Med Admin Flashcards
1
Q
What are the six rights of medication administration?
A
Right Client
Right medication
right dose
right route of administration
right time of delivery/frequency
right documentation
2
Q
Why is it important to have the right client?
A
you don’t want the wrong patient
3
Q
What are ways to check the dose?
A
make sure you’ve cut the pill if necessary
make sure to have the right mL, grams, mg
4
Q
What are some ways you have the right medication?
A
it should match with the parameters such as the SBP and DBP and blood glucose levels
look to see if the medication is for the correct diagnosis
5
Q
Why is it important to administer medications on time?
A
it maintains a consistent therapeutic blood level.
6
Q
What is the window of time in which you need to administer medications for a time-critical medication?
A
within 30 minutes of prescribed time either before or after
7
Q
What is an example of a time-critical medication?
A
antibiotics
8
Q
What is important about documentation?
A
this is important to see when the last dose was given and if it was given.
9
Q
If a client refuses the medication, what should the nurse do?
A
explain consequences, inform the provider, and document the refusal
10
Q
How would you evaluate the medication’s effectiveness?(2)
A
follow up with therapeutic as well as adverse effects
11
Q
How many times should you check the MAR?
A
three times
When you get the order
at the medication cart
and before giving the medication
12
Q
What is important about medication reconciliation?
A
it ensures quality f care by reviewing the client’s current medications and addressing omissions and duplications
13
Q
What is the peak of a drug’s effectiveness?
A
It’s the highest concentration, not necessarily at it’s most therapeutic level
14
Q
What are trough serum levels?
A
the lowest level of concentration of a medication that correlates to the rate of elimination
15
Q
What are Serious Adverse Drug Events?
A
severe and unexpected effects of the drug such as death, permanent disability or congenital anomaly
16
Q
What should ADE be handled?
A
reported to FDA to imporve safety outomes, revising drug labels and warnings, and when needed, to withdraw drugs
17
Q
What is a BBW?
A
issued on medications that may produce a lethal and iatrogenic drug
18
Q
What are some drug reactions?
A
anaphylaxis
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
19
Q
What are symptoms of anaphylaxis? ( 3)
A
histamine release producing dyspnea, hypotension, and tachycardia
20
Q
What is Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
A
occurs 1-14 days after drug administration and includes distress, fever, chills, a diffuse fine rash, and then blisters
21
Q
what are common medication errors? (8)
A
wrong medication or IV fluid
incorrect dose or IV infusion rate
wrong client, rougt or time
administration of a medication to which the client is allergic
omission or addition of dose
incorrect discontination of med or IVE fluid
inaccurate prescribing.
22
Q
What is the study of the absorption, metabolism, distribution, and excretion of drugs in the human body.
A
pharmacokinetics
23
Q
The dissolution of a medication is dependent on (2)
A
initial state and route of administration.
24
Q
What kind of administration are slowest?
A
oral/enteral
25
What is the process of converting a medication to a form that is easily excreted from the body.
metabolism or biotransformation
26
What organ metabolizes most drugs?
liver
27
what are some secondary organs responsible for drug metabolism?
kidneys and sections of s. intestine
28
prodrugs
Inactive chemicals that are transformed through metabolism to become active before they have a therapeutic effect.
29
How do oral meds pass through the body to get to their location?
from the small intestine to the hepatic circulation via the mesenteric vein and portal vein flowing into the liver
30
What does the first-pass effect do to drugs and why?
they have a lower concentration when they reach systemic circulation because their pass through the liver has made them less potent
31
What is the primary organ responsible for drug excretion?
kidneys
32
What structures exctrete medications to a lesser extent than the kidneys? (4)
skin, lungs, and exocrine glands and intestines
33
what is drug toxicity?
when the body is unable to metabolize and excrete a drug; drug is stuck in circulation
34
What do teratogenic drugs do?
cause fetal defects
35
What are the things that a complete medication order should contain? (8)
Client’s name
Date/time order written
Drug name (generic)
Dosage
Route of administration
Frequency-how often they receive the med
Indication for use
Provider’s signature
36
What should you do if the long chemical name is too long or hard to pronounce?
put the brand name
37
What does TORB stand for?
telephone order (has been) read back
38
What are generally considered high-alert medications?
with an increased risk of causing considerable client harm when they are administered in error.
39
What are examples of high-alert drugs?
Insulin
opiates
narcotics
intravenous heparin
injectable potassium chloride are high-alert medications.
