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Electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

What do electrolytes do to the body in general?

A

moves nutrients waste in and out of cells
maintain homeostasis

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2
Q

What is another word for dehyration?

A

hypovolemia

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3
Q

Why are older adults at increased risk of dehydration?

A

decreased ability to detect thrist and decreased body mass which includes water

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4
Q

What are some ways that your body gets hypovolemic?

A

dehydration
imbalance of electrolytes
burns
trauma
blood loss
GI losses
shock
third spacing
fever
prolonged vomiting
severe diarrhea
profuse sweating

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5
Q

What are clinical manifestations of fluid volume deficit?

A

Tachycardia
Low B/P
Orthostatic Blood Pressure
Low Central Venous Pressure (CVP)
Thready pulse
Dry mucus membranes
Dry furrowed tongue
Decreased skin turgor
Flat neck veins
sunken in eyeballs

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6
Q

How does the body compensate for hypovolemia?

A

it needs to pump more blood to keep up cardiac output so the heart pumps faster as the the BP drops

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7
Q

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) 

A

Kidney function 

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8
Q

What does ta complete metabolic panel have that a basic panel doesn’t?

A

In addition to those findings included in the BMP, the CMP also includes information regarding the body’s metabolism, including protein and liver function.

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9
Q

Carbon dioxide (CO2) 

A

Blood bicarbonate level 

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10
Q

Creatinine (CR) 

A

Kidney function 

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11
Q

Glucose 

A

Blood sugar level 

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12
Q

Chloride (Cl-–) 

A

Blood chloride level 

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13
Q

Potassium (K+) 

A

Blood potassium level 

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14
Q

Sodium (Na+) 

A

Blood sodium level 

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15
Q

Calcium (Ca+) 

A

Liver function 

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16
Q

Liver enzymes 

Alkaline phosphate (ALP) 

Alanine transaminase (ALT) 

Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) 

A

Liver function 

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17
Q

Bilirubin (total) 

A

Liver function 

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18
Q

Protein (total)

A

Total blood protein 

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19
Q

Albumin 

A

Liver function 

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20
Q

Electrolytes are responsible for the following functions within the body (5)

A

Maintaining the balance of water in the body
Balancing the blood pH (acid–base) level
Moving nutrients into the cells
Moving wastes out of the cells
Maintaining proper function of the body’s muscles, heart, nerves, and brain)

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21
Q

What percentage of our body is what?

A

males: 60%
females: 54%
babies and young children: 70%

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22
Q

What is the most frequently used laboratory indicator of the body’s fluid status

A

Serum osmolality

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23
Q

expected reference range of serum osmolality

A

285 to 295 mOsm/kg

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24
Q

Secondary way to measure osmolality, renal functtion, and hydration status

A

urine

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25
Q

expected reference range for urine osmolality

A

50 to 1,200 mOsm/kg

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26
Q

what holds 67% of the body’s water

A

intracellular space

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27
Q

As body water blank , the concentration of solutes blank. This, in turn, leads to blank in serum osmolality and indicates blank in hydration.

A

decreases
increases
increase
decrease

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28
Q

What receptors detect increased omotic pressure?

A

osmoreceptors

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29
Q

what detects decreased blood pressure? where are they?

A

baroreceptors in the aortic arch and carotid sinus

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30
Q

What does the amina terminalis detect?

A

decrease in body fluid volume

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31
Q

What doe ADH and vasopressin do?

A

A hormone excreted by the hypothalamus in the brain that maintains blood pressure and fluid volume

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32
Q

expected range of Potassium (K+)

A

3.5 to 5 mEq/L

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33
Q

expected range of Sodium (Na+)

A

136 to 145 mEq/L

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34
Q

expected range of Calcium (Ca2+)

A

9 to 10.5 mg/dL

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35
Q

expected range of Magnesium (Mg2+)

A

1.3 to 2.1 mEq/L

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36
Q

what is the movement of solutes, such as electrolytes, from an area of high concentration (such as within a cell) to an area of low concentration (such as the intravascular area)

A

diffusion

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37
Q

is diffusion passive or active?

