Week 5: Ch. 7- Immunity Flashcards
Nonspecific VS specific body defenses
Nonspecific response (defense)
* Examples: phagocytosis, inflammation
Specific response (defense)
* Production of specific antibodies against foreign
substances
Lymphoid structures include:
- Lymph nodes
- Spleen
- Tonsils
- Intestinal lymphoid tissue
- Lymphatic circulation
Immune cells (2) :
- Lymphocytes
- Macrophages
Origination of all immune cells
bone marrow
Self VS Nonself antigens
Self
* HLA proteins label cells of the individual.
* Immune system ignores self cells.
Non-self
* Immune system recognizes specific nonself antigens as foreign.
* Development of a specific response to that particular antigen
* Memory cells produced to respond quickly to antigen
Cell surface antigens include
- Proteins
- Polysaccharides
- Glycoproteins
Macrophages develop from :
monocytes
Macrophages engulf :
foreign material
Macrophages- Initiation of :
immune response
Macrophages are part of the __________________________ system
mononuclear phagocytotic
Macrophages display antigens of :
foreign material
Macrophages secrete _________ like monokines, interleukins
chemicals
T lymphocytes come from ______________ stem cells
bone marrow
T lymphocytes are involved with _______ _________ immunity
Cell-mediated
T lymphocytes [3 types:]
Cytotoxic T killer cells
Helper T cells
Memory T cells
B lymphocytes: Responsible for production of -
antibodies
B lymphocytes are involved with __________ immunity
Humoral
B lymphocytes Mature in bone marrow
* Proceed to :
spleen and lymphoid tissue
B lymphocytes
[2 types and functions]:
- Plasma cells- Produce antibodies
- B memory cells- quickly form clone of plasma cells
2 TYPES OF IMMUNITY
- Humoral immunity: Antibodies are produced to protect the body.
- Cell-mediated immunity (CMI): Lymphocytes are
programmed to attack nonself cells to protect the body.
The most common immunoglobulin in the blood:
IgG
First immunoglobulin to increase in immune response:
IgM
IgA
In secretions
* Tears
* Saliva and mucous membranes
* Colostrum
IgE
- Allergic response
- Causes release of histamine and other chemicals
- Results in inflammation
IgD
Attached to B cells
Activates B cells
COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
- Activated during immune reactions with IgG or IgM
- Group of inactive proteins circulating in blood
- C1 to C9
- Causes cell damage and further inflammation when activated
CHEMICAL MEDIATORS ARE Involved in :
inflammation and immune reactions
CHEMICAL MEDIATORS Examples:
histamine, interleukins
CHEMICAL MEDIATORS functions:
- Signaling
- Causing cellular damage
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS (4)
- Titer (titre): Measures levels of serum immunoglobulins
- Indirect Coombs’ test- Detects Rh blood incompatibility
- Elisa- Detects HIV antibodies; Used for a number of other diseases
- MHC typing- Tissue matching before transplantation procedures
Natural VS innate immunity
Natural immunity
* Species-specific
Innate immunity
* Gene-specific
* Related to ethnicity
Primary VS secondary response
Primary response
* First exposure to antigen
* 1 to 2 weeks before antibody titer reaches efficacy
Secondary response
* Repeat exposure to the same antigen
* More rapid response, with efficacy in 1 to 3 days
Active natural vs active artificial immunity
Active natural immunity
* Natural exposure to antigen
* Development of antibodies
Active artificial immunity
* Antigen purposefully introduced to body
* Stimulation of antibody production
* Immunization
* Booster immunization
Passive natural VS passive artificial immunity
Passive natural immunity
* IgG transferred from mother to fetus:
* Across placenta
* Through breast milk
* Protection of infant for the first few months of life or until weaned
Passive artificial immunity
* Injection of antibodies
* Short-term protection
Hyperacute rejection occurs:
TISSUE AND ORGAN
TRANSPLANT REJECTION
Immediately after transplantation
Acute rejection develops:
TISSUE AND ORGAN
TRANSPLANT REJECTION
after several weeks
Chronic, late rejection occurs:
TISSUE AND ORGAN
TRANSPLANT REJECTION
after months or years
IMMUNOSUPPRESSION is Reduction of immune response to prevent :
rejection
Commonly used drugs for immunosuppression:
Cyclosporine, azathioprine, prednisone
Immunosuppression comes with a high risk for:
infection
~opportunistic organisms
Type I hypersensitivity— ________ reactions
allergic
Causative mechanism for type 1 hypersensitivity (allergic reactions):
- Exposure to _______________
- Development of _____
- __________ cells
- Exposure to allergen
- Development of IgEs
- Mast cells
Complication of allergic reaction:
- Anaphylaxis
4 types of allergic reactions:
Hay fever: allergic rhinitis>Nasal mucosa
Food allergies>Digestive tract mucosa
Atopic dermatitis/eczema>Skin
Asthma>Bronchial mucosa
ANAPHYLAXIS: ANAPHYLACTIC
SHOCK is severe & life threatening.