40
What is one way to reduce the risk of harm with a high-alert medication?
manual independent double checks with two nurses verifying identical information before these drugs are administered.
41
What route is administered directly into the gastrointestinal (GI) tract
enteral
42
What route of administration is applied directly to the skin, mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, respiratory tract, vagina, rectum, and urinary tract
topical
43
What medication is administered by injection using a needle and syringe or a catheter-all injections and IV
Parenteral
44
What is it called if medications that can be administered between one and two hours early or late without causing harm or substandard pharmacological effects to the client?
non-time critical
45
What is the angle of a intramuscular injection?
90 degrees
46
What are examples of IM injections?
covid, vaccines, etc
47
What angles should the subcutaneous injections be administered?
90 if you can pinch more than 2 inches
45 if you can only pinch one inch
48
what are examples of intradermal injections?
TB test and allergy tests
49
What angles should an intradermal card be?
5 to 15
50
How thick is an IM injection liquid?
very viscous
51
Where should you place an IM shot?
ventrogluteal, deltoid, vastus lateralis
52
Where should you put a subcutaneous injection?
abdomen, two inches away from the belly button
upper arm
back
outer thigh
53
Where can intradermal injections go?
into the inner forearm back
54
What is ADME?
Absorption
Drug
Metabolism
Excretion
55
What kind of factors affect the rate of absorption? Eight.
Route of administration
Ionization
Disillusion
Blood flow
Lipid solubility
Surface area of absorptive site
Client specific factors
56
What is ionization of medication?
The pH of medication and the site of absorption
57
What are some factors that affect dissolution?
Initial state
Route of administration
58
Fill in the blank medication’s are absorbed more rapidly where blood flow is blank?
Blood flow is high
59
What are some clients specific factors that will affect absorption?
Pathophysiological processes
Diseases or injury
Gender
age
60
What is the rate at which the medication permeates the membranes?
Ionization
61
What would happen if aspirin became ionized in the small intestines alkaline environment?
It would be absorbed faster
62
How does a lipid solubility affect absorption?
Highly lipid-soluble medications are absorbed more rapidly than one that has low lipid solubility.
63
What do lipids due to medication that affect absorption?
They carry medication molecules through the membrane of blood vessels, and into the bloodstream
64
Why are oral medication’s designed to be absorbed in the small intestine?
Because the small intestine has a larger surface area than the stomach does
65
Where are enteral medication’s mostly absorbed
In the small intestine
66
What do mucous membranes of the G.I. tract do to medication Movement?
delay
67
Why do IM injections Have a faster disruption rate than subcutaneous injections?
Muscles have more blood flow than the dermis
68
If someone vomits after a medication is swallowed, what are some factors to consider before administering another oral dose? (3)
Time between a ministration and the vomiting episode
Presence of medication in the vomitus
Type of medication, such as extended release, or short acting
69
What should you do if a patient vomits after swallowing medication?
Inspector vomitus for any presence of the medication
70
What are some factors that affect distribution of medication in the body? (4)
Clients circulatory status
Medication solubility
protein binding ability
Permeability of the cell membrane
71
What are the organs of the body that receive the greatest blood supply, and therefore medication? (4)
Heart, brain, liver, and kidneys
72
What are some farriers in the body that prevent substances from crossing such as medication?
Blood brain barrier
Fetal placental barrier
73
What are some factors that can affect the absorption of oral medication? (4)
Stability and solubility of the medication
GI PH and emptying time
Presence of food in the stomach or intestines
Concurrent medication’s
Forms of medication, such as enteric-coated, pills, and liquids
74
What is the chemical process of converting a medication structure?
Metabolism or biotransformation
75
What are inactive chemicals that are activated through metabolism to exert their therapeutic affects?
Prodrugs
76
Why should infants be monitored when giving medication’s?
They have immature, liver function that reduces the rate of metabolism
77
What are two age populations that may have altered liver function, and cannot metabolize medication’s like other populations?
Infants and geriatrics
78
What are some physiological considerations for geriatric patients when administering medication’s?
Reduces liver function and size
Blood flow and enzyme production are slower
79
What does the CYP enzyme in liver do to medication metabolism
They regulate the rate at which a medication is broken down, and the amount of time the medication stays in the body
80
What is a method to monitor medication? Concentration in a clients blood?
Therapeutic drug monitoring
81
What is it called when a medication is at its highest concentration, but below the toxic level?
Peak blood level
82
What is the lowest level of concentration in a medication that correlates to the rate of illumination?
Trough blood level
83
When is the trough blood level measured?
