
What is 24-hour recall?
Assessment tool used to help a client recall what they have eaten over the last 24 hours.
83
what is a food frequency questionnaire
aims to determine the client’s typical food consumption based on a list of foods
84
what can PNs do when documenting nutrition?
Gather data for the client to note findings of adequate or inadequate nutrition. Also note new, worsening, or improving findings. Notify the RN or provider of these changes.
85
When might people be under an NPO diet?
dysphagia,
pre-op
86
Why might be people be placed on a soft diet?
recovering from surgeries on particular areas of the body, such as the jaw, mouth, or abdomen
87
Examples of soft diet food?
bland
well-cooked vegetables
low-fiber cereals
and easy-to-chew proteins
plain cake
fruit juices without pulp
tender cuts of beef, creamy nut butters
cooked fruit without the skin or seeds
88
What kind of people might be placed on a pureed diet?
difficulty chewing or swallowing/dsyphasgia
has had recent oral surgery
experiencing numbness in the mouth
89
What is a pureed diet?
consists of foods that are soft and smooth and do not need to be chewed
90
examples of pureed diet food
pudding
mashed potatoes
yogurt
juices without pulp
baby food
pureed meats
broths
ice cream
91
What is full liquid diet?
a diet that contains only fluids, foods that are liquids, and foods that are liquids at room temperature,
92
examples of full liquid diet foods?
ice cream
juices
pudding
milkshakes
tea
strained soups
protein shakes
gelatin
yogurt
93
who might be on a full liquid diet?
postoperative from abdominal surgery
experiencing dysphagia
prior to undergoing certain procedures.
94
What is a clear liquid diet?
Diet consisting of only liquids that are clear and offers little daily calories and nutrients.
95
What is in a clear liquid diet?
broth
gelatin/clear jello
water
tea
fruit juices without pulp
sports drinks
clear soda
96
What is the purpose of a clear liquid diet?
don't leave undigested residue in the intestinal tract
decrease strain on digestive system
keep the body adequately hydrated
97
Why do foods on a clear liquid diet need to be clear?
colon precedures and tonsillectomies to avoid any confusion with possible bleeding
98
When might people be placed on a full liquid diet?
clients who are experiencing nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
undergoing certain procedures
99
What are diets that are designed to improve or maintain the cardiovascular health
heart-healthy diet
100
What are components of a heart- healthy diet
Consuming more fruits and vegetables
increasing whole grains
limiting unhealthy fats like trans ats
eating low-fat protein sources
decreasing sodium intake
portion control
101
how much sodium should a healthy adult consume a day?
2,300 mg
102
What is the renal diet method?
Avoiding table salt
Not adding salt to foods while cooking them
Avoiding processed meats such as lunch meats, hot dogs, bacon, and sausage
Consuming “no salt added” foods
Avoiding soups unless they are low sodium and eating only one serving
Reading food labels to determine the amount of sodium per serving
103
What are goals of the renal diet?
monitor and limit intake of minerals such as potassium, phosphorus, and sodium
104
What happens to people with kidney disease who consume too much potassium?
can lead to heart dysrhythmias and increase the risk of myocardial infarction
105
What are foods with too much potassium?
Bananas
Grapefruit juice
Honeydew/Cantaloupe
Dried beans
Prune juice
Tomatoes/ sauce/ juice
Oranges/juice
Greens such as spinach, collards, kale, and Swiss chard
potatoes/sweet potatoes
cereal brain, molasses
106
What role does phosphorus play in kidney disease?
excess P can accumulate in the blood without proper kidney function. too much P can increase the risk for bone disease and fractures
107
What are things to limit to control phosphorus
Dairy
beans
mushrooms
broccoli/brussels sprouts
whole grain bread
bran, granola, oatmeal
bear
soft drinks
108
St. John’s wort can decrease the effectiveness of what medications
birth control, cardiac medications, and antidepressants.
109
Vitamin K reduces the effectiveness of what type of medication?
warfarin and some other anticoagulants
110
What supplements can reduce the effectiveness of chemotherapy?
Antioxidant supplements, including vitamin C and E
111
Excess vitamin A can cause what?
headaches, lead to birth defects, and decrease bone strength
112
too much iron can lead to what?
nausea and vomiting while risking damage to the liver
113
How much should you flush an NG tube with before removing? Why?
to clear the tube of any gastric contents, and reduce the risk of aspiration
flush the tube with 10 mL of water or 0.9% sodium chloride to 30-50mL of air through tube.
114
How warm should a PN bag be? why?
room temp, so leave out for 30 to60 minutes
decreases incidence of hypothermia, vasospasm, venous constriction, and pain at the intravenous site.
