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ANAT3004 > Larynx, Infrahyoid Muscles, Thyroid > Flashcards

Larynx, Infrahyoid Muscles, Thyroid Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main functions of the larynx? (3)

A
  1. Respiration
  2. Vocalisation
  3. Protection of respiratory passages during swallowing
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2
Q

How is food prevented from passing into larynx during swallowing?

A

Closure of epiglottis

Closure of vocal folds

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3
Q

What is the larynx lined with? What is the exception?

A

Lined with respiratory epithelium except for vocal folds which have stratified squamous epithelium.

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4
Q

What acts as a semi-rigid support for the larynx?

A

Cartilages

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of the joints between major cartilages? What are the benefits of this?

A

Synovial

Allows relative movement of the different cartilages controlled by actions of intrinsic muscles.

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6
Q

What is the appearance of the thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid?

A

Hyaline and may calcify or even ossify with age

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7
Q

What are the cartilages of the larynx? (7)

A
  1. Epiglottis
  2. Thyroid
  3. Cricoid
  4. Arytenoid
  5. Corniculate
  6. Cuniform
  7. Tritiate
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8
Q

What are the characteristics of the thyroid? (4)

A
  1. Laryngeal notch and prominence
  2. Anterior lamina
  3. Superior and inferior horn (posteriorly)
  4. Oblique line
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9
Q

What are the characteristics of the cricoid?

A
  1. Lamina (posterior)

2. Arch (anterior)

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10
Q

What is the importance of the arytenoid?

A

Particularly important in laryngeal function as many of the intrinsic muscles attach to this cartilage.

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11
Q

What attaches to the arytenoid?

A
  1. Vocal process of arytenoid
  2. Muscular process of arytenoid
  3. Base of arytenoid
  4. Apex of arytenoid
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12
Q

What is the orientation of the vocal process of arytenoid? What does it attach to?

A

It is directed anteriorly and attaches to vocal ligament/fold/vocalis muscle

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13
Q

What is the orientation of the muscular process of arytenoid? What does it attach to?

A

It is directed laterally and attaches to many of the intrinsic muscles.

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14
Q

Where is the base of the arytenoid located? What is the functional importance of the base of arytenoid?

A

Inferior surface of the arytenoid cartilage which hinges on upper surface of cricoid cartilage. Allows arytenoid cartilage to swivel or slide.

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15
Q

How is the apex of arytenoid directed? What is it attached to?

A

Directed superiorly

It is attached to the aryepiglottic muscle/fold

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16
Q

Where is the corniculate located?

A

It is a paired and is a separate small cartilage at apex of arytenoids.

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17
Q

Where is the cuniform located?

A

It is paired and is elongated cartilages in sides of aryepiglottic fold.

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18
Q

Where is the tritiate located?

A

It is paired and located in thickened posterior part of thyrohyoid membrane (usually defined as thyrohyoid ligament)

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19
Q

What is the characteristics of joints in the larynx?

A

Synovial

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20
Q

Where is the cricothyroid located?

A

Medial surface of inferior horn of thyroid cartilage to lateral lamina of cricoid cartilage.

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21
Q

Where is the cricoarytenoid located?

A

Upper border of cricoid cartilage to base of arytenoid

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22
Q

What are the regions of laryngeal cavity?

A
  1. Inlet
  2. Vetsibule
  3. Intermediate cavity
  4. Infraglottic cavity
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23
Q

Where is the inlet of the laryngeal cavity? What is it surrounded by?

A

Opening from pharynx.

Surrounded by upper border of epiglottis and aryepiglottic folds

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24
Q

Where does the vestibule extend?

A

From inlet to superior edge of vestibular fold

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25
Q

Where does the intermediate cavity extend?

A

From vestibular folds down to level of vocal folds

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26
Q

Where are the ventricles of the intermediate cavity located?

A

Paired cavities in lateral wall between vestibular folds and vocal folds.

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27
Q

What is the rima glottidis?

A

Gap between vocal folds.

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28
Q

Where does the infraglottic cavity extend?

A

Inferior edge of vocal folds to top of trachea

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29
Q

What are the vocal folds comprised of?

A

Consist of elastic vocal ligament and vocalis muscle (medial part of thyroarytenoid muscle)

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30
Q

How is sound and flow in air controlled?

A

Changes in width and shape of space between folds (rina glottidis)

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31
Q

What are the vestibular folds comprised of? What is their function?

A

Soft folds of mucous membrane
Play only a minor role in normal phonation but have a protective function and are used in conjunction with the vocal folds to produce specialised sounds

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32
Q

What are the extrinsic membrane/ligaments?

A
  1. Thyrohyoid membrane (posterior borders are thickened to form thyrohyoid ligaments)
  2. Cricotracheal membrane (cricoid cartilage to superior edge of trachea)
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33
Q

Where are the intrinsic ligaments situated? What are the upper and lower part of the intrinsic membrane?

A

Situated internally between mucosal lining of larynx and cartilage/muscle of larynx
Upper: Quadrangular membrane
Lower: Cricothyroid membrane

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34
Q

What do the free inferior margins form?

A

Vestibular ligament

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35
Q

What do the free superior margin form?

A

Vocal ligament

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36
Q

What is lateral to the cricothyroid membrane?

A

Vocalis muscle

37
Q

Where are the intrinsic muscles located?

A

totally within larynx

38
Q

Where are the extrinsic muscles located?

A

Connect larynx to adjacent structures.

39
Q

What are the characteristics of intrinsic muscles? How are they named?

A
  1. Small skeletal muscles
  2. Paired except for transverse arytenoid

Named according to the cartilages to which they attach.

40
Q

What are the function of the intrinsic muscles?

A
  1. Change the relative positions of cartilages of larynx via joints
  2. This in turn changes:
    - Relative positions of vocal cords
    - and/or alters tension on the vocal cords
    - varies laryngeal inlet
41
Q

What are the intrinsic muscles visible on the superficial surface of intact larynx?

A
  1. Cricothyroid
42
Q

Where does the cricothyroid extend?

A

Superficial surface of arch or cricoid to deep surface of thryoid lamina and inferior horn

43
Q

What are the muscles deep or posterior to thyroid cartilage?

A
  1. Aryepiglottic muscles
  2. Oblique arytenoid muscles
  3. Transverse arytenoid muscle
  4. Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle
  5. Lateral cricoarytenoid muscles
  6. Thyroarytenoid
44
Q

Where does the aryepiglottic muscle extend? What do they form?

A

Extend from apex of arytenoids cartilages to sides of epiglottis

They form aryepiglottic folds

45
Q

What are the aryepiglottics muscles continuous with?

A

Oblique arytenoid muscles

46
Q

Where does the oblique arytenoid muscles extend? What are they superficial to?

A

Muscular process of one arytenoid cartilage to apex of opposite one
Transverse arytenoid muscle

47
Q

Where do the transverse arytenoid muscles extend?

A

Muscular process of one arytenoid cartilage to muscular process of opposite one.

48
Q

Where do the posterior cricoarytenoid muscles extend?

A

Posterior cricoid lamina to muscular process of ipsilateral arytenoid.

49
Q

Where does the lateral cricoarytenoid muscles extend?

A

Arch of cricoid back and up to muscular process of arytenoid.

50
Q

Where does the thyroarytenoid extend?

A

Inner surface of ARCH of thyroid cartilage (anteriorly) to VOCAL PROCESS of arytenoid cartilage (posteriorly)

51
Q

What does the medial extension of the thyroarytenoid form?

A

Vocalis muscle in vocal fold

52
Q

What are the actions of the intrinsic muscles?

A
  1. Muscles which vary rima glottidis

2. Muscles which regulated tension on vocal folds

53
Q

What are the two types of muscles which vary rima glottidis?

A
  1. Abductors (move vocal folds apart)

2. Adductors and sphincters (move vocal folds together and close the inlet)

54
Q

Which muscle is an abductor? What action does it perform?

A

Posterior cricoarytenoids

rotate vocal processes of arytenoids laterally

55
Q

What muscles are adductors and sphincters? What specific actions are they responsible for?

A
  1. Lateral cricoarytenoids (rotate vocal processes of arytenoids medially)
  2. Transverse arytenoid - pull arytenoids together
  3. Oblique arytenoids
56
Q

What muscles tighten vocal folds?

A

cricothyroids - lengthen and tense

57
Q

What muscle relaxes vocal folds?

A

Thyroarytenoids and vocalis - shorten and relax

58
Q

What muscles modify inlet?

A
  1. Close inlet - sphincter (aryepiglottics, oblique arytenoids)
  2. Widen inlet (thyroepiglottics)
59
Q

What are the extrinsic muscles of larynx responsible for?

A

Move entire larynx up or down

60
Q

What muscles are responsible for raising larynx and compressing laryngeal orifice?

A
  1. Thyrohyoid
  2. Stylopharangeus
  3. Palatopharangeus
61
Q

Where does the thyrohyoid extend?

A

Thyroid cartilage to hyoid

62
Q

Where does the stylopharangeus extend?

A

Styloid to posterior border of thyroid cartilage, some fibres blend with pharyngeal constrictors

63
Q

Where does the palatopharangeus extend?

A

Soft palate and salpingopharagneus to posterior border of thyroid cartilage

64
Q

What muscle is responsible for lowering larynx?

A

Sternothyroid

65
Q

Where does the sternothyroid cartilage extend?

A

Thryoid cartilage to sternum

66
Q

Where do we locate the vagus nerve?

A

Leaving the skull via the jugular foramen

67
Q

What are the best features to locate the vagus?

A

Its close relationship with carotids and presence of recurrent laryngeal branches

68
Q

On the left side of the thorax, what does the vagus cross and give off?

A

Crosses the anterior surface of the arch of aorta and gives off recurrent larygneal nerve which loops under the arch of the aorta

69
Q

On the right side of the thorax what does the vagus cross and what does it give off?

A

Vagus crosses the anterior surface of the subclavian artery and gives off recurrent laryngeal nerve which loops under the subclavian artery

70
Q

What runs on both sides of the thorax? Where does it eventually pass?

A

The recurrent laryngeal nerves run in the groove between the oesophagus and trachea and then passes deep/posterior to thyroid gland

71
Q

What does the vagus divide up into in the thorax? What do they eventually form? Where does it enter in the end?

A 
Into plexuses (cardiac, pulmonary and oesophageal)
Form anterior and posterior vagi and finally enter abdomen on oesophagus
72
Q

What are the functions of the vagus?

A

Motor, parasympathetic, sensory to soft palate, pharynx, larynx and structures in thorax and abdomen

73
Q

What are the primary branches of the vagus nerve? (2)

A
  1. Superior laryngeal nerve

2. Recurrent laryngeal

74
Q

Where does the superior laryngeal nerve arise?

A

Arises from upper vagus

75
Q

What are the 2 branches of the superior laryngeal nerve to larynx?

A
  1. Internal branch

2. External branch

76
Q

Where does the internal branch pass? What does it supply?

A
  1. Passes under thyrohyoid muscle and through thyrohyoid membrane.
  2. It supplies mucosa down to level of and including vocal folds.
77
Q

What does the superior laryngeal nerve accompany?

A

Accompanies superior laryngeal branch of superior thyroid artery

78
Q

What does the external branch of superior laryngeal nerve supply?

A

Supplies cricothyroid and inferior constrictor of pharynx (in addition to the pharyngeal plexus)

79
Q

Where does the recurrent laryngeal run?

A

Ascends in groove between trachea and oesophagus, behind thyroid, passes deep to lower border of inferior constrictor to enter larynx

80
Q

What does the recurrent laryngeal supply?

A

Supplies all laryngeal muscles except cricothyroid and also supplies mucus membrane below vocal fold

81
Q

What is the recurrent laryngeal branch accompanied by? What is that a branch of?

A

Inferior laryngeal branch of interior thyroidal artery

Branch of thyrocervical trunk

82
Q

Where do the veins of the larynx drain?

A

Superior, middle and inferior thyroid veins

83
Q

Where do the lymph vessels drain?

A

Drain to deep cervical nodes and from there to jugular trunk

84
Q

What is the thyroid gland?

A

Endocrine gland

85
Q

What is the thyroid gland comprised of?

A

2 lateral lobes joined medially by an isthmus. May also have an extra pyramidal lobe

86
Q

Where do the lobes of the thyroid gland extend?

A

From thyroid cartilage of larynx to 4th and 5th tracheal cartilage

87
Q

Where is the thyroid located?

A

Deep to infrahyoid muscles

88
Q

What does the thyroid gland produce?

A
  1. Thyroid hormones (metabolic stimulation)

2. Calcitonin (reduces blood calcium)

89
Q

Where are the parathyroids?

A

4, separate organs closely associated with the posterior surface of the thyroid - elevates blood calcium

ANAT3004 (12 decks)

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