Week 1: Ch 1 & 5- Intro & Inflammation Flashcards
The definition of health includes:
physical, mental, & social well-being
Disease is a deviation from:
the normal state of homeostasis
Medical history includes:
current/prior illnesses
allergies
hospitalizations
treatment
therapy/drugs (presp/non-presc/herbals)
specific difficulties
__________ is identification of a specific disease
diagnosis
Tendencies that promote the development of a disease in an individual are called:
predisposing factors
Pathogenesis is:
development of the disease
Acute disease means:
develops quickly
marked signs
short term
Chronic disease means:
often milder than acute
develops gradually
persists for long time
Describe a latent state
no symptoms or evident clinical signs
Describe manifestations
signs & symptoms of disease
What is a syndrome?
collection of signs & symptoms
often affects more than 1 organ
Remission means:
manifestations of the disease subside/ or absent
A precipitating factor is:
a condition that triggers an acute episode`
Define sequelae
unwanted outcomes of primary condition
Define convalescence
period of recovery
Prognosis is:
probability for recovery or for other outcome
Rehabilitation is maximizing:
function of diseased tissues
___________ is the science of identifying the causative factors & tracking pattern/disease occurence
Epidemiology
_________ indicates the number of people with a disease within a group
morbidity
________ indicates the number of deaths resulting from a particular disease within a group
Mortality
Epidemic VS pandemic
Epidemic- high # of cases of infectious disease within a given area
pandemic- higher # cases in many regions
__________ is the number of new cases in a given population within a specified time period
incidence
_________ is the number of new and old or existing cases in a specific population within a specified time period
prevalence
Communicable diseases are infections that can
spread from one person to another
Atrophy VS hypertrophy
Atrophy- decreased cell size > reduced tissue mass
Hypertrophy- increased cell size > enlarged tissue mass
Hyperplasia
Increased number of cells > enlarged tissue mass
Metaplasia
mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type
Dysplasia
cells vary in size and shape within a tissue
Anaplasia
undifferentiated cells, with variable nuclear and cell structures
Neoplasia
“new growth” commonly called tumor
Apoptosis refers to programmed:
cell death
[normal body occurence]
Ischemia is
deficit of oxygen in the cells
Hypoxia is
reduced oxygen in tissues
Necrosis- a group of cells:
die
[liquefaction, coagulative, fat, caseous]
Infarction is an area of dead cells as a result of:
oxygen deprivation
Gangrene is an area of necrotic tissue that has been:
invaded by bacteria
Cell damage can occur for many different reasons, such as:
bacteria/viruses
abnormal metabolites- genetic disorders, inborn metabolism errors, altered metabolism
nutritional deficits
fluid/electrolyte imbalance
Describe the first line of defense
nonspecific
mechanical barrier
unbroken skin & mucous membranes
secretions- tears, gastric juices
Describe the 2nd line of defense
nonspecific
phagocytosis
inflammation
Describe the 3d line of defense
specific
production of specific antibodies or cell-mediated immunity
Generally, not all capillaries in a particular capillary bed are open; it depends on:
metabolic needs of the cells or need of removal or wastes
Movement of fluid, electrolytes, oxygen, and nutrients on the arterial end are based on:
net hydrostatic pressure
Venous end - __________ ___________ will facilitate movement of fluid, Co2, and other wastes
osmotic pressure
Disorders are named using the ending:
-itis
Arthritis means:
inflammation of a joint
Describe inflammation
protective mechanism
important basic pathophysio concept
normal defense mechanism
Causes of inflammation include:
direct physical damage (cut, sprain)
Caustic chemicals (acid, drain cleaner)
Ischemia or infarction
Allergic reaction
extreme hot or cold
foreign bodies (splinter, glass)
Infection
Name steps of inflammation
____________ to capillaries & tissue cells
Release of ____________ from injured cells
Bradykinin stimulates ______________________________
Pain causes _________________ release
Bradykinin & histamine cause capillary ___________
Break in skin allows bacteria to enter tissue
Neutrophils phagocytize _______________
Macrophages (mature monocytes) leave bloodstream and phagocytose ____________
Injury to capillaries & tissue cells
Release of bradykinin from injured cells
Bradykinin stimulates pain receptors
Pain causes histamine release
Bradykinin & histamine cause capillary dilation
Break in skin allows bacteria to enter tissue
Neutrophils phagocytize bacteria
Macrophages (mature monocytes) leave bloodstream and phagocytose microbes
Identify 5 steps of inflammatory response
[more general steps]
1- tissue damage carries ____________ into wound
2- wounded cells release chemicals that stimulate _
_____________
3- mast cells release ______________
4- histamine increases capillary blood flow and __________________
5- ____________ leave capillaries and ingest bacteria and dead cells
1- tissue damage carries bacteria into wound
2- wounded cells release chemicals that stimulate mast cells
3- mast cells release histamine
4- histamine increases capillary blood flow and permeability
5- phagocytes leave capillaries and ingest bacteria and dead cells
Tears are considered to be part of the:
which defenses? [2]
first line of defense.
