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ANAT3004 > Nose and Paranasal Sinuses, Pharynx, Pterygopalatine Fossa > Flashcards

Nose and Paranasal Sinuses, Pharynx, Pterygopalatine Fossa Flashcards

1
Q

What are the bones of the septum?

A
  1. Vomer (posteroinferior)

2. Ethmoid (anterosuperior)

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2
Q

What forms the floor, roof, lateral wall of nasal cavity?

A
  1. Maxilla
  2. Palatine bone
  3. Frontal bone
  4. Nasal bone
  5. Ethmoid bone
  6. Sphenoid
  7. Lacrimal bone
  8. Inferior concha
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3
Q

What is the anterior opening of the nose?

A

A single piriform aperture (surrounded by nasal bones above and maxillae laterally and below)

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4
Q

What is the posterior opening of the nose?

A

Choanae separated by bony septum

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5
Q

What are the cartilages of the nose?

A
  1. Septal
  2. Lateral
  3. Alar cartilages
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6
Q

What is the septal cartilage of the nose attached to?

A

Bony septum

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7
Q

What is the lateral cartilage of the nose attached to?

A

Posteriorly to bony lateral walls, inferiorly to alar cartilages

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8
Q

What do the alar cartilages curve to form?

A

Nostril

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9
Q

What are the 3 chonchaes?

A
  1. superior
  2. middle
  3. inferior
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10
Q

Where are the 3 meatuses located?

A

Below each concha

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11
Q

What is the space posterosuperior to superior choncha?

A

Sphenoethmoidal recess

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12
Q

What does the middle meatus contain?

A

Longitudinal bulge - ethmoidal bulla with a curved indentation below - hiatus semilunaris

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13
Q

What is the function of the chonchae?

A

Air movement to trap particles, warm air and possible improve olfaction

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14
Q

What are the 4 sinus openings into meatuses?

A
  1. Spehnoetmoidal recess - sphenoidal sinus
  2. Superior meatus - posterior ethmoidal sinus
  3. Middle meatus - frontal sinus via infundibulum, middle and anterior ethmoidal, maxillary sinus
  4. Inferior - nasolacrimal duct
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15
Q

Where do tears drain from surface of eye?

A

Via lacrimal canalicui (one per medial corner or eye) into lacrimal sac

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16
Q

Where does the nasolacrimal duct extend from?

A

Duct extends from lacrimal sac in medial corner of eye through lacrimal bone, maxilla and inferior concha

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17
Q

What comprises the region of nasal cavity lined with skin + hairs? (2)

A
  1. Nares

2. Vestibule

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18
Q

Where is the nares and vestibule?

A

Anterior opening onto face and space just inside nares

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19
Q

Wha comprises the region of the nasal cavity lined with stratified non keratinising squamous?

A

Atrium (above vestibule, in front of conchae)

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20
Q

What comprises the region of the nasal cavity lined with respiratory epithelium?

A
  1. Respiratory region - between inferior and middle concha

2. Choanae (with soft tissue in place - behind conchae and in front of auditory tube)

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21
Q

What comprises the region of the nasal cavity lined with olfactory epithelium?

A

Superior concha, upper septum, roof over upper septum,

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22
Q

What passes through the cribriform plate of ethmoid to olfactory bulb and tract?

A

Olfactory axons from olfactory mucosa

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23
Q

What is the blood supply to the external nose?

A

Facial artery and facial vein

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24
Q

What is the motor innervation to the external nose?

A

Facial nerve

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25
Q

What are the sensory nerves to the external nose?

A

Cutaneous branches of trigeminal

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26
Q

What is the blood supply to the nasal cavity?

A

Branches of opthalmic, maxillary and facial arteries and accompanying veins

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27
Q

What are the sensory nerves for the nasal cavity?

A

Trigeminal (opthalmic and maxillary branches)

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28
Q

What are the sympathetic nerves that accompany sensory nerves?

A

Vasomotor

Secretomotor to mucosal glands

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29
Q

What do paranasal sinuses develop from and drain into?

A

Nasal cavity

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30
Q

How are paranasal sinuses paired?

A

Through septa dividing left and right sinuses may be incomplete

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31
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses?

A
  1. Sphenoidal sinus
  2. Ethmoidal sinuses/air cells
  3. Frontal
  4. Maxillary
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32
Q

Where are the sphenoidal sinuses? What does it open into? What is it supplied by?

