Week 5: Aggression and Moral Behaviour in Sport Flashcards
Moral behaviour and moral development
-moral behaviour: the carrying out of an action that is deemed right or wrong
-moral development: the process in which an individual develops the capacity to reason morally
Structural development perspective (development of moral character)
-1. preconvention omrality (fear of punishment, hope of rewards)
-2. conventional morality (confirm for approval)
-3. post-conventional morality (principled actions)
Social learning perspective (development of moral character)
-learned through reinforcement and modelling
-participation in sport teaches ethical sporting behaviour
Factors influencing moral behaviour
-sport environment (influenced by coach)
-moticational climate (mastery vs. performance)
-team norms (standards that influence behaviour)
-goal orientation (task vs. ego orientations)
Agression definition
-any overt verbal or physical act that is intended to injure another living organism either psychologically or physically
Violent behaviour definition
-an extreme act of physical aggression, with no direct relationship to the competitive goals of the sport
Assertive behaviour definition
-forceful, vigorous, and legitimate actions with no intent to injure an opponent
4 point needed for aggressive behaviour
- it is a behaviour, not an emotion/ feeling or personality trait
- it can be verbal or physical
- it is intended to cause psychological or physical harm
- it is directed toward another living organism
Instrumental agression definition
-aggressive acts serving as a means to a particular goal, such as winning, money, or prestige
Hostile aggression definition
-aggressive acts undertaken for the intentional purpose of trying to harm or injure the victim
Bullying and hazing in sport
-bullying: imbalance of power between peers, where the one who is more powerful repeatedly attacks the less powerful one with intention to harm
-hazing: any potentially humiliating, degrading, abusive, or dangerous activity expected of an individual to belong to a group, regardless of willingness to participate
Psychodynamics (theory of aggression)
-humans are born with behavioural tendencies causing them to act in certain ways
-catharsis (need to release aggression)
-has little support
Frustration-aggression theory (theory of aggression)
-aggression is a normal response to frustration
-aggression can have other causes other than frustration and frustration can lead to other behaviours other than aggression (revised theory)
Physiological explanations (theory of aggression)
-physiological in nature
-brain pathology: research indicates that aggressive behaviour is often characteristic of people with brain tumours
-blood chemistry: aggression has been linked to the hormone testosterone
Social learning theory (theory of aggression)
-mix of biology and environment
-people are aggressive because they have learned that aggression pays
-modelling: observing aggressive models and retaining tendencies
-learning: acquiring new responses due to reinforcement
-most accepted theory
Moral disengagement (theory of aggression)
-extension of social learning theory
-individuals cognitively separate the moral component from an otherwise unprincipled act in order to rationalize engaging in it
Factors influencing aggression in sport
-personal factors
-situational factors
-group factors
Personal factors
-sex/gender: no significant findings of differences in aggression
-age: as competition increases, so does aggression
-physical size: bigger/stronger players are more aggressive
-retaliation motives: based on opponents previous aggression
-annoyances: inconsistent calls etc
-self presentation: people will be more aggressive if there is a chance they wont be seen
-passion/athletic identity: harmonious vs obsessive passion
Situational factors
-frequency of competition: if you play more often, there will be more acts of aggression
-home advantage: away teams receive more foul calls
-point differentials: weak relationship
-coaching behaviours: if coach is modelling aggressive behaviours, players are more likely to as well
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Group factors
-individuals role: some players are not as good so their job is to slow down the other team
-team norms: if coach is aggressive it becomes more normal and accepted
-collective efficacy for aggression: teams perception of their ability to use aggression as a strategy
Reducing aggression in sport
-punishment and encouragement
-educational interventions: anger management techniques
-behavioural modification practices: coping skills
-changes to sporting environment: ban alcohol at events, change competitive structure
-change aggressive behaviour in the media: stop glorifying it