It can be caused by:
- Latex materials
- Insect stings
- Nuts or shellfish; various drugs
ANAPHYLAXIS: ANAPHYLACTIC
SHOCK- Decreased blood pressure caused by release of ____________
histamine
Signs and symptoms of ANAPHYLAXIS
- Generalized itching or tingling, especially in oral cavity
- Coughing
- Difficulty breathing
- Feeling of weakness
- Dizziness or fainting
- Sense of fear and panic
- Edema around eyes, lips, tongue, hands, feet
- Hives
- Collapse with loss of consciousness
TREATMENT FOR ANAPHYLAXIS
Requires first aid response:
* Administer EpiPen if available
* Call 911 (many paramedics can start drug treatment and oxygen)
Treatment in emergency department:
* Epinephrine
* Glucocorticoids
* Antihistamines
* Oxygen
* Stabilize BP
TYPE II: _____________ HYPERSENSITIVITY
CYTOTOXIC
TYPE II: CYTOTOXIC HYPERSENSITIVITY
example is response to _____________ blood transfusion
incompatible
TYPE II: CYTOTOXIC HYPERSENSITIVITY
Circulating _____ react with antigen
* Destruction by phagocytosis or cytolytic enzymes
IgGs
TYPE III: _______________________
HYPERSENSITIVITY
Examples?
IMMUNE COMPLEX
- Glomerulonephritis
- Rheumatoid arthritis
TYPE III: IMMUNE COMPLEX
HYPERSENSITIVITY
- Antigen combines with ________1________
- Forms immune complexes, deposited in tissue
- Activation of : ________2___________
1- antibody
2- complement system
TYPE III: IMMUNE COMPLEX
HYPERSENSITIVITY
- Process causes :
inflammation and tissue destruction
TYPE IV: ______________________ or ______________ HYPERSENSITIVITY
CELL-MEDIATED OR
DELAYED
TYPE IV: CELL-MEDIATED OR DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY
- Delayed response by sensitized : ____1_________
- Release of : ____2_______
- Inflammatory response
- Destruction of the antigen
Examples:
* Tuberculin test
* Contact dermatitis
* Allergic skin rash
1- T lymphocytes
2- lymphokines
AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS
- Development of __________ against own cells or
tissues
antibodies
AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS’
Disorder can affect single organs or tissues or can be :
generalized
AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS
examples
Hashimoto thyroiditis, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatic fever, myasthenia gravis, scleroderma, pernicious anemia
________________ are antibodies formed against selfantigens—loss of self-tolerance.
Autoantibodies
SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (SLE)
Describe
- Chronic inflammatory disease
- Affects a number of organ systems
- Characteristic :_________________________________
- Affects primarily ?
- Incidence is higher in African Americans, Asians,
Hispanics, Native Americans - Large number of circulating _________________ [against DNA, platelets, erythrocytes]
- Formation of immune complexes; Deposited into tissues
- Inflammation and necrosis
- ____________ develops in many organs- [impairs blood supply to the tissues]
- Chronic inflammatory disease
- Affects a number of organ systems
- Characteristic facial rash—“butterfly rash”
- Affects primarily young women
- Incidence is higher in African Americans, Asians,
Hispanics, Native Americans - Large number of circulating autoantibodies [against DNA, platelets, erythrocytes]
- Formation of immune complexes; Deposited into tissues
- Inflammation and necrosis
- Vasculitis develops in many organs- [impairs blood supply to the tissues]
Common signs of SLE
- Arthralgia, fatigue, malaise
- Cardiovascular problems
- Polyuria
Test for SLE
- Serum antibodies, LE cells, other blood work
SLE treatment
- Usually treated by a _________________________
- _______________________ (glucocorticoid)
- Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
- Usually treated by a rheumatologist
- Prednisone (glucocorticoid)
- Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
IMMUNODEFICIENCY
Partial or total loss of one or more immune system
components
ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME (AIDS)
chronic infectious disease caused by the
___________________________________________
* HIV destroys ____________________________—CD4 lymphocytes
* Loss of immune response
* Increased susceptibility to secondary infections
and cancer
* Prolonged latent period
* Development may be suppressed by ____________
chronic infectious disease caused by the
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
- HIV destroys helper T cells—CD4 lymphocytes
- Loss of immune response
- Increased susceptibility to secondary infections
and cancer - Prolonged latent period
- Development may be suppressed by antivirals
- HIV-positive individual
- ________ is known to be in the body.
- No evidence of _______________________
- Virus is known to be in the body.
- No evidence of immunosuppression
First case of AIDS recognized in ______ ; HIV identified in 1984
1979
Titer (titre): Measures levels of ________________________
serum immunoglobulins
Indirect Coombs’ test- Detects Rh ___________________________
blood incompatibility
Elisa- Detects _________________; Used for a number of other diseases
HIV antibodies
MHC typing- Tissue matching before _________________________
transplantation procedures