A

passive

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38
Q

sodium–potassium pump is a type of what movement?

A

active transport

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39
Q

What is the body’s largest intracellular electrolyte?

A

potassium

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40
Q

potassium is used to:

A

support the transmission of electrical impulses of the body’s nerves and muscles
conduction of nerve cells within the heart

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41
Q

daily intake of potassium

A

3,400 mg for adult males and 2,600 mg for adult females

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42
Q

What organ is responsible for the primary excretion of potassium (90%)?

A

kidney

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43
Q

What are critical values for potassium?

A

less than 3 mEq/L for adults
less than 2.5 mEq/L for newborns.

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44
Q

What role do PN’s have in determining lab values?

A

review, and if out of range, report the results to RN or provider

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45
Q

What are causes of hypokalemia? (10)

A

Medications
Certain cardiac conditions
Gastrointestinal losses
Metabolic alkalosis
Decreased oral intake of potassium
Excessive alcohol use
Chronic kidney disease
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Excessive sweating
Folic acid deficiency

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46
Q

The most common cause of hypokalemia is loss of potassium from what ?

A

kidneys or gastrointestinal tract

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47
Q

What medication type most commonly result in hypokalemia?

A

Potassium-wasting diuretics (loop, thiazide, and osmotic) because they get peed out

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48
Q

What are some medications can cause hypokalemia?

A

amphotericin B,
high doses of penicillin
theophylline
Potassium-wasting diuretics

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49
Q

What happens with hypokalemia less than 3 mEq/L ?

A

muscle weakness
cardiac arrhythmias
constipation
fatigue

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50
Q

What level is severe life-threatening hypokalemia?

A

potassium level less than 2.5 mEq/L,

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51
Q

What are s/s of hypokalemia? (6)

A

respiratory paralysis and failure
paralytic ileus
hypotension
tetany
rhabdomyolysis (muscle tissue breakdown)
life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias

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52
Q

Repeated episodes of hypokalemia can affect what?

A

renal function

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53
Q

What is a test to determine if the level of potassium? is affecting heart rhythm

A

ECG

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54
Q

Oral Potassium supplements can cause gastrointestinal distress, so what should they do?

A

they should be administered with or following a meal.

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55
Q

rhabdomyolysis

A

characterized by red-colored urine, low urine output, weakness, and muscle pain.

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56
Q

How should EV potassium be diluted?

A

100 to 1,000 mL of a compatible solution and never administered directly from the vial.

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57
Q

The dose of potassium should not exceed what unless what a is being treated

A

40 mEq/L
severe hypokalemia

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58
Q

What are some interventions if hypokalemia is the result of diuretic use,?

A

switch to potassium-sparing diuretic
routine oral potassium supplements
dietary consumption

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59
Q

What are some vegan options for raising potassium?

A

baked potato
prune juice
carot juice
white beans
sweet potato
banana
spinach
avocado

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60
Q

What foods in each food group have the highest concentration of potassium?

A

Baked potato—highest vegetable
Prune juice—highest fruit juice
Plain, nonfat yogurt—highest dairy product
Salmon—highest fish
Banana—highest fruit

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61
Q

What is the critical leel of hyperkalemia?

A

potassium value greater than 5 mEq/L.

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62
Q

Hyperkalemia can occur from several causes (10)

A

Renal failure
Dehydration
Diabetes mellitus
Medications
Trauma/burns
Excess intake of potassium
Transfusions of packed red blood cells
Acidosis
Sepsis

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63
Q

The most common cause of hyperkalemia is what?

