Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathophysiology > Week 1: Ch 1 & 5- Intro & Inflammation > Flashcards

Week 1: Ch 1 & 5- Intro & Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

The definition of health includes:

A

physical, mental, & social well-being

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Disease is a deviation from:

A

the normal state of homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Medical history includes:

A

current/prior illnesses
allergies
hospitalizations
treatment
therapy/drugs (presp/non-presc/herbals)
specific difficulties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

__________ is identification of a specific disease

A

diagnosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Tendencies that promote the development of a disease in an individual are called:

A

predisposing factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Pathogenesis is:

A

development of the disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Acute disease means:

A

develops quickly
marked signs
short term

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Chronic disease means:

A

often milder than acute
develops gradually
persists for long time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe a latent state

A

no symptoms or evident clinical signs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe manifestations

A

signs & symptoms of disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a syndrome?

A

collection of signs & symptoms

often affects more than 1 organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Remission means:

A

manifestations of the disease subside/ or absent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

A precipitating factor is:

A

a condition that triggers an acute episode`

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define sequelae

A

unwanted outcomes of primary condition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define convalescence

A

period of recovery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Prognosis is:

A

probability for recovery or for other outcome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Rehabilitation is maximizing:

A

function of diseased tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

___________ is the science of identifying the causative factors & tracking pattern/disease occurence

A

Epidemiology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

_________ indicates the number of people with a disease within a group

A

morbidity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

________ indicates the number of deaths resulting from a particular disease within a group

A

Mortality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Epidemic VS pandemic

A

Epidemic- high # of cases of infectious disease within a given area

pandemic- higher # cases in many regions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

__________ is the number of new cases in a given population within a specified time period

A

incidence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

_________ is the number of new and old or existing cases in a specific population within a specified time period

A

prevalence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Communicable diseases are infections that can

A

spread from one person to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Atrophy VS hypertrophy

A

Atrophy- decreased cell size > reduced tissue mass

Hypertrophy- increased cell size > enlarged tissue mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increased number of cells > enlarged tissue mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Metaplasia

A

mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Dysplasia

A

cells vary in size and shape within a tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Anaplasia

A

undifferentiated cells, with variable nuclear and cell structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Neoplasia

A

“new growth” commonly called tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Apoptosis refers to programmed:

A

cell death
[normal body occurence]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Ischemia is

A

deficit of oxygen in the cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Hypoxia is

A

reduced oxygen in tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Necrosis- a group of cells:

A

die

[liquefaction, coagulative, fat, caseous]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Infarction is an area of dead cells as a result of:

A

oxygen deprivation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Gangrene is an area of necrotic tissue that has been:

A

invaded by bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Cell damage can occur for many different reasons, such as:

A

bacteria/viruses

abnormal metabolites- genetic disorders, inborn metabolism errors, altered metabolism

nutritional deficits

fluid/electrolyte imbalance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Describe the first line of defense

A

nonspecific
mechanical barrier
unbroken skin & mucous membranes
secretions- tears, gastric juices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Describe the 2nd line of defense

A

nonspecific
phagocytosis
inflammation

40
Q

Describe the 3d line of defense

A

specific
production of specific antibodies or cell-mediated immunity

41
Q

Generally, not all capillaries in a particular capillary bed are open; it depends on:

A

metabolic needs of the cells or need of removal or wastes

42
Q

Movement of fluid, electrolytes, oxygen, and nutrients on the arterial end are based on:

A

net hydrostatic pressure

43
Q

Venous end - __________ ___________ will facilitate movement of fluid, Co2, and other wastes

A

osmotic pressure

44
Q

Disorders are named using the ending:

A

-itis

45
Q

Arthritis means:

A

inflammation of a joint

46
Q

Describe inflammation

A

protective mechanism

important basic pathophysio concept

normal defense mechanism

47
Q

Causes of inflammation include:

A

direct physical damage (cut, sprain)

Caustic chemicals (acid, drain cleaner)

Ischemia or infarction

Allergic reaction

extreme hot or cold

foreign bodies (splinter, glass)

Infection

48
Q

Name steps of inflammation

____________ to capillaries & tissue cells

Release of ____________ from injured cells

Bradykinin stimulates ______________________________

Pain causes _________________ release

Bradykinin & histamine cause capillary ___________

Break in skin allows bacteria to enter tissue

Neutrophils phagocytize _______________

Macrophages (mature monocytes) leave bloodstream and phagocytose ____________

A

Injury to capillaries & tissue cells

Release of bradykinin from injured cells

Bradykinin stimulates pain receptors

Pain causes histamine release

Bradykinin & histamine cause capillary dilation

Break in skin allows bacteria to enter tissue

Neutrophils phagocytize bacteria

Macrophages (mature monocytes) leave bloodstream and phagocytose microbes

49
Q

Identify 5 steps of inflammatory response

[more general steps]

