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ANAT3004 > Cranial nerves, sympathetic trunk > Flashcards

Cranial nerves, sympathetic trunk Flashcards

1
Q

Motor fibres are efferent and travel out of the CNS, whereas, sensory fibres are afferent and travel into the CNS. True or False?

A

True

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2
Q

All cranial nerves carry fibres with multiple functions. True or False.

A

False. Optic nerve carries only sensory function

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3
Q

Motor fibres can be either somatic efferent to voluntary muscles or autonomic to smooth muscle and glands. True or False.

A

True

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4
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system consist of?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

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5
Q

Where does the sensory information that sensory nerves carry from peripheral structures ultimately go?

A

Into the CNS

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6
Q

What are the two classifications of sensations?

A
  1. Special

2. General

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7
Q

What are some examples of special sensations? (5)

A
  1. Smell
  2. Taste
  3. Vision
  4. Hearing
  5. Balance
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8
Q

What are some examples of general sensations? (4)

A
  1. Temperature
  2. Pain
  3. Touch
  4. Proprioception (position)
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9
Q

Where do somatic motor axons/fibres arise?

A

From neurons in either the brain or spinal cord

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10
Q

Where do somatic motor axons pass into?

A

They pass into peripheral nerves and via these nerves directly to the skeletal muscle that they innervate.

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11
Q

Is there a second cell body for somatic motor axons?

A

No.

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12
Q

What divisions does the ANS have? (2)

A
  1. Sympathetic

2. Parasympathetic

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13
Q

What are autonomic nerves involved in? (2)

A
  1. Secretion from glands (secretomotor)

2. Smooth muscle contraction in blood vessels (vasomotor) , internal organs, erector pili muscles

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14
Q

All organs havea dual sympathetic and parasympathetic supply with oppositie effects. (e.g. one stimulating and the other inhibiting) True or False?

A

False. Many but not all organs.

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15
Q

How many neurons does the autonomic pathway involve? What are they?

A

Two.

  1. The neuron of origin in the brain or spinal cord
  2. In peripheral ganglion
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16
Q

What is the definition of a ganglion?

A

A collection of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS.

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17
Q

What are preganglionic fibres?

A

Myelinated axons of autonomic nerves that have not undergone a second synapse.

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18
Q

Post-ganglionic fibres are usually myelinated. True or False.

A

False. They are usually unmyelinated.

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19
Q

Where do the parasympathetic nerves leave the brainstem? (5)

A
  1. Occulomotor
  2. Facial
  3. Glossopharyngeal
  4. Vagus
  5. Via 2nd - 4th sacral spinal nerves
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20
Q

Where do pre-ganglionic fibres from the parasympathetic nerves synapse in?

A
  1. Ciliary ganglion in orbit = occulomotor
  2. Pterygopalatine ganglion in pterygopalatine fossa = facial nerve
  3. Submandibular ganglion adjacent to submandibular salivary gland = facial nerve
  4. Otic ganglia just below foramen ovale = glossopharangeal nerve
  5. Thoracic and abdominal ganglia = vagus
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21
Q

What is different about other classes of fibres (i.e. not pre-ganglionic fibres) that pass through the parasympathetic ganglia?

A

They do not synapse in these ganglia

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22
Q

What is the sympathetic trunk? Where is it situated?

A

Chain of axons and ganglia

Along the sides of the vertebral bodies.

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23
Q

Where does the sympathetic trunk extend?

A

Cranial base to coccyx.

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24
Q

Where is the sympathetic trunk in the neck?

A

Posterior to carotid sheath and anterior to vertebral transverse processes.

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25
Q

Where do sympathetic nerves arise?

A

From neurons in the thoracic and upper lumbar spinal cord.

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26
Q

How do pre-ganglionic fibres of the sympathetic trunk leave the spinal cord?

A

Via mixed spinal nerves through the intervertebral foramen.

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27
Q

What does it mean when a nerve is classified as mixed?

A

They carry motor fibres leaving the spinal cord and sensory fibres passing into the spinal cord.

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28
Q

Where are mixed spinal nerves connected to the sympathetic trunk? What are they connected by?

