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ANAT3004 > Week 5 > Flashcards

Week 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the occipitofrontalis consist of?

A

Paired frontal and occipital bellies separated by a single fibrous sheet.

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2
Q

What is the name of the sheet that separates the paired frontal and occipital bellies of the occipitofrontalis?

A

Epicranial aponeurosis

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3
Q

Where is the corregator spercilii in relation to the frontalis and orbicularis oculi?

A

Deep

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4
Q

What muscles are responsible for frowning?

A
  1. Corregator supercilii
  2. Occipitofrontalis
  3. Orbicularis oculi
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5
Q

Where is the orbicularis oculi in relation to the eyes?

A

It circles the eyes

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6
Q

What is the orbicularis oculi responsible for functionally?

A
  1. Closes eye

2. Directs tear flow

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7
Q

What can occur if the orbicularis oculi is paralysed?

A
  1. Prevents eye closure - dry cornea
  2. Lower eyelids falls down
  3. Tears run out and dirt comes in
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8
Q

What is the muscle that is responsible for lifting the upper eyelid?

A

Levator palpebrae sperioris

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9
Q

What are the muscles of the nose? (3)

A
  1. Procerus
  2. Nasalis
  3. Levator labii superioris alaquae nasae
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10
Q

What is the modiolis? Where does it extend?

A
  1. Fibromuscular structure

2. Extends from skin to mucosa

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11
Q

What is the function of the modiolis?

A

It is an anchoring point for muscles which move corners of mouth and adjacent structures.

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12
Q

What are the 7 muscles that insert into the modiolis?

A
  1. Zygomaticus major
  2. Levator anguli oris
  3. Buccinator
  4. Platysma
  5. Depressor anguli oris
  6. Orbicularis oris
  7. Risorius
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13
Q

What is the function of the zygomaticus major and levator anguli oris?

A

Elevates corner of the mouth

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14
Q

Where is the levator anguli oris located in relation to the facial vein and z. minor?

A

Deep

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15
Q

Where is the buccinator located?

A

It arises on the outer surfaces of the maxilla and mandible (over molars) and pterygomandibular raphe to attach to modiolis.

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16
Q

What is the function of the buccinator?

A

Draw in/position cheeks, direct food over molars

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17
Q

Where is the platysma located?

A

Body of mandible, modiolis and modiolar muscles to skin over pectoralis

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18
Q

What is the function of the platysma?

A

Has little function but can depress lower lip and corners of the mouth

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19
Q

What is the function of the depressor anguli oris?

A

Draws the corners of the mouth down

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20
Q

Where is the orbicularis oris located? What converges on it?

A
  1. Sphincter of mouth, modiolis to modiolis

2. Other muscles e.g. buccinator converge on it

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21
Q

The orbicularis oris has no direct bony attachments. True or False?

A

True.

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22
Q

Where are some of the fibres of the orbicularis oris derived from?

A

Buccinator

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23
Q

What happens when the orbicularis oris is paralysed?

A
  1. Can’t close mouth

2. Lips pulled toward normal side

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24
Q

What is the function of the risorius?

A

Moves corner of the mouth

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25
Q

What are the muscles responsible for moving the lip up?

A
  1. Levator labii superioris
  2. Levator labii superoris alaque nasi
  3. Zygomaticus minor
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26
Q

Where is the levator labii superioris located? What is its specific function?

A
  1. Deep

2. Raises upper lip

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27
Q

What is the specific function of the levator labii superoris alaque nasi?

A
  1. Raises upper lip

2. Dilates nostrils

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28
Q

What is the specific function of the zygomaticus minor?

A

Raises upper lip

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29
Q

What muscles are responsible for pulling the lip down?

A
  1. Depressor labii inferioris

2. Mentalis

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30
Q

Where is the depressor labii inferioris located? What is its specific function?

A
  1. Situated medial to depressor anguli oris

2. Moves lower lip down

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31
Q

What is the function of the mentalis?

A

Raises base of lower lip - protrusion and eversion

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32
Q

How do we identify the levator labii superioris alaque nasi?

A

By the 2 heads - one to nostril and one into upper lip. They arise beneath the orbicularis oris.

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33
Q

How do we identify the levator labii superioris?

A

Deep and lateral to levator labii superioris alaque nasi. The two muscles converge inferiorly.

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34
Q

How do we identify the levator anguli oris?

A

Very deep, lateral to levator labii superioris, deep to zygomaticus minor.

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35
Q

How do we differentiate the position of the z. major with z. minor?