Before administering the next schedule, dose
84
What is it called when a medication activates receptors to initiate a preferred response?
Agonist
85
What is it called when a medication prevents the activation of a receptor?
Antagonist 
86
What are medication thought have limited affinity to receptor sites
Partial agonist
87
What constitutes a serious adverse drug event?
I left threatening medication reaction that requires medical intervention to prevent death, permanent disability or congenital anomaly or causes hospitalization or belongs in hospitalization
88
Why must adverse drug events been reported to the FDA?
So that the agency can worked to improve safety outcomes, revise medication, labels, and warnings and withdrawal medications, if needed
89
What is a black box warning label
It is a label put on medication’s that may produce lethal and iatrogenic results
90
Iron is poorly absorbed, when taken with what type of food
Dairy or anti-acids contain magnesium
91
How long should medication be taken if the order recommends that to be taken on an empty stomach?
At least one hour before or two hours after a meal
92
What are some individuals characteristics factors that affect medication actions?
Developmental changes
Age
Weight
Gender
Culture and ethnicity
Genetics
Nutritional status
Disease status
93
What are some drugs that are categorized as teratogenic?
Cocaine
Alcohol
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors
Gentamicin
Lithium
Nonsteroidal, anti-inflammatory drugs
Tetracycline
94
What are some drugs that can cross the fetal placental barrier and can be excreted into the breast milk after metabolism 
Codeine
Morphine
Herbal supplements
alcohol
MACH
95
What is the parameter of a medication that has a short half-life?
Medication’s that leave the body quickly within 4 to 8 hours
96
Pediatric patients have a blank rate of metabolism than older patients
Higher rate
97
Why do pediatric patients need a higher dose or frequent administration of medication, then adults to maintain therapeutic effects
An infant has a higher rate of metabolism and full renal function is not achieved until one year of age
98
Most of what kind of medication and in‘ L O L‘
Beta blockers
99
What does PRN mean and what does it stand for?
As needed, or pro re nata
100
What type of medication can be PRN medication’s?
Pain
Nausea
Fever
101
How many times should you give a stat medication?
Just one time immediately within 30 minutes of the order
102
What type of medication’s are urgent, now, or ASAP medication’s
Preoperative medication’s
And other one time dose medication’s
103
What are some types of non-critical medication‘s?
Medication that can be administered one to two hours early or late
104
What are the different types of time critical medication’s
Medication’s scheduled to be administered routinely less than four hours apart
Given separately from other medication’s
Administered around meal times such as antidiabetic medication’s
105
What does the centers for Medicare and Medicaid services require in terms of medication timing
All facilities must have procedures and policies in place to address the timing of all medications
106
What should the nurse do if your client refuses medication?
Investigate the reasons for refusal and dispel any fears or misconceptions
Notify the healthcare provider
Provide appropriate documentation
107
What are some factors contributing to merit medical errors?
Failure to check the accuracy for the medication prescription
Failure to follow the rights of medication administration
Failure to assess the client for any high-risk area. Post related to each disease, dates, lab data, allergies.
Giving medication before they can be verified by the pharmacist
Incomplete or illegible prescriptions with missing components of medication prescription
Working under stressful conditions
108
Where is the right to refuse the medication documented
On the MAR
109
What organization emphasize the importance of medication reconciliation?
The joint commission
110
What is the goal of medication reconciliation?
Develop
Update
Coordinate
Communicate accurate, client medication information during transitions of care
111
What are the steps for medication reconciliation?
Develop a list of current meds and verify the accuracy
Develop medication prescribed in the hospital
Reconcile with in hospital list
Resolve any discrepancies with the provider
Supply in formation to the next provider of care
112
What are strategies to prevent interruption during medication administration?
Prevent people from conversing within the AMDS
Decreasing the use of cell phones
Using standardized speech when interrupted during medication preparation
Wearing vests while med admin
113
What are safeguards for high alert medication’s?
To manual independent checks on the medication order, right dose for clients, age and weight, right time, right does calculation, and write client
114
What are some common high alert medication’s?
Insulin
Opiates
Narcotics
Intravenous heparin
Injection able potassium chloride
115
When does the highest risk of committing a medication error occur?
When the nurse actually gives the medication
116
What steps should be taken if a medication error occurs
After the patient has been monitored and is stable hey incident report should be filed
117
What is included in a medication error incident report
What actions were taken?