A

renal failure

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64
Q

medications that most commonly result in hyperkalemia

A

Potassium-sparing diuretics
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs)
angiotnausea, vomiting, muscle aches and weakness, decreased deep tendon reflexes, paralysis, dysrhythmias or palpitationsensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors

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65
Q

hyperkalemia greater than 5 mEq/L can lead to

A

nausea, vomiting, muscle aches and weakness, decreased deep tendon reflexes, paralysis, dysrhythmias or palpitations

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66
Q

hyperkalemia level critical

A

potassium level greater than 5 mEq/L

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67
Q

severe life-threatening hyperkalemia, defined as:

A

potassium level greater than 7 mEq/L

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68
Q

hyperkalemia can lead to what s/s

A

paralysis
heart failure
death

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69
Q

what is a possible treatment option for someone with renal failure hyperkalemia?

A

hemodialysis

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70
Q

What are medications to treat hyperkalemia?

A

Calcium gluconate
calcium chloride
loop diuretics
thiazide diuretics
resin (sodium polystyrene sulfonate)
insulin

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71
Q

How do resins help hyperkalemia?

A

bind to the potassium in the body and are then excreted through the stool.

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72
Q

What do Calcium gluconate or calcium chloride do to the body?

A

utilized to decrease the effect of excess potassium levels on the heart

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73
Q

What do Loop and thiazide diuretics cause the body to do?

A

excrete excess potassium through urination

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74
Q

People with hyperkalemia should have what kind of monitoring?

A

heart monitoring
blood glucose because they have increased risk of hypoglycemia

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75
Q

What does insulin do to potassium?

A

causes potassium to enter the cells

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76
Q

Why should people with hyperkalemia decrease use of salt substitutes?

A

they have potassium chloride that can increase the K+ levels

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77
Q

sodium is the most common electrolyte in what type of body fluid

A

body’s most common extracellular electrolyte

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78
Q

function of sodium

A

supports proper neurologic and neuromuscular function
regulates the body’s fluid balance
helps maintain blood pressure

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79
Q

RDA for sodium is less than what?

A

2,300 mg per day, or approximately 1 teaspoon

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80
Q

expected reference range of sodium

A

136 to145 mEq/L

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81
Q

Critical value of hyponatremia

A

at less than 120 mEq/L.

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82
Q

factors that can place a client at risk for developing hyponatremia

A

Medications
Chronic or severe vomiting or diarrhea
Drinking excess amounts of water
Excess alcohol intake
Heart, kidney, and liver problems
Severe burns

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83
Q

What are the medications that most commonly result in hyponatremia, and how?

A

Thiazide diuretics through urinary loss

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84
Q

prolonged diarrhea or vomiting from hyponatremia can lead to what?

A

prolonged diarrhea or vomiting

85
Q

How does heart failure and cirrhosis lead to hyponatremia?

A

lead to increased retention of fluid in the body, which dilutes sodium,

86
Q

Moderate hyponatremia often manifests first with what?

A

lethargy and confusion. neurologic changes
headache, restlessness, and irritability

87
Q

s/s of severe hyponetremia

A

muscle twitching
further decreases in level of consciousness
seizures

88
Q

What are some education for hyponatremia? (4)

A

Drink water in moderation.
Check urine for a pale, yellow color to indicate adequate hydration.
Discuss with the provider the need to consume sports drinks with electrolytes when participating in demanding physical activities.
Use thirst as an indicator as to whether or not drinking water is necessary.

89
Q

hy[pernatremia critical values occur at

A

levels greater than 160 mEq/L

90
Q

Hypernatremia can occur from the following causes: (10)

A

Loss of body water
Medications
Gastroenteritis
Vomiting
Prolonged suction
Burns
Excessive sweating
Chronic kidney disease
Diabetes
Impaired thirst response

91
Q

most common cause of hypernatremia

A

Loss of body water

92
Q

High sodium levels result in manifestations like those seen in what?

A

hyponatremia

93
Q

hypernatremia s/s

A

confusion,
lethargy
irritability

94
Q

severe hypernatremia s/s

A

muscle twitching
ALOC with seizures
coma

95
Q

plasma osmolality test for hypernatremia

A

above the expected reference level of 295 mOsm/kg.

96
Q

Why is it important to decrease sodium level in hypernatremia slowly?

