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ANAT3004 > Musculoskeletal structure of the neck, accessory nerve > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal structure of the neck, accessory nerve Flashcards

1
Q

What does the hyoid bone consist of? Which bones are paired?

A
  1. Body
  2. 2x Greater horn
  3. 2x Lesser horn
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2
Q

Compared to the lesser horn the greater horn is INFERIOR and LARGER. True or False?

A

True

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3
Q

The greater horn has a FIBROUS joint with the body. True or False?

A

False, it has a CARTILAGENOUS joint with the body.

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4
Q

The lesser horn has a FIBROUS joint with the body. True or False?

A

True.

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5
Q

Where does the LESSER horn PROJECT?

A

Above the junction of the BODY and GREATER HORN.

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6
Q

What is the HYOID attached to? (5) (MITSS)

A
  1. Middle pharyngeal constrictors
  2. Intermediate tendon of digastric
  3. Thyrohyoid membrane
  4. Strap muscles of neck
  5. Stylohyoid ligament
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7
Q

What are the strap muscles of the neck?

A

Supra and infrahyoid muscles of neck

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8
Q

Where is the thyrohyoid membrane located?

A

Between the hyoid bone and upper thyroid cartilage of larynx.

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9
Q

How does the intermediate tendon of digastric attach to the hyoid?

A

via a fibrous sling

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10
Q

What muscles define the triangles of the neck? (4) (TODS)

A
  1. Trapezius
  2. Omohyoid
  3. Digastric
  4. Sternoceidomastoid
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11
Q

The anterior triangle is actually a PAIR of triangles. True or False?

A

True

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12
Q

What are the boundaries of the anterior triangle?

A
  1. Sternocleidomastoid
  2. Mandible
  3. Midline
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13
Q

What are the subdivisions of the anterior triangle? (3)

A
  1. Digastric/submandibular triangle
  2. Carotid triangle
  3. Muscular triangle
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14
Q

What are the boundaries of the digastric/submandibular triangle?

A

Anterior and posterior belly and intermediate tendon of digastric muscle.

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15
Q

What structure is contained within the digastric/submandibular triangle?

A

Submandibular gland

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16
Q

What are the boundaries of carotid triangle?

A
  1. Sternocleidomastoid
  2. Posterior belly of digastric
  3. Superior belly of omohyoid
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17
Q

What structures are contained within the carotid triangle?

A
  1. Neurovascular bundle of neck

2. Carotid, Internal Jugular, Vagus - Within carotid sheath

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18
Q

What are the boundaries of the muscular triangle

A
  1. Midline
  2. Superior belly of omohyoid
  3. Interior SCM
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19
Q

What structures are contained within the muscular triangle?

A
  1. Infrahyoid muscles

2. Thyroid

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20
Q

What muscles form the boundaries of the posterior triangle?

A
  1. SCM
  2. Trapezius
  3. Clavicle
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21
Q

What is the posterior triangle crossed by?

A

Inferior belly of omohyoid

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22
Q

What does the posterior triangle consist of? (2)

A
  1. Roof

2. Floor

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23
Q

The roof of the posterior triangle is the DEEPEST and most MEDIAL part and is SUPERFICIAL to cervical fascia (connective tissue). True or False?

A

False. The roof of the posterior triangle is the most SUPERFICIAL and LATERAL part and is DEEP to cervical fascia (connective tissue).

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24
Q

The floor of the posterior triangle is the most MEDIAL part. True or False?

A

True.

