week 5 Flashcards
Why is insulin important?
Insulin is a hormone needed to transport glucose across the cell membrane into the cells to be used for energy.
What is HbA1C
Glucose in blood attaches to Hb –a protein that carries O2 in red blood cells (RBC). This is referred to as HbA1c. HbA1c level does not change quickly. Therefore, it reflects the average blood glucose over the lifespan of the red blood cells containing it (approx. 8weeks). Performed at any time of the day – no preparation.
Why does Insulin needs to be given as an injection
it is destroyed by the stomach acid otherwise
Signs of DKA
nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, tachypnoea, flushed cheeks, sweet acetone smell on breathe.
The ABC’S of diabetic management
A1c = manage blood sugar level
Blood pressure management
Cholesterol level management
Stop smoking
The hormones released by the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM glands regulate bodily functions including
Fluid and electrolyte balance Energy metabolism Growth and development Digestion Reproduction and Adaptation to physiological stresses
Role of pituitary glands
it produces and secretes hormones according to the internal and external changes that affect the body
Role of thyroid
The thyroid gland enables the body to generate energy and regulate its temperature
Role of adrenal glands
They produce four hormones in total, which include: Glucocortoids Mineralocortoids Androgen Catecholamines
What is graves disease
Autoimmune disease where the person develops antibodies that mimic the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) causing excess production of TSH
What is cushings syndrome
Chronic disorder in which hyper function of the adrenal cortex produces excessive amounts of cortisol or ACTH
Signs of DKA
➢Dehydration ➢Hypotension ➢Tachycardia ➢Hyperventilation ➢Hyperthermia
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycaemia Syndrome (HHS)
➢ Life-threatening complication of diabetes
mellitus
➢ Predominantly associated with type 2 diabetes
➢ Can happen in days
Signs and symptoms of HHS
➢ Acute impairment in cognitive function ➢ Sunken eyes ➢ Longitudinal furrows on the tongue ➢ Extremity weakness ➢ Severe hypovolaemia→ ↑HR ↓ BP
Complications of HHS
➢ Arterial or venous thrombosis
➢ Other potential complications, e.g. cerebral
oedema/ central pontine myelinolysis
➢ Foot ulceration