1- tissue damage carries ____________ into wound

2- wounded cells release chemicals that stimulate _
_____________

3- mast cells release ______________

4- histamine increases capillary blood flow and __________________

5- ____________ leave capillaries and ingest bacteria and dead cells

A

1- tissue damage carries bacteria into wound

2- wounded cells release chemicals that stimulate mast cells

3- mast cells release histamine

4- histamine increases capillary blood flow and permeability

5- phagocytes leave capillaries and ingest bacteria and dead cells

50
Q

Tears are considered to be part of the:

which defenses? [2]

A

first line of defense.

nonspecific defenses.

51
Q

A specific defense for the body is:

phagocytosis.
sensitized T lymphocytes.
the inflammatory response.
intact skin and mucous membranes.

A

sensitized T lymphocytes.

52
Q

The inflammatory response is a nonspecific response to:

A

any tissue injury.

53
Q

Chemical mediators released during the inflammatory response include:

pick one:

albumin and fibrinogen.
growth factors and cell enzymes.
macrophages and neutrophils.
histamine and prostaglandins.

A

histamine and prostaglandins.

54
Q

Edema (swelling) associated with inflammation results directly from:

A

increased fluid and protein in the interstitial compartment.

55
Q

The warmth and redness related to the inflammatory response results from:

A

increased blood flow into the damaged area.

56
Q

Systemic effects of severe inflammation include:

A

fatigue, anorexia, and mild fever.

57
Q

Patients taking glucocorticoids for long periods of time are likely to develop all of the following EXCEPT:

decreased bone density.
wasting of skeletal muscle.
opportunistic infections.
increased leukocyte production.

A

increased leukocyte production.

58
Q

Which of the following drugs relieves fever and some types of pain but is NOT an anti-inflammatory agent?

Acetaminophen
Prednisone
Aspirin
Ibuprofen

A

Acetaminophen

59
Q

Accumulation of which of the following molecules results in irreversible cell injury?

Melanin
Lipids
Calcium
Water

A

Calcium

60
Q

Cellular atrophy involves:

A

a decrease in cell size.

61
Q

The _____________ response is the response to any cell or tissue injury by any agent

A

inflammatory

62
Q

The signs of acute inflammation are :

A

redness, warmth, swelling, pain, and, frequently, loss of function.

63
Q

With extensive inflammation, systemic signs may present, including :

A

mild fever, headache, fatigue, and leukocytosis

64
Q

Chronic inflammation results in formation of:

A

fibrotic or scar tissue

65
Q

Anti-inflammatory drugs include aspirin (ASA) and
the nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which block __________ production at the site.

A

prostaglandin

66
Q

Although nerve reflexes at the site of injury cause
immediate transient vasoconstriction, the rapid release of chemical mediators results in local vasodilation, which causes:

A

hyperemia - increased blood flow in the area.

67
Q

Vasodilation and increased _____________ ______________ make up the vascular response to injury

A

capillary permeability

68
Q

During the cellular response, leukocytes are attracted
by _____________ to the area of inflammation as damaged
cells release their contents.

A

chemotaxis

69
Q

Pain associated with inflammation is due to Increased :

A

pressure of fluid on nerves; release of chemical mediators (e.g., bradykinins)

70
Q

With inflammation, loss of function may develop if cells lack :

A

nutrients; edema may interfere with movement.

71
Q

Exudate refers to a collection of ___________ _________ formed
in the inflamed area

A

interstitial fluid

72
Q

Sanguinous = Contains blood from :

A

broken blood vessels

73
Q

________ exudates = Watery, consists primarily of fluid, some
proteins, and white blood cells

A

Serous

74
Q

___________ exudates = Thick, sticky, high cell and fibrin content

A

Fibrinous

75
Q

_________ exudates = Thick, yellow-green, contains more
leukocytes, cell debris, and microorganism

A

Purulent

76
Q

Mild fever is AKA

A

pyrexia

77
Q

Inflammation could lead to leukocytosis: increased WBC, especially

A

Neutrophils

78
Q

An ________ is a localized pocket of purulent exudate
or pus in a solid tissue

A

abscess

79
Q

_______1_______ may develop in an inflamed tissue because
microorganisms can more easily penetrate when the skin or mucosa is damaged and the blood supply is impaired.

