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Pathophysiology > Week 5: Ch. 7- Immunity > Flashcards

Week 5: Ch. 7- Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Nonspecific VS specific body defenses

A

Nonspecific response (defense)
* Examples: phagocytosis, inflammation

Specific response (defense)
* Production of specific antibodies against foreign
substances

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2
Q

Lymphoid structures include:

A
  • Lymph nodes
  • Spleen
  • Tonsils
  • Intestinal lymphoid tissue
  • Lymphatic circulation
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3
Q

Immune cells (2) :

A
  • Lymphocytes
  • Macrophages
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4
Q

Origination of all immune cells

A

bone marrow

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5
Q

Self VS Nonself antigens

A

Self
* HLA proteins label cells of the individual.
* Immune system ignores self cells.

Non-self
* Immune system recognizes specific nonself antigens as foreign.
* Development of a specific response to that particular antigen
* Memory cells produced to respond quickly to antigen

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6
Q

Cell surface antigens include

A
  • Proteins
  • Polysaccharides
  • Glycoproteins
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7
Q

Macrophages develop from :

A

monocytes

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8
Q

Macrophages engulf :

A

foreign material

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9
Q

Macrophages- Initiation of :

A

immune response

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10
Q

Macrophages are part of the __________________________ system

A

mononuclear phagocytotic

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11
Q

Macrophages display antigens of :

A

foreign material

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12
Q

Macrophages secrete _________ like monokines, interleukins

A

chemicals

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13
Q

T lymphocytes come from ______________ stem cells

A

bone marrow

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14
Q

T lymphocytes are involved with _______ _________ immunity

A

Cell-mediated

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15
Q

T lymphocytes [3 types:]

A

Cytotoxic T killer cells
Helper T cells
Memory T cells

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16
Q

B lymphocytes: Responsible for production of -

A

antibodies

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17
Q

B lymphocytes are involved with __________ immunity

A

Humoral

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18
Q

B lymphocytes Mature in bone marrow
* Proceed to :

A

spleen and lymphoid tissue

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19
Q

B lymphocytes

[2 types and functions]:

A
  • Plasma cells- Produce antibodies
  • B memory cells- quickly form clone of plasma cells
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20
Q

2 TYPES OF IMMUNITY

A
  • Humoral immunity: Antibodies are produced to protect the body.
  • Cell-mediated immunity (CMI): Lymphocytes are
    programmed to attack nonself cells to protect the body.
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21
Q

The most common immunoglobulin in the blood:

A

IgG

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22
Q

First immunoglobulin to increase in immune response:

A

IgM

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23
Q

IgA

A

In secretions
* Tears
* Saliva and mucous membranes
* Colostrum

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24
Q

IgE

A
  • Allergic response
  • Causes release of histamine and other chemicals
  • Results in inflammation
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25
Q

IgD

A

Attached to B cells
Activates B cells

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26
Q

COMPLEMENT SYSTEM

A
  • Activated during immune reactions with IgG or IgM
  • Group of inactive proteins circulating in blood
  • C1 to C9
  • Causes cell damage and further inflammation when activated
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27
Q

CHEMICAL MEDIATORS ARE Involved in :

A

inflammation and immune reactions

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28
Q

CHEMICAL MEDIATORS Examples:

A

histamine, interleukins

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29
Q

CHEMICAL MEDIATORS functions:

A
  • Signaling
  • Causing cellular damage
30
Q

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS (4)

A
  • Titer (titre): Measures levels of serum immunoglobulins
  • Indirect Coombs’ test- Detects Rh blood incompatibility
  • Elisa- Detects HIV antibodies; Used for a number of other diseases
  • MHC typing- Tissue matching before transplantation procedures
31
Q

Natural VS innate immunity

A

Natural immunity
* Species-specific

Innate immunity
* Gene-specific
* Related to ethnicity

32
Q

Primary VS secondary response

A

Primary response
* First exposure to antigen
* 1 to 2 weeks before antibody titer reaches efficacy