nonspecific defenses.
A specific defense for the body is:
phagocytosis.
sensitized T lymphocytes.
the inflammatory response.
intact skin and mucous membranes.
sensitized T lymphocytes.
The inflammatory response is a nonspecific response to:
any tissue injury.
Chemical mediators released during the inflammatory response include:
pick one:
albumin and fibrinogen.
growth factors and cell enzymes.
macrophages and neutrophils.
histamine and prostaglandins.
histamine and prostaglandins.
Edema (swelling) associated with inflammation results directly from:
increased fluid and protein in the interstitial compartment.
The warmth and redness related to the inflammatory response results from:
increased blood flow into the damaged area.
Systemic effects of severe inflammation include:
fatigue, anorexia, and mild fever.
Patients taking glucocorticoids for long periods of time are likely to develop all of the following EXCEPT:
decreased bone density.
wasting of skeletal muscle.
opportunistic infections.
increased leukocyte production.
increased leukocyte production.
Which of the following drugs relieves fever and some types of pain but is NOT an anti-inflammatory agent?
Acetaminophen
Prednisone
Aspirin
Ibuprofen
Acetaminophen
Accumulation of which of the following molecules results in irreversible cell injury?
Melanin
Lipids
Calcium
Water
Calcium
Cellular atrophy involves:
a decrease in cell size.
The _____________ response is the response to any cell or tissue injury by any agent
inflammatory
The signs of acute inflammation are :
redness, warmth, swelling, pain, and, frequently, loss of function.
With extensive inflammation, systemic signs may present, including :
mild fever, headache, fatigue, and leukocytosis
Chronic inflammation results in formation of:
fibrotic or scar tissue
Anti-inflammatory drugs include aspirin (ASA) and
the nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which block __________ production at the site.
prostaglandin
Although nerve reflexes at the site of injury cause
immediate transient vasoconstriction, the rapid release of chemical mediators results in local vasodilation, which causes:
hyperemia - increased blood flow in the area.
Vasodilation and increased _____________ ______________ make up the vascular response to injury
capillary permeability
During the cellular response, leukocytes are attracted
by _____________ to the area of inflammation as damaged
cells release their contents.
chemotaxis
Pain associated with inflammation is due to Increased :
pressure of fluid on nerves; release of chemical mediators (e.g., bradykinins)
With inflammation, loss of function may develop if cells lack :
nutrients; edema may interfere with movement.
Exudate refers to a collection of ___________ _________ formed
in the inflamed area
interstitial fluid
Sanguinous = Contains blood from :
broken blood vessels
________ exudates = Watery, consists primarily of fluid, some
proteins, and white blood cells
Serous
___________ exudates = Thick, sticky, high cell and fibrin content
Fibrinous
_________ exudates = Thick, yellow-green, contains more
leukocytes, cell debris, and microorganism
Purulent
Mild fever is AKA
pyrexia
Inflammation could lead to leukocytosis: increased WBC, especially
Neutrophils
An ________ is a localized pocket of purulent exudate
or pus in a solid tissue
abscess
_______1_______ may develop in an inflamed tissue because
microorganisms can more easily penetrate when the skin or mucosa is damaged and the blood supply is impaired.