A

prevent cerebral edema

97
Q

foods high in sodium

A

Roasted ham
shrimp
frozen pizza
canned soup
veggie juice
cottage cheese
instant/regular vanilla pudding

98
Q

Calcium plays a role in what functions?

A

mineralization of bone
muscle contraction
nerve transmission
clotting of blood
hormone secretion
normal functioning of the hear

99
Q

What is the most abundant mineral in the body?

A

Calcium

100
Q

Where is most of Ca+ stored?

A

bones and teeth

101
Q

Absorption of calcium by the intestines depends on an adequate supply of what vitamin?

A

vitamin D

102
Q

RDA for vitamin D ?

A

600 international units (IU) for adults and 800 IU for older adults
around 1,300 mg for adolescents and 1,000 for adults. 1,200 mg for women over 50

103
Q

What controls excretions of calcium?

A

action of parathyroid hormone

104
Q

Why does an ionized CA+ level need to be analyzed?

A

CA+ is bound to protein so, the amount that is active or unbound needs to be identified

105
Q

expected reference range for ionized calcium

A

for an adult is 4.5 to 5.6 mg/dL

106
Q

Hypocalcemia critical values for serum and ionized

A

less than 6 mg/dL and less than 2.2 mg/dL, respectively.

107
Q

A client’s ionized calcium level is generally estimated to be about what percent of their total calcium

A

50%

108
Q

Hypocalcemia can occur from several causes (9)

A

Medications that decrease body’s absorption of calcium
Inadequate amount of vitamin D
Hormonal changes (menopause)
Hypoparathyroidism
Renal disease
Multiple blood transfusions
Electrolyte imbalances of magnesium or phosphate
Sepsis
Low albumin levels

109
Q

Medications that can lead to hypocalcemia include stimulant laxatives

A

stimulant laxatives
long-term use of glucocorticoids
loop diuretics
Medications used to decrease the body’s gastric acid

110
Q

stimulant laxatives do

A

decrease the absorption of calcium

111
Q

hypocalcemia in long-term use of glucocorticoids can lead to

A

hich can deplete calcium stores by increasing a client’s risk of developing osteoporosis

112
Q

loop diuretics in hypocalcemia

A

can lead to excess calcium excretion by the kidneys

113
Q

Medications used to decrease the body’s gastric acid can affect hypocalcemia

A

by decreasing the breakdown of fat, a factor that is important for calcium absorption

114
Q

How does PTH affect calcium levels?

A

they maintain the proper amount of calcium in the body

115
Q

osteopenia, also known as low bone mass, and increase the risk what?

A

of bone fractures and osteoporosis.

116
Q

Hypocalcemia can affect what body systems?

A

respiratory, cardiac, neurologic, sensory, neuromuscular, and integumentary system

117
Q

Acute hypocalcemia can lead to what cardio problems? (4)

A

chest pain
dysrhythmias
heart failure
syncope

118
Q

Acute hypocalcemia can lead to what neuromuscular problems? (3)

A

numbness and tingling of the fingers, toes, and the mouth
muscle cramping
spasms, particularly in the back and lower extremities

119
Q

Acute hypocalcemia can lead to what neuro problems? (6)

A

confusion
depression
psychosis dementia
lethargy
seizures
personality changes

120
Q

Acute hypocalcemia can lead to what respiratory problems? (5)

A

wheezing
spasms of the larynx and airway
dysphagia
changes to the voice

121
Q

Acute hypocalcemia can lead to what integumentary problems? (5)

A

coarseness of the hair
hair loss (alopecia)
brittle nails
dry skin
itching

122
Q

What happens to neonates and infants who ar born to mothers with diabetes, preeclampsia or hyperparathyroidism?

A

Neonates and infants are at greater risk for hypocalcemia

123
Q

Two distinct findings can be elicited if hypocalcemia is suspected

A

Chvostek sign and the Trousseau sign

124
Q

how to elicit a positive trousseau sign

A

place a blood pressure cuff on the client’s arm and inflate it 20 mm Hg above the client’s systolic blood pressure for 3 to 5 minutes

125
Q

What sign is considered a more specific indicator of hypocalcemia than the what sign?