115
What position and for how long should a patient be after eneral feeding?
right side, slightly upright, or in Fowler’s position for 30 minutes after the feeding.
116
Nausea, vomiting, and/or abdominal cramping could indicate what in an NG tube?
an alteration in gastrointestinal function or that the tube has become displaced.
117
What is the difference between ovet aspiration and silent aspiration?
over has symptoms such as sudden cough, wheezing, trouble breathing, congestion, heartburn, throat clearing or chest discomfort
118
What are some kinds of thickened liquids ?
mildly thick, like nectar; moderately thick, like honey; or extremely thick, with a pudding consistency
119
What should the nurse do if a patient aspirated during meal or shows signs?
stop,
NPO status
notify the provider
120
What are vital signs that could indicate aspiration from enteral feeding?
decreased oxygen saturation
increased heart rate
blood pressure
respiratory rate
audible wheezing
121
Steps to prevent aspiration from tube feeding
Verify the initial tube placement with an x-ray before initial use.
Check the tube placement every 4 hours by checking the pH of the gastric contents.
Check tube feeding tolerance every 4 hours by measuring the residual.
Maintain head of bed at 30° to 45° during feeding.
Maintain position at 30° to 45° for at least 1 hour following bolus feedings.
122
What are questions to ask to address issues
Do they need to use the restroom?
Have they washed their hands?
Are their dentures in place?
Are their hearing aids in place and turned on?
Are the surroundings free of clutter?
123
Chin-tuck position
(2)
Client holds the chin down to the chest while swallowing
Narrows the airway’s entrance to decrease aspiration risk
124
Rotation of the head to the affected side
Client turns the head to the affected side, which directs the food to the strong side
125
name of method to Tilting of the head to the strong side
Client tilts the head to the strong side to push food down that side
126
Supraglottic swallow (2)
Client swallows food/liquid while holding the breath, which protects the airway, and then coughs immediately after to remove any residual food
Steps include holding the breath, putting food/liquid in the mouth, swallowing up to three times while holding the breath until the food/liquid is mostly cleared, then coughing any residual out
127
Mendelsohn maneuver
A form of the supraglottic swallow
Client swallows, holds the swallow for 2–3 seconds, completes the swallow, and then relaxes
128
How long after eating should a patient get their fasting blood glucose test?
NPO after eight hours
129
What should a normal fasting blood glucose level be for someone without diabetes?
less than 100 mg/dL
130
What is the blood glucose level of hypoglycemia?
level is less than 70 mg/dL
131
Where is insulin created in the pancreas?
made in beta cells in the islets of Langerhans, which are located in the pancreas.
132
What do alpha cells do?
located in the islets of Langerhans are responsible for making glucagon, an antagonist to insulin that raises the blood glucose.
133
What is the most common strength of insulin?
U-100 or 100 units of insulin per milliliter of fluid
134
Rapid-acting insulin starts to work in how much time?
15 to 30 minutes, peaks in 30 minutes to 3 hours, and has effects that last 3 to 5 hours.
135
Regular or short-acting insulin starts to work in in how long?
30 minutes to 1 hour, peaks in 1 to 5 hours, and has effects that last 6 to 10 hours.
136
Intermediate-acting insulin starts to work in how long?
1 to 2 hours, peaks in 4 to 14 hours, and has effects that last 14 to 24 hours.
137
Long-acting insulin reaches the bloodstream several hours after injection and has effects that last up to how long?
24 hours without a peak.
138
how often should a nurse check the glucose level I abnormal lab results for diabetes?
every 15 minutes uuntil normal
139
Enteral nutrition has been associated with what outcomes?
improved nutrition
lower incidence of infection,
decreased days in the hospital.
140
contraindications for enteral feeding
gastrointestinal bleeding
small or large bowel obstruction
bowel ischemia
141
What is the difference between partial parenteral nutrition and total parenteral nutrition?
total has all the nutritional supplement and usually given to people without a functioning GI tract
142
abnormalities in glucose, including high blood glucose can occur in what type of feeding?
total parenteral nutrition
143
why should the glucose level be monitored when giving regular total parenteral nutrition?
There could be total parenteral nutrition
144
What is protein important for?
growth
healing
overall body maintenance
145
What is mechanical soft diets?
clear and full liquid plus diced or ground foods
146
What are some signs of aspiration of an NG tube?
cyanosis
coughing
hoarse voice
147
people at risk for aspiration?
CVA
dementia
tube feeding
148
What is an indication of whole blood
low platelet count
149
What is an indication of frozen plasma?
anemia