Situation around the air, including what happened
Other people involved
Circumstances that may have played a role in the air
State only fax, omitting opinions, more excuses
118
How should you prep medications of differen assessments?
put them in separate cups
119
What should you do thirty minutes after you give medication?
check the client's vitals
120
What are advantages of the oral route?
they are convenient,
costs less
typically safer route
clients can self administer
121
What are some disadvantages of oral medications?
Slow onset of action
Subject to first-pass effect
May have an unpleasant taste
Not appropriate for unconscious clients
Not appropriate for clients with excessive vomiting and/or diarrhea
122
What are advantages of SL meds?
Rapid onset of action
Bypasses first-pass effects
Can be self-administered by the client
123
What are disadvantages of SL meds?
Not appropriate for children
May cause membrane irritation
124
What are advantages of rectal meds?
Can be administered to children, unconscious clients, or clients who are unable to swallow
Increased concentration is achieved quickly
125
What are disadvantages of rectal meds?
Not liked by clients
Absorption varies
Rectal mucosa can become irritated or swollen
126
What are advantages of IV meds?
Rapid onset
Can be used with clients who are unconscious, noncompliant, or unable to tolerate oral medications
127
What are disadvantages of IV meds?
Sterilization and aseptic technique are essential
High cost
Invasive technique is required
Can injure nerves, tissues, or vessels
128
What are advantages of Buccal meds?
Rapid onset of action
Bypasses first-pass effects
Can be self-administered by the client
129
What are disadvantages of Buccal meds?
Can cause irritation to open sores in the mouth
Exact site location can be difficult
Decrease in the effect of the medication if it is swallowed
Client may experience nausea and vomiting if the medication has an undesirable taste
130
What are advantages of inhalation meds?
Rapid action
Smaller dose required
Medication dosage can be regulated
131
What are disadvantages of inhalation meds?
Local irritation can precipitate respiratory secretions or bronchospasms
132
What are advantages of IM meds?
Faster absorption as compared to the oral route
Soluble and suspension substances can be administered
133
What are disadvantages of IM meds?
Must be administered using aseptic technique
Painful
Can cause nerve damage
134
What are advantages of subcutaneous meds?
Can be self-administered by the client
135
What are disadvantages of subcutaneous meds?
Maximum volume delivery is 1.5 mL
Slow absorption
136
What are advantages of transdermal meds?
Effects can last for several days
137
What are disadvantages of transdermal meds?
Medication dosing varies due to client factors
138
What should a nurse do if the pill is not scored, but they need to split a pill?
consult with the pharmacist
139
Why are capsules made of gelatin coating quicker acting?
the medication enters the circulation faster.
140
What are some types of Enteral feeding tubs?
gastrostomy tube ,
jejunostomy tube
NG tube
ND tube (duodenum)
141
What type s of medications should not be crushed?
Enteric-coated, capsules, sustained-release, and immediate-release medications
142
How much water should you flush tubin with when giving EFT meds?
30-60 mL prior and after admin and 15-30 mL in between meds
143
Where are transdermal patches usually placed?
applied to the upper torso, chest, upper arms, or back, or behind the ears
144
What kind of medications are used with transdermal patches?
opioids, antidepressants, contraceptives, nicotine, and antinausea medications.
145
Where should transdermal patches not be placed?
nonintact or irritated skin
146
What type of medications come in eye drop form?
beta-blockers and alpha agonists
147
Where are eye drops placed?
instilled into the lower margin of the eyelid
148
What are Punctal occlusions, also known as nasolacrimal occlusions method used for?
a method used to prevent the medication from entering into the nasolacrimal duct and into the systemic circulation
149
How to do a punctal occlusion
places an index finger at the inner corner of the client’s eye, maintaining gentle pressure there for 30 to 60 seconds
150
What temp should an otic medication be?
room temp
151
What happens if a cold otic solution is placed into the ear?
dizziness and pain
152
What kind of technique should administering ophthalmic medication be used?
aseptic technique
153
How should you position a patient foe ear drops?
side lying recumbent
154
What kind of nasal medications are there?
nicotine (smoking cessation), calcitonin (osteoporosis), sumatriptan (migraines), and corticosteroids (allergies).
155
How should the nose be prepped for nasal meds?
free of mucus
156
What happens if nasal spray is used too frequently?
the blood vessels in the nose narrow, causing the inside of the nose to shrink
Permanent swelling of the tissue can develop with continued use of the nasal spray.