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25
What does the floor of the posterior triangle consist of?
Fascia + Muscles
26
After the removal of fascia from the posterior triangle what muscles can be identified?
1. Scalenus anterior, medius and posterior 2. Levator scapulae 3. Splenius capitus
27
What are the subdivision of the posterior triangle?
1. Occipital triangle | 2. Supraclavicular triangle
28
Where is the occipital triangle located?
Above the omohyoid
29
What structures does the occipital triangle contain?
1. Upper deep cervical lymph nodes | 2. Accessory nerve
30
Where is the supraclavicular triangle located?
Below the omohyoid
31
What does the supraclavicular triangle contain?
Contains subclavian artery and vein
32
What are the superficial muscles of the anterolateral neck? (4) (STOD)
1. Sternocleidomastoid 2. Trapezius 3. Omohyoid 4. Digastric
33
Where does the SCM extend?
From the manubrium and medial 1/3 of clavicle to anterolateral mastoid.
34
What actions are the SCM responsible for? (On its own and together)
On its own: Tilts and rotates head | Together: Flex head and raise sternum
35
Where does the trapezius extend?
External occipital protuberence and superior nuchal line to T12 in the midline; laterally to lateral clavicle and acromium.
36
What actions is the trapezius responsible for?
1. Pulls shoulders back 2. Rotates shoulder 3. Raises arm 4. Head extension on neck
37
What nerve innervates the motor function of the SCM and trapezius?
Accessory nerve
38
Where is the accessory nerve located?
Deep to both the SCM and trapezius
39
What nerve innervates the sensory function of the SCM and trapezius?
Ventral cervical rami (C2 - C4)
40
What does the ventral cervical rami (C2 - C4) travel with?
Accessory nerve
41
Where is the anterior belly of digastric located?
Anterior belly attached to digastric fossa on inferior mandible near midline.
42
Where does the intermediate tendon of digastric run?
Through a fibrous sling attached to body and greater horn of the hyoid.
43
What is the fibrous sling lined with and what does it contain?
Synovial membrane and contains synovial fluid.
44
What does the intermediate tendon of digastric pierce?
Stylohyoid
45
What does the stylohyoid attached to?
Styloid process
46
What is the posterior belly of digastric attached to?
Mastoid notch
47
Where is the mastoid notch in relation to the mastoid process?
Medial
48
What action are the digastric muscles responsible for?
Depresses mandible and elevates hyoid
49
What nerves innervate the posterior belly of digastric?
Facial nerve
50
What nerve innervates the anterior belly of digastric?
Mylohyoid nerve
51
Where does the superior belly of omohyoid extend?
Body of hyoid to intermediate tendon
52
Where does the inferior belly of omohyoid extend?
Intermediate tendon to upper border of the scapula
53
What is the intermediate tendon of the omohyoid attached to? How is it attached?
Clavicle and rib 1 | It is attached by a fascial sling
54
What action is the omohyoid muscle responsible for?
Depresses the hyoid, tenses deep cervical fascia during prolonged inspiration.
55
What nerve innervates the omohyoid?
Ventral branches of cervical nerves (ansa cervicalis) - sensory and motor
56
What does the SCM delineate?
1. Triangles of neck | 2. Superficial and deep lymph nodes
57
What are the features lateral to the SCM? (GELT)
1. Greater auricular nerve 2. External jugular 3. Lesser occipital nerve 4. Transverse cutaneous nerve of neck
58
What structures are deep to and supplies the SCM?
1. Accessory nerve | 2. Intermediate tendon omohyoid
59
Where is the hypoglossal nerve located?
It is deep to the intermediate tendon of digastric.
60
What is below, behind and above the posterior belly of digastric?
Ascending pharyngeal artery (below) from occipital (behind) from posterior auricular artery (above)
61
What does the posterior belly of digastric have a close association with?
Stylohyoid
62
Where are the jugulodigastric nodes located?
Deep/just inferior to posteiror belly of digastric
63
What does the omohyoid muscle divide? (2)
1. Muscular and carotid triangle in the anterior triangle | 2. Divides posterior triangle into occipital and supraclavicular
64
What are the two components of the accessory nerve?
1. Cranial root | 2. Spinal accessory
65
Where does the cranial root of the accessory nerve arise? Where does it emerge?
Arises in the hindbrain and emerges from the brain close to vagus
66
What does the cranial root of the accessory nerve collect? Where does it enter after that?
It collects the spinal root and enters jugular foramen
67
What is the spinal accessory component of the accessory nerve responsible for?
Motor and sensory
68
Where does the spinal accessory arise from? Where does it enter? What does it join with? Where does it ultimately enter?
Arises from cervical spinal cord and enters via the foramen magnum. It joins the cranial roots and enters the jugular foramen.
69
The accessory nerve transverses the foramen as a SINGLE entity. True or false?
True.
70
Where does the cranial root separate from the spinal root?
Outside the jugular foramen
71
Where does the cranial root join the vagus?
Just below the jugular foramen.
72
What do cranial accessory fibres running with the branches of the vagus supply? (3)
Voluntary muscles of pharynx, larynx and soft palate.
73
Where does the spinal part of the accessory nerve pass??
Under the SCM, across the floor of posterior triangle and under trapezius.
74
What is the spinal accessory nerve motor to?
SCM and trapezius.
75
What are the three muscles that make up the lateral vertebral muscles?
1. Scalenus anterior 2. Scalenus medius 3. Scalenus posterior
76
Where is the scalenus anterior located?
Upper cervical transverse processes to attach to 1st rib between grooves for subclavian artery and vein.
77
What is anterolateral to the scalenus anterior?