A
  1. Z. major is lager and more later than Z. minor.
  2. Both blend with orbicularis oris BUT Z. major goes to the corner of the mouth, whereas, Z. minor goes to upper lip lateral to levator labii superioris and levator labii superioris alaque nasi.
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36
Q

Where does the mentalis muscles arise and how are the fibres oriented?

A
  1. Mentalis arises at the tip of the chin

2. The fibres fans laterally and upwards

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37
Q

Where does the depressor labii inferioris arise and how are the fibres oriented?

A

Arises laterally and converges medially and upward to blend with the orbicularis oris

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38
Q

How can we identify the buccinator?

A

Identify by parotid duct which pierces muscle before passing into vestibule of oral cavity.

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39
Q

What is the pterygomandibular raphe attached to?

A

Mandible and maxilla

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40
Q

Where is the pterygomandibular raphe located? What is its appearance?

A

Inside oral cavity as a thin tight ridge running vertically from upper back to lower back molar

41
Q

What direction are the fibres of the risorius orientated?

A

Horizontal

42
Q

What are the five layers of the scalp?

A
  1. Skin
  2. Superficial fascia
  3. Epicranial aponeurosis
  4. Loose fascia/lax aveolar tissue
  5. Periosteum
43
Q

Where is the superficial fascia comprised of?

A
  1. Loculated fat

2. Highly vascular

44
Q

What is the epicranial aponeurosis?

A

Tendon connecting frontal and occipital bellies of occipitofrontalis

45
Q

What does the epicranial aponeurosis attach to?

A

Temporal and superior nuchal lines

46
Q

If the occipitofrontalis does not attach to bone where does it attach?

47
Q

What are the characteristics of the loose fascia?

A

Relatively avascular but crossed by emissary veins

48
Q

What does the motor innervation of fascial muscles?

A

Cutaneous branches of the facial nerve

49
Q

What does the sensory innervation of the face?

A

Cutaneous branches of the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve

50
Q

What is the parotid gland?

A

A lobulated extrinsic salivary gland

51
Q

Where is the parotid gland located in relation to other structures?

A
  1. Lateral to ramus and masseter

2. Between mandible and SCM

52
Q

What structures are located medial to the parotid gland? What are these structures separated by?

A
  1. Internal jugular
  2. Internal carotid
  3. Vagus

Styloid muscles

53
Q

What is the parotid capsule derived from?

A

Deep cervical fascia

54
Q

What is the parotid capsule attached to?

A
  1. Zygomatic arch
  2. Mandible
  3. Styloid process
  4. Tympanic plate
55
Q

What two structures forms the stylomandibular ligament?

A
  1. The part of the capsule which is attached to the styloid process
  2. Angle of mandible
56
Q

What is the nerve supply to the parotid gland?

A
  1. Parasympathetic fibres from glossopharangeal hitchhiking on auriculotemporal nerve (branch of V/3)
  2. Sympathetic from external carotid plexus
  3. Sensory innervation is from greater auricular branch of the cervical plexus (superficial and inferior parts of the gland) and auriculotemporal nerves (deep and superior parts)
57
Q

What is the parotid gland’s arterial supply?

A
  1. Posterior auricular artery
  2. Superficial temporal
  3. Transverse facial
58
Q

What veins drain the parotid gland?

A

Venous drainage of the retromandibular vein

59
Q

What vessels pass through the parotid gland?

A
  1. External carotid
  2. Retromandibular vein
  3. Facial nerve
60
Q

Where do the ducts of the parotid gland leave?

A

Leaves anterior border of gland, often associated with accessory parotid gland.

61
Q

Where do the ducts of the parotid gland travel>

A
  1. The duct crosses superficial surface of masseter
  2. Pierces upper buccinator
  3. To empty into vestibule of oral cavity above second upper molar
62
Q

What is the second upper molar marked by?

A

Parotid papilla

63
Q

What is the duct of the parotid gland made of?

A

Thick fibromusclar wall, lined with columnar epithelium

64
Q

What are the deepest structures of the parotid gland?

A

The external carotid enters posteromedial surface of the parotid, divides within the gland to form maxillary artery which emerges anteromedially and super temporal which gives off transverse facial artery and then emerges from superior surface of parotid. Posterior auricular artery may also arise within parotid.

65
Q

What are the intermediate structures of the parotid gland?

A

Superficial temporal and maxillary veins accompany arteries into parotid to form retromandibular vein. This divides in parotid into anterior and posterior branches

66
Q

What are the superficial structures of the parotid gland?

A

Facial nerve - divides in parotid into cutaneous branches. Facial nerve does not innervate parotid

67
Q

What are the two roots of the facial nerve?

