Week 3: Motivation Flashcards
Motivation
-the internal processes such as needs, thoughts, and emotions, that give your behaviour energy and direction
Aspiration questions
-what choice do people make about their behaviour?
-how long does it take to get started?
-what is the intensity of involvement of activity?
-what causes a person to persist or give up?
-what is the individual thinking while doing the activity?
Behavioural approaches
-an approach to understanding motivated behaviour that focuses on conditioning or learning from the environment
-operant condition
-vicarious conditioning
-operant strategies
Cognitive approaches
-an approach to understanding motivated behaviour that emphasizes the role of thoughts and cognitive habits
-looks at the individuals interpretation of the external environment
-automatic thought processes, cognitive errors, and core beliefs can be altered
Cognitive-behavioural approaches
-most recognized
-based on how cognitions influence emotions and behaviour and how behaviour affects thought patterns and emotions
Transtheoretical model
-includes 5 stages:
-precontemplation
-contemplation
-preparation
-action
-maintenance
-factors influencing stage progression are self efficacy, decisional balance and processes of change
Theory of planned behaviour
-attitude reflects positive and negative evaluation of engaging
-subjective norms reflect social pressure to perform
-perceieved behaviour control reflects extent to which behaviour is impeded via personal/environmental barriers
Theory of planned behaviour (the intention-behaviour gap)
-people do not always do what they intend to do
-the intention-behaviour gap is influenced by intentional stability, habit, affective judgement, identity, and implementation intentions
Social cognitive theory
-main factor is self confidence, if you feel good about doing it you will do it
-reciprocal determinism: 3 sets of influences, person, environment and behaviour all interact to influence one another
Social cognitive theory 7 constructs
-observational learning (how we learn from observing others)
-goals (goals that individuals have that reinforces behaviours)
-outcome expectations (expected positive and negative outcomes)
-outcome expectancies (likelihood of achieving outcomes)
-self regulation (self-directed)
-behavioural capacity (knowledge/tracking of behaviour)
-self efficacy (belief in capablities)
Social cognitive theory (determinants of self efficacy)
1.mastery experience: past performance success and failure for similar behaviours influence self efficacy (youre good at soccer and everyone agrees)
2.vicarious experiences: modelled behaviours associated with development and change in self efficacy
3.social persuasion: verbal and non-verbal feedback from significant knowledgeable others
4.physiological and affective states: physical and emotional cues associated with performance and behaviour (how you feel when you score a goal vs when you lose)
Self-determination theory
-people have psychological needs, if not met, motivation is low
Self-determination theory needs
-competence: feeling effective at ones activites
-autonomy: having a choice, being able to be yourself
-relatedness: feeling connected to others, sense of belonging
Achievement goal theory
1.task goal orientation: focus on task itself
2.ego goal orientation: focus on outperforming others (unhealthy in terms of mental health)
Dual-process models
1.conscious processes: deliberate, slow, guided by beliefs and values, require cognitive processing, and are of limited capacity
2.non-conscious processes: operate quickly, without awareness, are based on feelings, and require minimal cognitive resources