Phrenic nerve
78
What separates the scalenus anterior and medius?
Subclavian artery and brachial plexus
79
Where is the scalenus medius located?
Transverse processes of all cervical vertebra to rib 1 behind groove for subclavian artery.
80
Where is the scalenus posterior located?
Posterior part of scalenus medius to rib 2
81
What are the functions of the scalene muscles?
Elevate ribs | Lateral flexors of the neck
82
What are the prevertebral muscles?
1. Longus colli 2. Longus capitus 3. Rectus capitus anterior 4. Rectus capitus lateralis
83
Where is the longus colli located?
Medial | Atlas to T3
84
Where is the longus capitus located? What does it overlie?
Lateral | Base of skull to transverse processes of C3-6. It overlies upper scalene muscles
85
Where is the rectus capitus anterior located? What is it behind?
Medial Atlas to base of skull It is behind the longus capitus
86
Where is the rectus capitus lateralis located?
Lateral | Transverse processes of atlas to base of the skull
87
What actions are the prevertebral muscles responsible for?
Flex the neck and head on neck
88
What are the lateral and prevertebral muscles all innervated by?
Cervical ventral rami
89
What is the first layer of the post vertebral muscles?
Trapezius
90
Where are the suprahyoid muscles located?
Above the hyoid
91
What are the suprahyoid muscles comprised of?
1. Geniohyoid 2. Mylohyoid 3. Digastric 4. Stylohyoid
92
Where does the geniohyoid extend?
Mental spine to hyoid
93
What is the genioglossus and geniohyoid separated by?
Fascial plane
94
What innervates the geniohyoid?
Branches of cervical spinal nerve
95
Where is mylohyoid located?
Mylohyoid line on mandible to hyoid. | Inferior to geniohyoid
96
What is the mylohyoid innervated by?
Mylohyoid nerve
97
Where is the anterior belly of digastric located? What is it innervated by?
Digastric fossae of mandible to intermediate tendon | Mylohyoid nerve
98
Where is the posterior belly of digastric located? What is it innervated by?
Intermediate tendon to digastric/mastoid notch | Facial nerve
99
Where is the stylohyoid located? What is it innervated by?
Styloid process to hyoid. | Facial nerve
100
Where is the stylohyoid perforated? By?
Just above hyoid by the intermediate tendon of digastric.
101
What are the suprahyoid muscles responsible for?
Lift hyoid
102
Where are the infrahyoid muscles located? What are the infrahyoid muscles?
``` Below hyoid In muscular triangle 1. Sternohyoid 2. Sternothryoid 3. Thryohyoid 4. Omohyoid ```
103
Where does the sternohyoid extend?
Sternum to hyoid
104
Where does the sternothyroid extend?
Sternum to thyroid cartilage of larynx (the large upper cartilage)
105
Where does the thyrohyoid extend?
Thryoid cartilage to hyoid
106
What are the functions of the infrahyoid muscles?
Move larynx up or down and depress hyoid
107
What innervates the infrahyoid muscles?
Ansa cervicalis
108
What are the muscles associated with the styloid process?
1. Stylohyoid muscle 2. Styloglossus muscle 3. Stylopharageus muscle
109
What are the ligaments associated with the styloid process?
1. Stylomandibular ligament | 2. Stylohyoid ligament
110
Where does the styloglossus muscle extend? What is it innervated by?
Styloid process to underside of tongue. | Hypoglossal nerve
111
Where does the stylopharangeus muscle extend? What is it innervated by?
Styloid process to pharynx | Accompanied and innervated by glossopharangeal nerve.
112
Where is the stylohyoid ligament
Stylohyoid process to hyoid. Medial to stylohyoid muscles May calcify (Eagle's syndrome)
113
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31
114
Why are they called mixed spinal nerves?
Because they carry fibres which are somatic, autonomic, sensory
115
What do the mixed spinal nerves divide into?
Small dorsal ramus and larger ventral ramus
116
What do the dorsal rami supply?
Dorsal muscle and skin
117
What does the ventral rami supply?
Anterolateral structures
118
The dorsal rami are usually larger than ventral rami. True or false.
False.
119
What do ventral rami in the neck form?
Cervical plexus
120
What do the cutaneous branches of the cervical plexus supply?
Skin and superficial fascia | Also sensory innervation of parotid
121
What are the cutaneous branches of the cervical plexus?
1. Lesser occipital 2. Greater auricular 3. Transverse nerve of neck 4. Supraclavicular nerves
122
Where is the origin of the lesser occipital nerve? What does it supply?
Ventral rami of C2 | Scalp posterior to auricle
123
Where is the origin of the greater auricular? What does it supply?
Ventral rami of C2,3 | Supplies skin over mastoid, auricle and over parotid, also sensory innervation of parotid gland.
124
Where is the origin of the transverse nerve of neck? What does it supply?
Ventral rami C2,3 | Supplies skin of anterolateral neck
125
Where is the origin of the supraclavicular nerve? What does it supply?
Ventral rami of C3,4 | Supplies skin over clavicle and upper thorax, skin of upper and posterior shoulder
126
What do the muscular branches of the cervical plexus supply?
Muscles of the anterolateral neck (ansa cervicalis)
127
What is the ansa cervicalis? Where is it located? What does it supply?
Nerve loop which is anterior and deep to SCM. | Infrahyoid muscles.
128
What does the ansa cervicalis consist of? What does this accompany? What is it joined to?
Superior root derived from C1 | This accompanies the hypoglossal nerve for some distance joined to an inferior root derived from C2 and C3.
129
What do the dorsal rami of cervical nerves supply?
Supply muscles and skin of posterior region of neck
130
What is the greater occipital nerve a branch of? What does it supply?
It is a medial branch of the second cervical dorsal rammus. | It supplies some of the post occipital muscles plus skin of posterior scalp.

ANAT3004 (12 decks)

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