Foreign bodies often introduce microbes directly into the tissue. Some microbes resist ________2________, and the inflammatory exudate itself provides an excellent medium for microorganisms to reproduce and colonize the inflamed area.
1- Infection
2- phagocytosis
__________________________________________________________________ may be initiated by inflammation resulting from injuries such as sprains, tendinitis, or fractures.
A spasm can force bones of a joint out of normal alignment, causing pressure on the nerves > pain.
Skeletal muscle spasms or strong muscle contractions
Describe chronic Inflammation
- Follows acute episode of inflammation
- Less swelling and exudate
- Presence of more lymphocytes, macrophages, and
fibroblasts - Continued tissue destruction
- More fibrous scar tissue
- Granuloma may develop around foreign object
Describe the potential complication of deep ulcers from severe or prolonged inflammation
- Caused by-
- Can lead to complications such as -
- Extensive -
- Caused by cell necrosis and lack of cell regeneration that causes erosion of the tissue
- Can lead to complications such as perforation of viscera
- Extensive scar tissue formation
Anti-Inflammatory Effects of
Glucocorticoids
- Decreased capillary permeability
- Enhanced effectiveness of epinephrine and norepinephrine
- Reduced number of leukocytes and mast cells
- Reduces immune response
Adverse Effects of Glucocorticoids
- Atrophy of lymphoid tissue; reduced hemopoiesis»>Increased risk of infection
- Catabolic effects»_space;> Increased tissue breakdown; decreased protein synthesis
- Delayed healing
- Delayed growth in children
- Retention of sodium and water because of aldosterone-like affect in the kidney
“RICE” therapy for injuries
stands for?
- Rest
- Ice
- Compression
- Elevation
Describe types of healing
- Resolution
- Regeneration
- Replacement
- Resolution - Minimal tissue damage
- Regeneration - Damaged tissue replaced with cells that are functional
- Replacement - Functional tissue replaced by scar tissue; Loss of function
3 basic steps of healing
1- injury & inflammation
2- Granulation tissue & epithelial growth
3- Scar remains
Describe complication that results from scar formation: loss of function
Result of loss of normal cells and specialized structures
Hair follicles
Nerves
Receptors
Describe complication that results from scar formation: contractures and obstructions
-Scar tissue is non-elastic.
- Can restrict range of movement
Describe complication that results from scar formation: adhesions
Bands of scar tissue joining two surfaces that are normally separated
Describe complication that results from scar formation: hypertrophic scar tissue
Overgrowth of fibrous tissue
Leads to hard ridges of scar tissue or keloid formation
Describe complication that results from scar formation: ulceration
Blood supply may be impaired around scar
-Results in further tissue breakdown and ulceration at future time
Name the types of burns
-Thermal—by flames or hot fluids
-Chemical
-Radiation
-Electricity
-Light
-Friction
Describe classification of burns
~Superficial partial-thickness (first-degree) burns
>Involve epidermis and part of dermis
>Little, if any, blister formation
~Deep partial-thickness (second-degree) burns
>Epidermis and part of dermis
>Blister formation
~Full-thickness (third- and fourth-degree) burns
>Destruction of all skin layers and often underlying tissues
Describe effects of a burn injury
- Both local and systemic
- Dehydration and edema
- Shock
- Respiratory problems
- Pain, Infection
- Increased metabolic needs for healing period
Describe healing process of burns
~____________ process
~immediate covering of a clean wound needed to prevent ____________.
~Hyper____________ occurs
~Scar tissue develops, even with skin grafting.
~Physiotherapy & occupational therapy may be necessary.
~Surgery may be necessary to release restrictive scar tissue.
~prolonged process
~immediate covering of a clean wound needed to prevent infection.
~Hypermetabolism occurs
~Scar tissue develops, even with skin grafting.
~Physiotherapy & occupational therapy may be necessary.
~Surgery may be necessary to release restrictive scar tissue.