A

In the thorax and upper lumbar regions via fine communicating branches (white rami)

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29
Q

What do white rami transmit?

A

The preganglionic sympathetic fibres to the sympathetic trunk

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30
Q

Where do preganglionic fibres synapse on? (2)

A

Somewhere in the sympathetic trunk:

  1. Adjacent to their point of exit from the spinal cord
  2. Some other more distant ganglion
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31
Q

Where are post ganglionic fibres derived from?

A

Axons derived from neurons in the sympathetic ganglia

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32
Q

Where do the post ganglionic fibres travel?

A
  1. Up the sympathetic trunk to supply the head and neck

2. Leave via the mixed spinal nerves to supply trunks and limbs.

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33
Q

The sympathetic trunk extends into the neck even though there is no sympathetic outflow. True or False.

A

True.

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34
Q

What are the 3 interconnected ganglia on the cervical part of the sympathetic trunk?

A
  1. Cervicothoracic
  2. Stellate
  3. Middle cervical and superior cervcical
35
Q

Where does the sympathetic trunk proper terminate?

A

In the superior cervical ganglion.

36
Q

What nerve supplies to some neck structures?

A

The two lower ganglia (cervicothoracic and middle)

37
Q

Where do the two lower ganglia (cervicothoracic and middle) send branches to form plexuses? What is an example?

A

On cervical blood vessels (thyroid artery)

38
Q

What is the sympathetic supply to the head and other neck structures?

A

Upper ganglion (superior cervical ganglion)

39
Q

Where does the upper ganglion (superior cervical ganglion) send branches to form plexuses?

A

Form plexuses on carotid arteries and their branches.

40
Q

Where are the sympathetic fibres on the arterial plexuses transmitted to?

A
  1. Cranial nerves in the head

2. Sends branches to join the glossopharyngeal and vagus directly or pass to plexuses in the thorax

41
Q

What are the two types of sensory neurons? (2)

A

Either unipolar or less commonly bipolar

42
Q

Where are the cell bodies of these sensory neurons? (2) What is an example?

A
  1. In the dorsal root ganglia adjacent to the spinal cord
  2. Along cranial nerves.

Geniculate ganglion of facial nerve

43
Q

What are sensory fibres in peripheral nerves?

A

Peripheral processes of the unipolar neuron cell bodies

44
Q

Where do the peripheral processes of unipolar neuron cell bodies attach? (2)

A

Neuron cell body

45
Q

Where do the central processes of the same cell body take the information?

A

Into the spinal cord or brain.

46
Q

What does this arrangement mean?

A

There is no PNS synapse in the communication of sensation to the CNS.

47
Q

There is only white rami in the cervical and sacral regions. True or False? Why?

A

False.

There is only grey rami as there is no sympathetic outflow from these regions.

48
Q

Where do cranial nerves arise?

A

From groups of nerve cell bodies called nuclei in the brain

49
Q

What do cranial nerves consist of?

A

One or more of the following functions:

  1. Somatic motor (to voluntary muscles)
  2. Autonomic (sympathetic and parasympathetic)
  3. Sensory
50
Q

What may cranial nerves carry?

Where are these transmitted from? How are they transmitted?

A

Hitch hikers from other nerves, especially autonomic fibres (parasympathetic and sypathetic).

These are transmitted from other cranial nerves or plexuses on blood vessels via tiny connecting branches.

51
Q

Some cranial nerves have sensory ganglia along their course. True or False?

A

True

52
Q

What are the cranial nerves that have sensory ganglia? (5) Where are they located?

A
  1. Trigeminal nerve (trigeminal ganglion - within dura overlying posteromedial petrous temporal bone
  2. Facial nerve (geniculate ganglion - in petrous temporal bone anterosuperior to inner ear)
  3. Vestibulocochlear nerve (spiral and vestibular ganglia. Spiral is within cochlea and vestibular is in internal acoustic meatus)
  4. Glossopharyngeal (2 sensory ganglia - superior and inferior - within jugular foramen)
  5. Vagus nerve (superior - jugular ganglion, inferior ganglion - immediately below jugular foramen)
53
Q

What are the 3 divisions of the trigeminal nerve? Where do they arise

A
  1. Opthalmic
  2. Maxillary
  3. Mandibular
    Trigeminal ganglion
54
Q

What does the opthalmic, maxillary division arise as?