Secondary response
* Repeat exposure to the same antigen
* More rapid response, with efficacy in 1 to 3 days

33
Q

Active natural vs active artificial immunity

A

Active natural immunity
* Natural exposure to antigen
* Development of antibodies

Active artificial immunity
* Antigen purposefully introduced to body
* Stimulation of antibody production
* Immunization
* Booster immunization

34
Q

Passive natural VS passive artificial immunity

A

Passive natural immunity
* IgG transferred from mother to fetus:
* Across placenta
* Through breast milk
* Protection of infant for the first few months of life or until weaned

Passive artificial immunity
* Injection of antibodies
* Short-term protection

35
Q

Hyperacute rejection occurs:

TISSUE AND ORGAN
TRANSPLANT REJECTION

A

Immediately after transplantation

36
Q

Acute rejection develops:

TISSUE AND ORGAN
TRANSPLANT REJECTION

A

after several weeks

37
Q

Chronic, late rejection occurs:

TISSUE AND ORGAN
TRANSPLANT REJECTION

A

after months or years

38
Q

IMMUNOSUPPRESSION is Reduction of immune response to prevent :

A

rejection

39
Q

Commonly used drugs for immunosuppression:

A

Cyclosporine, azathioprine, prednisone

40
Q

Immunosuppression comes with a high risk for:

A

infection

~opportunistic organisms

41
Q

Type I hypersensitivity— ________ reactions

A

allergic

42
Q

Causative mechanism for type 1 hypersensitivity (allergic reactions):

  • Exposure to _______________
  • Development of _____
  • __________ cells
A
  • Exposure to allergen
  • Development of IgEs
  • Mast cells
43
Q

Complication of allergic reaction:

A
  • Anaphylaxis
44
Q

4 types of allergic reactions:

A

 Hay fever: allergic rhinitis>Nasal mucosa
 Food allergies>Digestive tract mucosa
 Atopic dermatitis/eczema>Skin
 Asthma>Bronchial mucosa

45
Q

ANAPHYLAXIS: ANAPHYLACTIC
SHOCK is severe & life threatening.

It can be caused by:

A
  • Latex materials
  • Insect stings
  • Nuts or shellfish; various drugs
46
Q

ANAPHYLAXIS: ANAPHYLACTIC
SHOCK- Decreased blood pressure caused by release of ____________

A

histamine

47
Q

Signs and symptoms of ANAPHYLAXIS

A
  • Generalized itching or tingling, especially in oral cavity
  • Coughing
  • Difficulty breathing
  • Feeling of weakness
  • Dizziness or fainting
  • Sense of fear and panic
  • Edema around eyes, lips, tongue, hands, feet
  • Hives
  • Collapse with loss of consciousness
48
Q

TREATMENT FOR ANAPHYLAXIS

A

Requires first aid response:
* Administer EpiPen if available
* Call 911 (many paramedics can start drug treatment and oxygen)

Treatment in emergency department:
* Epinephrine
* Glucocorticoids
* Antihistamines
* Oxygen
* Stabilize BP

49
Q

TYPE II: _____________ HYPERSENSITIVITY

A

CYTOTOXIC

50
Q

TYPE II: CYTOTOXIC HYPERSENSITIVITY

example is response to _____________ blood transfusion

A

incompatible

51
Q

TYPE II: CYTOTOXIC HYPERSENSITIVITY

Circulating _____ react with antigen
* Destruction by phagocytosis or cytolytic enzymes

A

IgGs

52
Q

TYPE III: _______________________
HYPERSENSITIVITY

Examples?