A

Trousseau
Chvostek

126
Q

Limit calcium supplement intake to less than what mg per dose to promote absorption.

A

600

127
Q

foods high in Calcium

A

american cheese
parmesan cheese
plain nonfat yogurt
almond milk
orange juice with ca fortified
soymilk
low-fat milk
cheddar

128
Q

What level indicates hypercalcemia?

A

10.5 mg/dL and an ionized calcium level greater than 5.6 mg/dL.

129
Q

hypercalcemia critical values occur at what level?

A

greater than 13 mg/dL and 7 mg/dL

130
Q

Elevated serum calcium levels can lead to (5)

A

development of kidney stones
weakened bones
affect the function of the heart and brain.

131
Q

Hypercalcemia is most commonly caused by (5)

A

Cancer
Hyperparathyroidism
Vitamin D toxicity
Medications
Renal failure

132
Q

most common cause of hypercalcemia?

A

hyperparathyroidism
cancer

133
Q

How does hyperparathyroidism lead to hypercalcemia?

A

it can secrete excessive amount of hormone PTH and then increased absorption of Ca+ by intestines and then increased reabsorption into kidneys.
excess levels of Ca+ in the blood

134
Q

How does cancer lead to hypercalcemia?

A

bones are invaded, bone resorption occurs. As a result of this process, the cancer tumors release a hormone similar to PTH, which leads to increasing levels of calcium in the blood.

135
Q

Hypercalcemia can be caused by toxicities of what medications

A

vitamin A and D
thiazide diuretics
prolonged bed rest

136
Q

What are the first signs of mild hypercalcemia?

A

Gastrointestinal manifestations such as constipation and abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, and anorexia

137
Q

progressive levels of hypercalcemia s/s

A

GI manifestations
confusion and beharvioral changes
thirst, polyuria, bone pain, weakness
arrhythmias, delirium, coma
renal failure.

138
Q

signs of severe hypercalcemia (4)

A

coma
arrhythmias
renal failure
delirium

139
Q

Hypercalcemia Manifestations Mnemonic

A

Abdominal Moans
painful Bones
kidney Stones
Groans
neurologic overtones

140
Q

what imaging tests, may also be prescribed to examine a client’s bones or lungs to diagnose hypercalcemia?

A

computed tomography (CT) scan or chest x-ray,

141
Q

What is the body’s second most common intracellular electrolyte

A

magnesium

142
Q

how much so magnesium is located in the bones

A

50-60%

143
Q

Magnesium’s role in the body (5)

A

assist in the regulation of nerve and muscle function
maintain blood pressure
maintain serum glucose levels
support bone and teeth health
synthesize protein, DNA, and RNA.

144
Q

What supplements and medications can magnesium be obtained?

A

multivitamins, supplements, laxatives, and medications for gastrointestinal symptoms such as heartburn and indigestion

145
Q

Where is magnesium excreted?

A

urine and feces

146
Q

Critical values for hypomagnesium

A

Critical values occur at less than 0.5 mEq/L or greater than 3 mEq/L

147
Q

Hypomagnesemia may be caused by

A

Critical values occur at less than 0.5 mEq/L or greater than 3 mEq/L

148
Q

RDA for magnesium for women and men

A

Adult males require 400 to 420 mg/day and adult women need 310 to 320 mg/day

149
Q

Hypomagnesemia Critical values occur at

A

less than 0.5 mEq/L or greater than 3 mEq/L.

150
Q

Medications that can lead to magnesium loss include

A

loop or thiazide diuretics
certain antibiotics
proton-pump inhibitors

151
Q

Why is it important to treat other concurrent electrolyte imbalances in potassium or calcium?