157
What are some medications that can be given vaginally?
infections meds, administer estrogen during menopause, as hormonal support
158
What kind of patiens will need rectal rout meds?
obstructed bowel,
trouble swallowing
decreased movement in intestinal tract, unconscious
159
How should the rectum be prepped before administering meds?
emptied of stool because if not, it can interfere with med's eeffectiveness
160
How long should the patient wait until passing stool?
need to refrain from passing stool for a minimum of 20 minutes once the suppository has been given to provide enough time for the medication to enter the systemic circulation and have an effect
161
What patients should use a space?
clients who are unable to coordinate this activity due to physical, cognitive, or developmental concerns,
162
What are the sizes of insulin syringes?
sizes of insulin syringes range from 0.25 mL to 1.0 mL.
163
What gauge is a TB syringe usually?
26 to 27 gauge
164
What is the volume for a TB syringe?
maximum amount of 1 mL
165
Why is a TB needle shorter than an IM needle?
because it only needs to deposit just under the surface of the skin
166
What is an appropriate needle length for subcutaneous injections?
3/8 to 5/8 inches.
167
What is an appropriate needle length for intramuscular injection?
1-1.5
168
What is an appropriate needle length for intramuscular injection?
0.25-0.75
169
What gauge needle do intradermal and subcutaneous injections need?
27-25
170
What gauge needle for an intramuscular injection?
25-18
171
What are some ways to prevent needle stick injuries?
determine the client’s ability to cooperate
Check for the location of the sharps disposal container.
Maintain visualization of the needle during the procedure.
Engage the safety feature of the needle immediately after procedure.
Immediately place the syringe and needle into sharps disposal container. Never overfill the container
If it is necessary to recap a needle, use a one-handed scoop method
172
What are some things to understand when giving parenteral injections?
How to locate the anatomic site of injection
Angle and depth of the needle insertion
Any medication-specific interventions that should be implemented
The use of relaxation or distraction techniques to help relax the muscle for intramuscular injections and decrease the client’s anxiety
173
maximum amount of medication that should be injected into the dermis should be
0.1 mL
174
What type of parenteral medication is deposited into the adipose tissue?
subcutaneous
175
what is lipohytertrophy?
small lumps beneath the skin due to irritated fatty tissue.
176
What are some considerations for subcutaneous route?
condition of the skin: Moles, abrasions, bruises, scars, and inflammation.
Presence of lipohypertrophy
The amount of adipose tissue:
177
What muscle should not be used for infants when giving IM meds, and why?
deltoid because the muscle is not large enough
178
What is the injection max mount of medication/dose for subcutaneous injection?
no more than 1.5 mL
179
Intramuscular ventrogluteal injection amount
3 mL
180
Intramuscular deltoid injection amount
2 mL
181
Intramuscular vastus lateralis injection amount
1 to 3 mL
182
What is piggybacked medication?
diluted meds in a large volume of IV flued (50-200 mL)
183
What are some conditions in which an IV push is needed?
rapidly treat a life-threatening condition, to quickly achieve a therapeutic level of a medication, and to avoid fluid overload in clients who have cardiac or renal disease.
184
What are advantages to CVAD's
they are centrally located and can have quick effects
185
What kind of central venous access devices are there?
Peripherally, inserted, central catheter
Central venous catheter
186
What type of patients need CVADs?
Those who require frequent and or long term IV therapy
187
Where does the tip of a catheter of a peripherally, inserted, central catheter lie?
Lies in the superior vena cava at the entrance to the right atrium
188
What is it called when there is information of the vein local redness, pain, heat, and swelling
Phlebitis
189
What is it called when a medication is it inadvertently administered to the surrounding tissue via IV and there is pain swelling, redness, cool skin temperature around the insertion site
Infiltration
190
What are some signs of infiltration?
Pain, swelling, and redness
Cool skin temperature around the insertion site
Taught skin around the IV site
Using of IV fluid at the insertion site
Repeated alarming of the IV infusion or medication syringe pump Q
191
What patients use a PICC and white patients use a CVC
People using a PICC line are usually medicated for weeks
192
Call Ken nurses assess for infiltration of medication
Check for a venous blood return from the venous access device before administering medication
193
What are some practices that nurses should take when dealing with IV and central catheter devices
Maintain clear, sterile, dressing, oversight of insertion
They’re only clean IV tubing and allow antiseptic to dry
Hand hygiene
Prevent blood from dwelling in the venous access device for tubing
Change, piggyback meds, and IV infusion sets, perfect Silletti policy and procedure
194
What position should infants be placed when administering medication’s via dropper?
Semi reclining position to prevent aspiration
195
Why shouldn’t medication is being mixed into infant formula or expressed breastmilk?