A

Paired spaces in sphenoid bone - posterosuperior to upper nasal cavity
Open into spheno-ethmoidal recess
Suppled by posterior ethmoid nerve

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33
Q

Where are the ethmoidal sinuses located? How are divided?

A

Between upper nasal cavity and orbit

Divided into 2 groups - posterior and anterior

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34
Q

Where are the frontal paranasal sinuses located?

A

Posterosuperior to superciliary arches and within frontal bone

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35
Q

Where does the frontal paranasal sinus open into?

A

Middle meatus via frontonasal duct

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36
Q

What is the frontal paranasal sinus supplied by?

A

Supraorbital nerve

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37
Q

Where is the maxillary paranasal sinus located?

A

Within bodies of maxillae

38
Q

What does the maxillary paranasal sins overlie?

A

Canines and first and second molars

39
Q

What is the maxillary paranasal sinus supplied by?

A

Infraorbital nerve

40
Q

What does the inferior constrictor attach to?

A
  1. Cricoid and thyroid cartilages of larynx

2. Median pharyngeal raphe

41
Q

What is the inferior constrictor pierced by?

A

External branch of superior laryngeal nerve

42
Q

What passes under the inferior constrictor?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve and inferior laryngeal artery pass under lower border

43
Q

What are the 2 parts of the inferior constrictor? What are their respective functions?

A
  1. Upper thyropharyngeus - propulsive

2. Lower cricopharyngeus - sphincter

44
Q

What is the inferior constrictor innervated by?

A

Mostly pharyngeal plexus

Also innervated by external and recurrent laryngeal nerves

45
Q

What is the maxillary nerve associated with?

A
  1. Pterygopalatine fossa
  2. Floor and lower lateral walls of orbit
  3. Innervation of maxillary teeth
46
Q

What is the maxillary nerve transmitted by?

A

Transmitted via foramen rotundum into pterygopalatine fossa

47
Q

What is the branch of maxillary nerve located within the skull?

A

Meningeal branch

48
Q

What is the branch of maxillary nerve located within the pterygopalatine fossa?

A
  1. Ganglion branches
  2. Zygomatic/zygomaticoorbital
  3. Posterior superior alveolar
49
Q

What is the branch of maxillary nerve located within the infraorobital groove/canal?

A
  1. Middle superior alveolar nerve

2. Anterior superior alveolar nerve

50
Q

What is the meningeal branch responsible for innervating?

A

Sensory to dura of the middle cranial fossa

51
Q

What is the relation of the ganglion branches with the pterygopalatine ganglion?

A

Pass through but do not synapse in the pterygopaaltine ganglion.

52
Q

What type of branches are the ganglion branches?

A

Sensory

53
Q

What other nerve does the zygomatic/zygomaticoorbital nerve travel with? What do they enter the orbit via?

A

Maxillary nerve

Enter orbit via the inferior orbital fissure

54
Q

What are the branches of the zygomaticoorbital nerve?

A
  1. Facia. parasympathetic hitchhikers (secretomotor) to the lacrimal gland
  2. Zygomaticofacial
  3. Zygomaticotemporal
55
Q

Where does the zygomaticoorbital nerve pass through?

A

Orbital periosteum to lateral wall of orbit

56
Q

Where does the zygomaticoorbital nerve pass through if it is undivided? Where does it eventually divide? What does it form?

A

Single zygomatico-orbital foramen on the lateral wall of the orbit to divide within the zygomer to form the cutaneous zygomaticofacial and zygomaticotemporal nerves

57
Q

Where does the posterior superior alveolar nerve enter canal? What with? What does it form?

A

In the posterior maxilla along with branches of the maxillary artery through mucosa of maxillary sinus to form a superior dental plexus and to supply molars

58
Q

Where does the infraorbital nerve/maxillary nerve pass across? In what groove? Into which canal?

A

Floor of orbit and along the infraorbital groove and into infraorbital canal.

59
Q

Where does the middle superior alveolar nerve arise from?

A

Infraorbital nerve in infraorbital groove

60
Q

What does it supply?

A

Premolars

61
Q

Where does the anterior superior alveolar nerve leave the in infraorbital nerve? What does it supply?

A

Infraorbital canal

Supplies incisors and canines

62
Q

What do all 3 superior alveolar nerves pass through? What does it usually form? What do all supply?