A

if they are present, as the magnesium imbalance is more difficult to correct in the ongoing presence of these imbalances

152
Q

food high in Magnesium

A

Cooked spinach
pumpkin seeds
black beans
cooked soybeans
cashews
dark chocolate
avocados
tofu
salmon
banana

153
Q

Symptoms of moderate hypomagnesemia

A

nausea
vomiting
decreased appetite
fatigue
weakness

154
Q

severe hypomagnesemia s/s

A

neuromuscular changes such as muscle cramps and spasticity
numbness and tingling
seizures
tetany
personality changes

155
Q

Why is IIV Magnesium a high-alert medication?

A

flushing, sweating, and potentially respiratory depression
Decreases in the client’s level of consciousness
CNS depressant medication

156
Q

While hypomagnesemia is relatively common, what in the blood is a rare occurrence

A

excess magnesium

157
Q

Hypermagnesemia can occur from

A

Kidney disease (acute and chronic)
Excessive intake
Medications
Trauma
Acidotic states
Hypothyroidism
Chronic alcohol use disorder

158
Q

The most common cause of hypermagnesemia is

A

acute or chronic kidney disease,

159
Q

How does acute or chronic kidney disease cause hypermag?

A

impaired kidneys fail to excrete enough magnesium through the urine

160
Q

how can underlying bowel conditions cause hypermag?

A

decreased gastrointestinal motility and lead to increased magnesium absorption.

161
Q

how do opioids or anticholinergics cause hypermag?

A

increase the dwell time of food boluses in the intestines, allowing for greater absorption of electrolytes such as magnesium

162
Q

medications causing hypermag?

A

opioids
anticholinergics
laxatives
antacids

163
Q

s/s when magnesium levels exceed 7 mg/dL

A

moderate neurologic manifestations may occur, confusion
sleepiness
blurred vision
headache. Decreasing reflexes, bladder paralysis, flushing, and constipation may also be present

164
Q

Hypermagnesemia levels greater than 12 mg/dL s/s

A

muscle flaccid paralysis
decreased respiratory rate
hypotension
bradycardia
dysrhythmias

165
Q

High magnesium levels (10 mEq/L or greater) cause (2)
so check for what?

A

muscle weakness and the loss of deep tendon reflexes, which together result in an absent patellar reflex

166
Q

High magnesium levels (10 mEq/L or greater) cause (2)

A

muscle weakness and the loss of deep tendon reflexes, which together result in an absent patellar reflex

167
Q

Why will decreasing magnesium serum levels will take more than 24 hour, longer than usual electrolytes?

A

Magnesium has a long half-life

168
Q

What can suppress the manifestations of hypermagnesemia in the body?

A

intravenous calcium gluconate or calcium chloride to

169
Q

Dehydration can occur from the following causes (5)

A

Lack of water intake
Gastrointestinal losses replaced with hypertonic fluids
Fever
Medications
Diabetic ketoacidosis

170
Q

What medications can alter the body’s thirst sensation?

A

benzodiazepines and selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

171
Q

Manifestations of moderate dehydration

A

altered cognitive and neuromuscular function
thirst
lethargy
dry mucosa
oliguria

172
Q

Manifestations of severe dehydration

A

tachycardia
hypotension
lactic acidosis increasing the risk of shock
coma
seizure

173
Q

What is the fluid of choice for treating dehydration, and why?

A

dextrose 5% in water (D5W)

contains no sodium and the glucose in the solution is quickly metabolized by the body
disperses to all fluid spaces

174
Q

What is Third spacing, and what causes it?

A

fluids become sequestered in other body cavities, is an outcome of disorders such as cirrhosis and pancreatitis.

175
Q

Early manifestations of hypovolemia

A

thirst
dryness of mucous membranes
decreased skin turgor
decreased urine output

176
Q

Why does blood tachycardia ocur with hypovolemia?

A

tachycardia
maintain circulating blood volume and perfuse vital organ

177
Q

general signs of hypovolemia

A

confusion
tachypnea
chest pain with palpitations
diuresis
increasing hypotension
dry furrowed tongue
flat neck veins
thread pulse

178
Q

clinical definition of hypovolemic shock

A

circulating volume lost is more than 20% of total volume

179
Q

What tests are used to detect hypovolemia?