Infant may not finish the entire bottle and not receive the full dose of medication
196
How much medication should a nurse give an infant for an iamb injection into the vastus lateralis
.5 to 1 mL with the smallest gauge 25 to 30.
197
How old should the deltoid muscle be used for intramuscular injections
18 months of age, but still at 0.5 to 1 mL.
198
At what age can the infant or toddler handle an increase to 2 mL of an intramuscular injection into the vastus lateralis?
18 months
199
Why must pediatric patients be given an IV push as opposed to a piggyback infusion?
They are prone to fluid overload, if given a piggyback infusion
200
Can giving intramuscular injections be given to an LVN or practical nurse?
Yes
201
At what level do you hang a piggyback medication?
Usually higher than the primary infusion, so that the piggyback medication can, if used by gravity win the primary line is paused
202
How long should patience remain sideways after an otic medication
At least 5 to 10 minutes 
203
ophthalmic medication administration allergic reactions
itching, swelling, redness, clear drainage, and burning pain
204
What should the nurse do if there is redness or swelling in the IV site
Apply a warm compress, monitor vitals and notify the provider
205
What are some unexpected outcomes for administering an MDI
Decreased oxygen saturation level
Dyspnea
No improvement
206
What should you instruct the patient when administering rectal medication’s?
Breathe slowly to allow the sphincters to relax
207
How far should a rectal suppository go in adult and pediatric clients?
4 inches for adults, and 2 inches for pediatrics
208
What are some signs of central line associated bloodstream infections at insertion site?
Fever
Chills
Change in mental status
209
What are some signs of a pneumothorax or hemothorax when dealing with central venous access devices
Chest pain
Dyspnea
Diminished lung sounds
210
What are signs of thrombosis for central venous access device is
Pain
Fever
Malai
Chest discomfort
Dyspnea
211
What happens if two medication’s metabolize the same pathway?
It can alter the metabolism of one or both of them 
212
For how long should patients who have had nasal medication not blow their nose?
Five minutes
213
How should you treat a dpi versus an MDI?
Do not shake the dpi
214
What is considered a controlled substance?
Medication’s that have a potential for miss use independence and have a schedule classification
215
What are the components of a medication prescription?
Client’s full name
Date and time of prescription
Name of the medication, generic or brand name
The strength and dose of the medication
Root of administration
Time and frequency of administration
Quantity to dispense and number of refills
The signature of the prescribing provider
216
What are some considerations to take when administering an IV in older adults or people taking anticoagulants or people who are fragile veins?
Avoid tourniquets and use a BP cuff
Do you want slapped extremity to visualize veins?
Avoid rigorous friction while cleansing the site 
217
What are some types of veins to avoid when inserting an IV
Varicose veins that are permanently deleted
Veins in the back of the hands
Things that are sclerosed or hard
Vans in an extremity with impaired sensitivity such a scar tissue
Veins that have previous venipunctures
218
What angle should an IV go into the skin at?
10 to 30° angle
219
How can you confirm that the IV has gone into the right location?
A flashback of blood will confirm placement
220
How far up should you apply pressure above the insertion site?
3 cm to reduce the backflow of blood into the van prior to removing the needle
221
What are some signs of IV fluid overload?
Tachycardia
Shortness of breath or dyspnea
Hypertension
222
What type of insulin has a cloudy solution?
regular or short acting
223
What type of insulin has a clear solution?
intermediate or NPH
224
What route should the nurse be careful when administering to a patient with cachexia?
subcutaneous
225
Generic medication names often refer to what?
the chemical makeup of the drug
226
St. John's wort can help what?
fight mild depression
227
There are many herbal supplements that have concerns in patients with hormone dysfunction or those who use what or what?
hormonal contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy
228
What is cumulative effect?
aka drug sensitivity, it is when the body can't metabolize and extrete the single dose of the medication before another dose is administered.
229
What causes cululative effect of drugs?
too frequent doses
too long of continued admin
ex. chemo
230
What is the effect of drug-drug interactions when the combined effect of two drugs in similar doses have the effect of two drugs combined
additive
ex. opiates and alcohol
231
What is the effect of drug-drug interactions when the combined effect of two drugs in similar doses have more than the effect of two drugs combined
synergystic effect
232
What is the effect of drug-drug interactions when the combined effect of two drugs in similar doses decreases or blocks the effectiveness of one drug?
antagonistic effect
ex. asthma bronchodilator and heart med to vasoconstrict