Foreign bodies often introduce microbes directly into the tissue. Some microbes resist ________2________, and the inflammatory exudate itself provides an excellent medium for microorganisms to reproduce and colonize the inflamed area.

A

1- Infection

2- phagocytosis

80
Q

__________________________________________________________________ may be initiated by inflammation resulting from injuries such as sprains, tendinitis, or fractures.
A spasm can force bones of a joint out of normal alignment, causing pressure on the nerves > pain.

A

Skeletal muscle spasms or strong muscle contractions

81
Q

Describe chronic Inflammation

A
  • Follows acute episode of inflammation
  • Less swelling and exudate
  • Presence of more lymphocytes, macrophages, and
    fibroblasts
  • Continued tissue destruction
  • More fibrous scar tissue
  • Granuloma may develop around foreign object
82
Q

Describe the potential complication of deep ulcers from severe or prolonged inflammation

  • Caused by-
  • Can lead to complications such as -
  • Extensive -
A
  • Caused by cell necrosis and lack of cell regeneration that causes erosion of the tissue
  • Can lead to complications such as perforation of viscera
  • Extensive scar tissue formation
83
Q

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of
Glucocorticoids

A
  • Decreased capillary permeability
  • Enhanced effectiveness of epinephrine and norepinephrine
  • Reduced number of leukocytes and mast cells
  • Reduces immune response
84
Q

Adverse Effects of Glucocorticoids

A
  • Atrophy of lymphoid tissue; reduced hemopoiesis»>Increased risk of infection
  • Catabolic effects&raquo_space;> Increased tissue breakdown; decreased protein synthesis
  • Delayed healing
  • Delayed growth in children
  • Retention of sodium and water because of aldosterone-like affect in the kidney
85
Q

“RICE” therapy for injuries

stands for?

A
  • Rest
  • Ice
  • Compression
  • Elevation
86
Q

Describe types of healing

  • Resolution
  • Regeneration
  • Replacement
A
  • Resolution - Minimal tissue damage
  • Regeneration - Damaged tissue replaced with cells that are functional
  • Replacement - Functional tissue replaced by scar tissue; Loss of function
87
Q

3 basic steps of healing

A

1- injury & inflammation

2- Granulation tissue & epithelial growth

3- Scar remains

88
Q

Describe complication that results from scar formation: loss of function

A

Result of loss of normal cells and specialized structures
 Hair follicles
 Nerves
 Receptors

89
Q

Describe complication that results from scar formation: contractures and obstructions

A

-Scar tissue is non-elastic.
- Can restrict range of movement

90
Q

Describe complication that results from scar formation: adhesions

A

Bands of scar tissue joining two surfaces that are normally separated

91
Q

Describe complication that results from scar formation: hypertrophic scar tissue

A

Overgrowth of fibrous tissue
 Leads to hard ridges of scar tissue or keloid formation

92
Q

Describe complication that results from scar formation: ulceration

A

Blood supply may be impaired around scar

-Results in further tissue breakdown and ulceration at future time

93
Q

Name the types of burns

A

-Thermal—by flames or hot fluids
-Chemical
-Radiation
-Electricity
-Light
-Friction

94
Q

Describe classification of burns

A

~Superficial partial-thickness (first-degree) burns
>Involve epidermis and part of dermis
>Little, if any, blister formation

~Deep partial-thickness (second-degree) burns
>Epidermis and part of dermis
>Blister formation

~Full-thickness (third- and fourth-degree) burns
>Destruction of all skin layers and often underlying tissues

95
Q

Describe effects of a burn injury

A
  • Both local and systemic
  • Dehydration and edema
  • Shock
  • Respiratory problems
  • Pain, Infection
  • Increased metabolic needs for healing period
96
Q

Describe healing process of burns

~____________ process
~immediate covering of a clean wound needed to prevent ____________.
~Hyper____________ occurs
~Scar tissue develops, even with skin grafting.
~Physiotherapy & occupational therapy may be necessary.
~Surgery may be necessary to release restrictive scar tissue.

A

~prolonged process
~immediate covering of a clean wound needed to prevent infection.
~Hypermetabolism occurs
~Scar tissue develops, even with skin grafting.
~Physiotherapy & occupational therapy may be necessary.
~Surgery may be necessary to release restrictive scar tissue.

Pathophysiology (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions