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ANAT3004 > Ear > Flashcards

Ear Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the ear? (2)

A
  1. Hearing

2. Balance

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2
Q

Where is the ear located? What is the exception?

A
  1. In temporal bone

2. Apart from cartilaginous auditory tube which is in a groove along the petrosphenoidal suture

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3
Q

What are the 4 components of the ear?

A
  1. External ear
  2. Eardrum (tympanic membrane)
  3. Middle ear (tympanic cavity)
  4. Inner ear
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4
Q

What does the inner ear consist of? (3)

A
  1. Cochlea
  2. Vestibule
  3. Semicircular canals
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5
Q

What is the function of the external ear?

A

Collection of mechanical sound and vibrations

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6
Q

What is the function of the eardrum? (2)

A
  1. Transmission

2. Amplification

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7
Q

What is the function of the middle ear?

A
  1. Transmission

2. Amplification

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8
Q

What is the function of the inner ear?

A

Sensation

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9
Q

How long is the external acoustic canal?

A

24 mm

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10
Q

What is the lateral 1/3 of the external acoustic canal comprised of?

A

Cartilaginous substances

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11
Q

What is the medial 2/3 of the external acoustic canal consist of?

A

Bone

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12
Q

What glands exist in the external acoustic canal? What do these glands produce?

A

Ceruminous glands

Wax

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13
Q

How is the external acoustic canal oriented?

A

Medial and slightly slanted anteriorly

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14
Q

What is the shape of the tympanic membrane?

A

Elliptical, lateral surface concave

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15
Q

What is the tympanic membrane comprised of externally?

A

Skin

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16
Q

What is the tympanic membrane comprised of internally?

A

Mucosa

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17
Q

What is the tympanic membrane?

A

A thickened edge

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18
Q

Where does the tympanic ring fit?

A

Into tympanic groove in temporal bone

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19
Q

What attaches to the inner surface of the tympanic membrane?

A

Handle of malleus

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20
Q

What is above and below the eardrum (tympanic membrane) respectively?

A

Pars flacida

Pars tensa

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21
Q

What is the bottom of handle of malleus? What is it a point of?

A

Umbo

Point of maximum convexity if viewed from middle ear

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22
Q

How is the middle ear/tympanic cavity oriented?

A

It is directed anteromedial to psoterolateral length about 15mm, width about 4-6mm

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23
Q

What is the middle ear/tympanic cavity lined with? What is it filled with?

A

Respiratory mucosa

Air

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24
Q

What does the lateral wall of the middle ear include?

A

Tympanic membrane

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25
Q

What does the anterior wall of the middle ear include?

A

Auditory tube

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26
Q

Where does the tensor tympani run?

A

Tensor tympanic runs in a canal above auditory tube and bends to run along the medial wall.

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27
Q

What does the posterior wall of the middle ear contain?

A

Epitympanic recess into aditus –> mastoid antrum –> aircells

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28
Q

Where does the facial nerve branch to form the chorda tympani?

A

Behind the posterior wall of the middle ear.

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29
Q

Where does the facial nerve turn inferiorly?

A

At aditus

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30
Q

What emerges at the pyramid of the posterior wall?

A

Tendon of stapedius

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31
Q

What is the roof of the middle ear/tympanic cavity?

A

Tegmum typani

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32
Q

What is the tegmum tympani?

A

Thin bone separating middle ear from middle cranial fossa

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33
Q

Where is the tegmum tympani located in relation to the arcuate eminence?

A

Anterolateral to arcuate eminence on the floor of the middle cranial fossa.

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34
Q

What is the floor of the middle ear/tympanic cavity comprised of? What does it cover?

A

Thin bone covering jugular fossa/foramen

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35
Q

What is the medial wall of the middle ear/tympanic cavity adjacent to?

A

Inner ear

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36
Q

What is the majority of the medial wall of the middle ear comprised of? What is the exception?

A

Bony oval except for oval window

37
Q

What is the oval window closed by?

A

Base of stapes

38
Q

Where is the round window located? What is it closed by?

A

Inferolateral to oval window and closed by a membrane

39
Q

What are the other features of the medial wall of the middle ear? (6)

A
  1. Promontory inferomedially which overlies cochlea
  2. Elevation overlying the canal for facial nerve
  3. Round and oval windows
  4. Tensor Tympani
  5. Elevation overlying lateral semicircular canal
  6. Tympanic plexus - tympanic branch of glossopharygneal and sympathetic from internal carotid plexus
40
Q

Where does the chorda tympani leave the facial nerve?

A

About 5mm above styloidmastoid foramen

41
Q

Where does the chorda tympani travel after leaving the facial nerve?

A

Arches upwards across posterior wall of middle ear, across upper part of tympanic membrane, then into bone again and down to petrotympanic fissure. Then passes down medial surface of spine of sphenoid and between deep surface of lateral pterygoid and inferior alveolar nerve. Joins lingual nerve at an acute angle, usually deep to lateral pterygoid.

42
Q

What are the characteristics of the ossicle joints?

A

Synovial

43
Q

What are the ossicles covered with?

A

Mucosa

44
Q

Where is the head of the malleus?

A

In epitympanic recess (superior)

45
Q

What is the handle of the malleus attached to?

A

Tympanic membrane (and crossed by chorda tympani)

46
Q

Where do the ligaments attach to?

A

Anterior and lateral processes of malleus

47
Q

What does the body of the incus articulate with?

A

Head of malleus

48
Q

What does the long crus of the incus articulate with?

A

Head of stapes

49
Q

What attaches to the short crus of the incus posteriorly?

A

Ligamentous

50
Q

What does the stapes attach to?

A

Base attaches to oval window

51
Q

What are the muscles of the ear?

A
  1. Stapedius

2. Tensor tympani

52
Q

Where is the muscular part of the stapedius located?

A

Muscular part lies in canal in posterior wall

53
Q

Where does the tendon of the stapedius emerge from?

A

Pyramid and attaches to neck of stapes

54
Q

What is the stapedius supplied by?

A

Facial nerve

55
Q

Where is the tensor tympani muscle located?

A

Within a bony canal above cartilagenous auditory tuve

56
Q

Where does the tendon of the tensor tympani run?

A

Tendon makes a 90 degree turn as it emerges and runs across middle ear to handle of malleus

57
Q

What innervates the tensor tympani?

A

CNV/3 (medial pterygoid branch)

58
Q

What are the functions of the muscles of the ear?

A

Muscles usually work together in a reflex response to high intensity sounds. Muscles contract and this reduces vibrations of the ossicles and in turn reduces sound intensity before it reaches the inner ear.

Tensor tympani also pulls the tympanic membrane inward (via malleus) which also reduces sound intensity transmission. Tensor tympani also reduces intensity of sounds produced by chewing.

59
Q

Where does the auditory tube extend?

A

Middle ear to nasopharynx

60
Q

What is the auditory tube posteriorly?

A

Bony

61
Q

What is the auditory tube anteromedially? Where does it lie?

A

Fibrocartilage, lies in a groove on the base of the skull between petrous temporal and posterior greater wing of sphenoid. Groove should run up the narrow opening of the bony part of the auditory tube

62
Q

What is the auditory tube lined with?

A

Respiratory epithelium

63
Q

What is the function of the auditory tube?

A

Air into middle ear and mucus out

64
Q

What are the muscles attached to the auditory tube? (4)

A
  1. Levator palati (medial)
  2. Tensory palati (lateral)
  3. Salpingopharyngeus (superior border at pharyngeal end)
  4. Tensor tympani (superior)
65
Q

What does the inner ear consist of? What is it a part of?

A

Bony labyrinth. Part of petrous temporal bone

66
Q

What is the labyrinth of the inner ear lined with?

A

Hard compact bone which is continuous with the spongy bone of the petrous temporal

67
Q

What is the bony labyrinth filled with?

A

Perilymph, which separates bony labyrinth from membranous labyrinth

68
Q

All the chambers of the osseous labyrinth interconnect. True or False?

A

True

69
Q

What is the membranous labyrinth? What does it contain?

A

Separate series of hollow epithelial lined chambers that include sensory tissue. It contains endolymph

70
Q

Where is the endolymph absorbed?

A

Via the endolymph duct and sac, ultimately returned to blood in small vessels surrounding endolymph sac)

71
Q

What does the bony labyrinth consist of?

A
  1. Cochlea
  2. Vestibule
  3. Semicircular canals
72
Q

Where is the cochlea located?

A

Anterior to vestibule

73
Q

What does the cochlea turn around? What does the first turn produce?

A

2.5 turns around central bony modiolis with the apex of the cochlea directed laterally.

Promonotary in wall of middle ear

74
Q

What does the modiolis contain?

A

Contains spiral ganglion and there are bony channels within modiolis that transmit fibres from ganglion to sensory cells in the chochleal duct

75
Q

What does the vestibule look like in the bony labyrinth?

A

Oval and round windows in lateral wall

76
Q

What are the semicircular canals? Where are they positioned?

A

3 canals posterosuperior to vestibule which communicate at their bases.

Posterior canal is parallel to edge of middle cranial fossa. Anterior/superior canal is at right angles to edge of middle cranial fossa and vertical. Lateral canal is horizontal.

77
Q

What does the anterior/superior canal produce in the floor of the middle cranial fossa?

A

Arcuate eminence

78
Q

What does the lateral canal cause?

A

A horizontal bulge on medial wall of middle ear above canal for facial nerve.

79
Q

What are the 3 interconnecting parts of the membranous labyrinth?

A
  1. Cochleal duct
  2. Vestibule
  3. Semicircular ducts
80
Q

What are the characteristics of the cochleal duct?

A

Blindly ending duct

81
Q

What are the surrounding scala vestibuli and scala tympani extensions of?

A

Bony labyrinth and continuous with each other at apex of the chochlea

82
Q

What does the cochleal duct contain?

A

Endolymph and incorporates Organ of Corti.

83
Q

What does the scala vestibuli and tympani contain?

A

Perilymph

84
Q

What does the vestibule contain?

A

Membranous part consists two connected sacs containing endolymph - utricle and saccule - each has a sensory region or macula

85
Q

What do the semicircular ducts contain?

A

Endolymph. Each incorporates a dilated region or ampulla at the vestibular end with sensory structure - crista - head movement

86
Q

Where does the facial and vestibulococlear nerve emerge?

A

They emerge at inferior border of pons with nervus intermedius between

87
Q

Where does the facial nerve separate from the vestibulocochlear nerve?

A

In the medial part of the internal acoustic meatus and passes into a separate facial canal. The vestibular and cochleal parts separate at the lateral end of the internal acoustic canal

88
Q

Where does the vestibular nerve go through?

A

Goes through the sensory vestibular ganglion in alteral part of inner ear and then forms five branches

ANAT3004 (12 decks)

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