A

A larger motor root and a smaller sensory root

68
Q

Where do the two roots of the facial nerve arise?

A

From different nuclei in the pons

69
Q

Where does the motor root of the facial nerve send fibres to?

A

Muscles in the middle ear (stapedius muscle) plus muscles in face, scalp, auricle, anterior neck

70
Q

What carries sensory and parasympathetic fibres in the facial nerve?

A

Smaller sensory root (nervus intermedius)

71
Q

What characteristics do the parasympathetic fibres of the facial nerve have?

A

They are secretomotor - involved in glands producing secretion to submandibular, sublingual and lacrimal glands of palate and nasal mucosa

72
Q

Where does the facial nerve initially travel?

A

With the vestibulocochlear nerve with the small nervus intermedius (part of the facial nerve) in a groove between them.

73
Q

What does the facial nerve, nervus intermedius and vestibulococchlear nerve enter?

A

Internal acoustic meatus

74
Q

Where does the facial nerve separate from the vestibulococchlear nerve? Where does it enter after this separation?

A

In the meatus.

Enters facial canal which passes in the horizontal plane above the vestibule of the inner ear.

75
Q

What happens after it enters the meatus?

A

It bends and passes vertically down the medial wall of the middle ear.

76
Q

What is located at the bend?

A

Geniculate ganglion (sensory ganglion)

77
Q

What fibres have their cell bodies in the geniculate ganglion?

A

Sensory fibres of the facial nerve

78
Q

What do the sensory fibres that have cell bodies in the geniculate ganglion include?

A
  1. Taste fibres from chorda tympani (special)
  2. Taste fibres from soft palate (special)
  3. Cutaneous sensory fibres (from skin of ear) general sensation
79
Q

What passes through the ganglion without synapsing?

A

Parasympathetic fibres

80
Q

Where do some of the parasympathetic fibres branch off the facial nerve? What do they become?

A

At the geniculate ganglion as the greater petrosal nerve

81
Q

Where does the greater petrosal nerve go?

A

To the pterygopalatine ganglion

82
Q

What does the greater petrosal nerve carry?

A

Taste fibres from the soft palate.

83
Q

What does the vertical part of the facial nerve within bony facial canal give off?

A
  1. Motor stapedius nerve
  2. Sensory chorda tympani
  3. Sensory auricular branch
84
Q

Where does the sensory chorda tympani leave the facial nerve?

A

Leaves facial nerve about 5mm above stylomastoid foramen.

85
Q

Where does the sensory chorda tympani travel after leaving the facial nerve?

A

Arches upwards across posterior wall of middle ear, across upper part of tympanic membrane, then into bone again and down to emerge through the PETROTYMPANIC FISSURE to join the lingual nerve deep to the lateral pterygoid muscle.

86
Q

Apart from taste what else is the chorda tympani involved in?

A

It carrie the remainder of the facial parasympathetic fibres to the submandibular ganglion

87
Q

Where does the sensory auricular branch extend?

A

To some of the skin of the external acoustic meatus and external ear

88
Q

Where does the facial nerve emerge from the skull?

A

At the stylomastoid foramen

89
Q

After emerging from the stylomastoid foramen what does the facial nerve do?

A

It curves medially to give off:

  1. Posterior auricular nerve
  2. Small branches to posterior belly of digastric and stylohyoid
90
Q

Where does the posterior auricular nerve extend?

A

To occipital belly of occipitofrontalis, runs between auricle and mastoid process

91
Q

After curving medially where does the facial nerve enter?

A

Enters posterolateral parotid, divides in gland to form cutaneous branches to the muscles of facial expression

92
Q

What are the cutaneous branches responsible for?

A

Motor to muscles of facial expression

93
Q

What are the cutaneous branches?

A
  1. Temporal
  2. Zygomatic
  3. Buccal
  4. Marginal Mandibular
  5. Cervical
94
Q

What do the temporal branches supply?

A
  1. Occipitofrontalis
  2. Orbicularis oculi
  3. Corregator supercilii
95
Q

What do the zygomatic branches supply?

A

Orbicularis oculi

96
Q

What do the buccal branches supply?

A

Supplies face between orbicularis oculi and oral fissure:

  1. z major and minor
  2. Procerus
  3. Nasalis
  4. levator labii superioris alaque nasi
  5. Levator labii superioris
  6. Levator anguli oris
  7. Buccinator
  8. Orbicularis oris
97
Q

What are the marginal mandibular branches responsible for?

A

Muscles of lower lip and chin of risorius

98
Q

What are the cervical branches responsible for?

ANAT3004 (12 decks)

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