A

Purely sensory nerve

55
Q

What does the mandibular division arise as?

A

Sensory and somatic motor nerve.

56
Q

What do the division of trigeminal receive?

A

Autonomic hitch hikers

57
Q

What do all 3 divisions of trigemnial have?

A

Cutaneous branches which are involved in sensations of face and scalp

58
Q

What is the opthalmic division associated with?

A

Roof and upper orbit.

59
Q

Where is the opthalmic division transmitted into?

A

Into the orbit via the superior orbital fissure

60
Q

What are the 3 main branches of the opthalmic? What is their location?

A
  1. Lacrimal (lateral)
  2. Frontal (central)
  3. Nasociliary (deep and medial)
61
Q

What are the cutaneous branches of the frontal branch of opthalmic? (2) Where are they located?

A
  1. Supratrochlear (more medial, smaller)
  2. Supraorbital (more lateral, larger and usually forms 2 branches - medial, lateral - either in the orbit or on the forehead)
62
Q

What is the maxillary division of trigeminal associated with?

A

Pterygopalatine fossa

Floor and lower orbit

63
Q

How and where is the maxillary nerve transmitted?

A

Via foramen rotundum into pterygopalatine fossa

64
Q

What does the maxillary nerve do in the pterygopalatine fossa?

A

Sends sensory branches which pass through but do not synapse with the pterygopalatine ganglion

65
Q

What is the pterygopalatine ganglion?

A

Parasympathetic ganglion of the facial nerve.

66
Q

What do branches from the ganglion of the maxillary nerve contain?

A

Mixture of autonomic and sensory fibres and supply nose, palate etc.

67
Q

Where does the maxillary nerve enter the orbit?

A

Via the inferior orbital fissure

68
Q

What are the terminal cutaneous branches of the maxillary nerve? (2)

A
  1. Infraorbital

2. Zygomaticoorbital nerves

69
Q

What is the mandibular nerve associated with?

A
  1. Mastication

2. Mandibular structures

70
Q

What is the mandibular nerve transmitted through?

A

Foramen ovale

71
Q

What are the divisions of the mandibular nerve?

A
  1. Trunk
  2. Anterior Division of Trunk
  3. Posterior Division of Trunk
72
Q

Where is the trunk of the mandibular nerve located?

A

It is a short segment just below the foramen ovale

73
Q

What are the branches of the trunk?

A
  1. Meningeal

2. Nerve to medial pterygoid (motor to medial pterygoid and tensor tympani and tensor palati)

74
Q

What is the anterior division of the trunk responsible for?

A

Mostly motor - branches to muscles of mastication

75
Q

What are the branches of the anterior division of the trunk of the mandibular nerve responsible for motor?

A
  1. Masster
  2. Lateral pterygoid
  3. Deep temporal
76
Q

What are the branches of the anterior division of trunk that are sensory?

A

Sensory or long buccal nerve

77
Q

Where does the buccinator have a motor from? Where might it get sensory innervation from?

A

Facial nerve and may have sensory innervation from the long buccal nerve

78
Q

What is posterior division of trunk of the mandibular nerve predominantly?

A

Sensory except for mylohyoid nerve (usually motor)

79
Q

What are the branches of the posterior division of trunk of the mandibular nerve?

A
  1. Cutaneous auriculotemporal nerve
  2. Inferior alveolar nerve
  3. Mylohyoid nerve
  4. Lingual nerve
80
Q

What does the cutaneous auriculotemporal nerve arise as?

What purpose does it serve?

A

2 roots which surround the middle meningeal artery.

It carries parasympathetic fibres of glossopharangeal origin to parotid.

81
Q

What is the chorda tympani branch of?

A

Branch of the facial nerve

82
Q

What is the mental nerve a cutaneous branch of?

A

Inferior alveolar

83
Q

Where is the mental nerve located?

A

Deep to orbicularis oris

84
Q

What is the relation between the facial nerve and lingual nerve?

A

The facial nerve hitch hikes on the lingual nerve to reach the tongue.

ANAT3004 (12 decks)

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