A

IMMUNE COMPLEX

  • Glomerulonephritis
  • Rheumatoid arthritis
53
Q

TYPE III: IMMUNE COMPLEX
HYPERSENSITIVITY

  • Antigen combines with ________1________
  • Forms immune complexes, deposited in tissue
  • Activation of : ________2___________
A

1- antibody

2- complement system

54
Q

TYPE III: IMMUNE COMPLEX
HYPERSENSITIVITY

  • Process causes :
A

inflammation and tissue destruction

54
Q

TYPE IV: ______________________ or ______________ HYPERSENSITIVITY

A

CELL-MEDIATED OR
DELAYED

55
Q

TYPE IV: CELL-MEDIATED OR DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY

  • Delayed response by sensitized : ____1_________
  • Release of : ____2_______
  • Inflammatory response
  • Destruction of the antigen

Examples:
* Tuberculin test
* Contact dermatitis
* Allergic skin rash

A

1- T lymphocytes

2- lymphokines

56
Q

AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS

  • Development of __________ against own cells or
    tissues
A

antibodies

57
Q

AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS’

Disorder can affect single organs or tissues or can be :

A

generalized

58
Q

AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS

examples

A

Hashimoto thyroiditis, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatic fever, myasthenia gravis, scleroderma, pernicious anemia

59
Q

________________ are antibodies formed against selfantigens—loss of self-tolerance.

A

Autoantibodies

60
Q

SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (SLE)

Describe

  • Chronic inflammatory disease
  • Affects a number of organ systems
  • Characteristic :_________________________________
  • Affects primarily ?
  • Incidence is higher in African Americans, Asians,
    Hispanics, Native Americans
  • Large number of circulating _________________ [against DNA, platelets, erythrocytes]
  • Formation of immune complexes; Deposited into tissues
  • Inflammation and necrosis
  • ____________ develops in many organs- [impairs blood supply to the tissues]
A
  • Chronic inflammatory disease
  • Affects a number of organ systems
  • Characteristic facial rash—“butterfly rash”
  • Affects primarily young women
  • Incidence is higher in African Americans, Asians,
    Hispanics, Native Americans
  • Large number of circulating autoantibodies [against DNA, platelets, erythrocytes]
  • Formation of immune complexes; Deposited into tissues
  • Inflammation and necrosis
  • Vasculitis develops in many organs- [impairs blood supply to the tissues]
61
Q

Common signs of SLE

A
  • Arthralgia, fatigue, malaise
  • Cardiovascular problems
  • Polyuria
62
Q

Test for SLE

A
  • Serum antibodies, LE cells, other blood work
63
Q

SLE treatment

  • Usually treated by a _________________________
  • _______________________ (glucocorticoid)
  • Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
A
  • Usually treated by a rheumatologist
  • Prednisone (glucocorticoid)
  • Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
64
Q

IMMUNODEFICIENCY

A

Partial or total loss of one or more immune system
components

65
Q

ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME (AIDS)

chronic infectious disease caused by the
___________________________________________
​
* HIV destroys ____________________________—CD4 lymphocytes
* Loss of immune response
* Increased susceptibility to secondary infections
and cancer
* Prolonged latent period
* Development may be suppressed by ____________

A

chronic infectious disease caused by the
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

  • HIV destroys helper T cells—CD4 lymphocytes
  • Loss of immune response
  • Increased susceptibility to secondary infections
    and cancer
  • Prolonged latent period
  • Development may be suppressed by antivirals
66
Q
  • HIV-positive individual
  • ________ is known to be in the body.
  • No evidence of _______________________
A
  • Virus is known to be in the body.
  • No evidence of immunosuppression
67
Q

First case of AIDS recognized in ______ ; HIV identified in 1984

A

1979

68
Q

Titer (titre): Measures levels of ________________________

A

serum immunoglobulins

69
Q

Indirect Coombs’ test- Detects Rh ___________________________

A

blood incompatibility

70
Q

Elisa- Detects _________________; Used for a number of other diseases

A

HIV antibodies

71
Q

MHC typing- Tissue matching before _________________________

A

transplantation procedures

Pathophysiology (23 decks)

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