A

Mucosa of maxillary sinus
Grooves in the bony wall of the sinus
Maxillary sinus

63
Q

What does the cutaneous part of infraorbital nerve emerge onto face via?

A

Infraorbital foramen

64
Q

Where is the cutaneous infraorbital nerve initially?

A

Deep to orbicularis oculi

65
Q

What does the cutaneous infraorbital nerve supply?

A

Sensory fibres to anterior face down to upper lip and also to nose and lower eyelid

66
Q

What does the pterygopalatine fossa contain?

A
  1. Pterygopalatine ganglion
  2. Maxillary nerve
  3. Maxillary artery
  4. Fatty fascia
  5. Openings
67
Q

What is the pterygopalatine ganglion?

A

One of the two parasympathetic ganglia of the facial nerve

68
Q

Parasympathetic fibres are the only ones to synapse on the ptergopalatine ganglion. True or False.

A

True. Sympathetic and sensory pass through the ganglion without synapsing

69
Q

What does the maxillary nerve enter the pterygopalatine fossa from? What does it leave via?

A

Foramen rotundum

Leaves via inferior orbital fissure

70
Q

When does the maxillary artery enter pterygopalatine fossa?

A

After passing through the two heads of lateral pterygoid.

71
Q

What are the openings in the wall of pterygopalatine fossa that go into fossa?

A
  1. Foramen rotundum

2. Pterygoid canal

72
Q

What are the openings that lead out of the pterygopalatine fossa?

A
  1. Inferior orbital fissure
  2. Sphenopalatine foramen
  3. Greater and lesser palatine foramina
  4. Palatopharyngeal canal
73
Q

What does foramen rotundum provide a passage for?

A

Maxillary nerve into fossa

74
Q

What does the pterygoid canal carry?

A

Nerve of pterygoid canal

75
Q

Where does the sphenopalatine foramen open into?

A

Lateral wall of the nasal cavity at the level of and just posterior to the middle concha.

76
Q

Where does the greater and lesser palatine foramina open onto?

A

Posterior hard palate

77
Q

What does the palatopharyngeal canal open into?

A

Opens posterior to nasal septum

78
Q

What is the pterygopalatine ganglion?

A

Parasympathetic ganglion of the facial nerve

79
Q

What are the characteristics of the roots of the pterygopalatine ganglion?

A
  1. Parasympathetic
  2. Sympathetic
  3. Sensory
80
Q

Where do the parasympathetic roots arise? How do they reach the ganglion?

A

Facial nerve

Via the greater petrosal nerve and nerve of the pterygoid canal

81
Q

Where do the sympathetic fibres of the pterygopalatine ganglion arise?

A

Carotid plexus via deep petrosal nerve and nerve of pterygoid canal

82
Q

Where are the sensory roots of the pterygopalatine ganglion from?

A

Maxillary nerve

83
Q

How do the sensory fibres reach the pterygopalatine ganglion?

A

Via its branches and then pass to the maxillary nerve via ganglion branches

84
Q

What do the branches of the pterygopalatine ganglion carry?

A

Mixture of fibres - postganglionic parasympathetic, sympathetic

85
Q

What branches of the pterygopalatine ganglion take the course via the inferior orbital fissure?

A
  1. Infraorbital (maxillary) nerve
  2. Zygomaticoorbital nerve
  3. Orbital branches
86
Q

What branches of the pterygopalatine ganglion take the course via the sphenopalatine foramen?

A
  1. Nasopalatine nerve

2. Posterior nasal branches

87
Q

What branches of the pterygopalatine ganglion take the course via the palatine canals?

A

Greater and lesser palatine nerves

88
Q

What branches do greater and lesser palatine nerves have?

A

Nasal branches - colletively called posterior inferior nasal nerves

89
Q

What branch arises from the palatopahryngeal canal?

A

Palatopharyngeal nerve

90
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation of the lacrimal gland?

A

Pterygopalatine ganglion and pass to the maxillary nerve via ganglion and then to the zygomaticoorbital nerve.

91
Q

What is the triple innervation of the lacrimal gland?

A
  1. Sensory from opthalmic nerve
  2. Parasympathetic from facial neve
  3. Sympathetic via several routes - hitchhikjers on zygomaticoorbital and opthalmic nerves
92
Q

What are the orbital branches? What do they supply?

A

Multiple fine branches arising from the dorsal surface of the pterygopalatine ganglion.
Supply orbital periosteum

ANAT3004 (12 decks)

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