A

blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (CR) levels ratio

180
Q

A BUN/CR ratio of greater than 20:1 means what?

A

indicates a lack of blood flow to the kidneys

181
Q

A complete blood count (CBC) may reveal what?

A

an elevated hematocrit level, indicating volume loss

182
Q

if the hypovolemia is due to bleeding, what levels will be decreased.

A

the hematocrit and hemoglobin

183
Q

What happens to urine specific gravity in hypovolemia?

A

urine specific gravity will be elevated, indicating concentrated urine from a lack of hydration.

184
Q

What conditions can cause hypervolemia?

A

Heart failure
Kidney failure
Cirrhosis
Pregnancy
Excess IV fluid

185
Q

How does cirrhosis cause hypervolemia?

A

can cause fluid retention and edema as fluid becomes sequestered in the abdomen

186
Q

What medications can cause hypervolemia?

A

antihypertension medications
vasodilators and calcium channel blockers
glitazones used to treat type 2 diabetes

187
Q

What is some info to obtain client’s diet history to obtain education regarding electrolyte fluid imbalance?

A

diet history
info on prescribed medication
diuretics

188
Q

s/s of hypervolemia

A

jugular vein distention
hypertension
bounding pulse
dyspnea, adventitious lung sounds

189
Q

Age-related changes to the renal system make older clients more prone to what?.

A

hypervolemia

190
Q

What are some age-related considerations

A

changes in the cardiovascular system
decrease in thirst sensation
Decreases in the renin–angiotensin system
frequently prescribed medications

191
Q

Why are infants and young children are also at increased risk for fluid imbalances?

A

they have a higher rate of metabolism, higher body water content
higher ratio of surface area to volume

192
Q

What is a common manifestation of hypervolemia in infants and young children?

A

vomiting and diarrhea

193
Q

What type of solution are Lactated Ringers?

A

isontonic

194
Q

When are Lactated Ringers usually used?

A

primarily used for replacing fluid and electrolytes lost due to burns or trauma

195
Q

For a client receiving total parenteral nutrition, _____ _______ levels would be checked four times a day along with hourly urine output?

A

blood glucose

196
Q

If hypovolemia goes untreated, serious symptoms may develop, including:

A

cyanosis
ALOC
Chest pain, tightness, Palpitations
anuria
Tachycardia & Tachypnea
Decreased blood pressure/ Weak pulse

197
Q

Late signs of hypovolemia

A

blue discoloration of lips and nail beds
ALOC
palpitations
urin production
tachy x2
weak pulse

198
Q

technical definition of hypovolemic shock

A

when the body has lost 20 percent or one-fifth of its blood or fluid supply

199
Q

nursing care for hypovolemia

A

Check VS, labs, weight, and intake and output
Encourage fluid intake
IV administration of fluids or bolus

200
Q

How can you take care of hypervolemic patients?

A

assess vitals
restrict fluids
ascultate for rales or crackles
diuretics
elevate legs to prevent edema

201
Q

What electrolyte imbalance is all hight except for urin output and HR?

A

hyperpotassium

202
Q

What cardiac irregularity is worse hyper or hypokalemia?

A

hypokalemia

203
Q

What are typical signs of hypokalemia?

A

muscle weakness
leg cramps
fatigue
paresthesia
dysrhythmias

204
Q

Functions of sodium are (3)

A

BP
BV
pH

205
Q

Hyponatremia can cause what?

A

neuro-seizures and coma
tachycardia
weak thready pulses
respiratory arrest

206
Q

hypocalcemia s/s

A

trousseaus
chvostek
diarrhea
circumoral tingling
risk for fractures
bleeding
cardiac dysrhthmias

207
Q

hypercalcemia s/s

A

moans- constipation
groans- bone pain
stones- kidney stones
decreased DTR (opp)

208
Q

reactions to blood transfusions

A

circulatory overload
anaphalaxis
tachycardia
fever/chills
back pain

Fundamentals (15 decks)

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