Week 4_5 Reverse Cards Flashcards
1
Q
Inhibit sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 in the proximal renal tubule, reducing glucose and sodium reabsorption, leading to osmotic diuresis and improved cardiovascular and renal outcomes.
A
SGLT-2 Inhibitors - MOA
2
Q
Oral administration, renal excretion, minimal hepatic metabolism.
A
SGLT-2 Inhibitors - Pharmacokinetics
3
Q
Genitourinary infections, dehydration, hypotension, ketoacidosis (rare).
A
SGLT-2 Inhibitors - Adverse Effects
4
Q
Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), renal protection in chronic kidney disease (CKD).
A
SGLT-2 Inhibitors - Therapeutic Use
5
Q
Severe renal impairment, type 1 diabetes (risk of ketoacidosis).
A
SGLT-2 Inhibitors - Contraindications
6
Q
Renal function, hydration status.
A
SGLT-2 Inhibitors - Monitoring
7
Q
Prolongs the action potential duration and refractory period, primarily blocking potassium channels (Class III antiarrhythmic effects).
A
Amiodarone - MOA
8
Q
Extremely long half-life (weeks); hepatic metabolism via CYP3A4.
A
Amiodarone - Pharmacokinetics
9
Q
Thyroid dysfunction, pulmonary fibrosis, hepatotoxicity, corneal deposits, photosensitivity, QT prolongation.
A
Amiodarone - Adverse Effects
10
Q
Atrial fibrillation, ventricular arrhythmias.
A
Amiodarone - Therapeutic Use
11
Q
Severe sinus node dysfunction, second- or third-degree AV block (without pacemaker).
A
Amiodarone - Contraindications
12
Q
Liver function tests, thyroid function tests, chest X-ray, EKG, pulmonary function tests.
A
Amiodarone - Monitoring
13
Q
Pulmonary toxicity, hepatotoxicity, proarrhythmic effects; use only in life-threatening arrhythmias.
A
Amiodarone - Black Box Warning
14
Q
Block sodium channels, reducing conduction velocity and excitability. Subclassified into IA, IB, IC based on effects on action potential duration.
A
Class I Antiarrhythmics - MOA
15
Q
Varies by subclass: hepatic metabolism, renal excretion.
A
Class I Antiarrhythmics - Pharmacokinetics
16
Q
Proarrhythmic effects, QT prolongation (IA), CNS toxicity (IB), negative inotropy (IC).
A
Class I Antiarrhythmics - Adverse Effects
17
Q
Atrial and ventricular arrhythmias (varies by subclass).
A
Class I Antiarrhythmics - Therapeutic Use
18
Q
Severe heart failure, structural heart disease (IC agents).
A
Class I Antiarrhythmics - Contraindications
19
Q
EKG for QT interval, arrhythmia recurrence.
A
Class I Antiarrhythmics - Monitoring
20
Q
Proarrhythmia risk; reserve for life-threatening arrhythmias.
A
Class I Antiarrhythmics - Black Box Warning
21
Q
Replenishes iron stores necessary for hemoglobin synthesis.
A
Iron Therapy - MOA
22
Q
Oral: absorbed in the duodenum and upper jejunum; Parenteral: bypasses absorption.
A
Iron Therapy - Pharmacokinetics
23
Q
Oral: GI upset, constipation, dark stools; Parenteral: hypersensitivity reactions, hypotension.
A
Iron Therapy - Adverse Effects
24
Q
Iron deficiency anemia.
A
Iron Therapy - Therapeutic Use
25
Iron overload disorders (e.g., hemochromatosis), active infections (parenteral).
Iron Therapy - Contraindications
26
Hemoglobin, ferritin, transferrin saturation.
Iron Therapy - Monitoring
27
Risk of anaphylaxis with parenteral iron preparations.
Iron Therapy - Black Box Warning
28
Provides cobalamin required for DNA synthesis and red blood cell production.
Vitamin B12 Therapy - MOA
29
Absorbed in the ileum with intrinsic factor or via parenteral route; stored in the liver.
Vitamin B12 Therapy - Pharmacokinetics
30
Rare: injection site reactions, hypersensitivity.
Vitamin B12 Therapy - Adverse Effects
31
Pernicious anemia, vitamin B12 deficiency.
Vitamin B12 Therapy - Therapeutic Use
32
Hypersensitivity to cobalt or vitamin B12.
Vitamin B12 Therapy - Contraindications
33
Hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), vitamin B12 levels.
Vitamin B12 Therapy - Monitoring
34
Provides folate required for DNA synthesis and red blood cell production.
Folic Acid Therapy - MOA
35
Oral absorption in the small intestine; widely distributed.
Folic Acid Therapy - Pharmacokinetics
36
Rare: hypersensitivity reactions.
Folic Acid Therapy - Adverse Effects
37
Folate deficiency anemia, prevention of neural tube defects in pregnancy.
Folic Acid Therapy - Therapeutic Use
38
Pernicious anemia (masks vitamin B12 deficiency symptoms).
Folic Acid Therapy - Contraindications
39
Hemoglobin, MCV, folate levels.
Folic Acid Therapy - Monitoring
40
Inhibit HMG-CoA reductase, reducing cholesterol synthesis and increasing LDL receptor expression to lower LDL-C levels.
Statins - MOA
41
Hepatic metabolism, primarily via CYP3A4 or CYP2C9; extensive first-pass effect.
Statins - Pharmacokinetics
42
Myopathy, rhabdomyolysis, liver enzyme elevation, gastrointestinal upset.
Statins - Adverse Effects
43
First-line for hyperlipidemia, prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD).
Statins - Therapeutic Use
44
Pregnancy, active liver disease, unexplained persistent liver enzyme elevations.
Statins - Contraindications
45
Lipid panel, liver enzymes, CK if myopathy is suspected.
Statins - Monitoring
46
Convert to nitric oxide, causing vasodilation by increasing cyclic GMP in vascular smooth muscle.
Nitrates - MOA
47
Rapid onset with short half-life; hepatic metabolism.
Nitrates - Pharmacokinetics
48
Headache, hypotension, flushing, dizziness, reflex tachycardia.
Nitrates - Adverse Effects
49
Acute angina, angina prophylaxis, heart failure.
Nitrates - Therapeutic Use
50
Concurrent use with phosphodiesterase inhibitors (e.g., sildenafil), severe hypotension.
Nitrates - Contraindications
51
Blood pressure, frequency of angina episodes.
Nitrates - Monitoring
52
Activates antithrombin III, inhibiting thrombin (factor IIa) and factor Xa, reducing clot formation.
Heparin - MOA
53
Rapid onset; parenteral administration; hepatic and reticuloendothelial metabolism.
Heparin - Pharmacokinetics
54
Bleeding, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT).
Heparin - Adverse Effects
55
DVT, PE, ACS, anticoagulation during procedures.
Heparin - Therapeutic Use
56
Active bleeding, severe thrombocytopenia, history of HIT.
Heparin - Contraindications
57
aPTT, platelets.
Heparin - Monitoring
58
Risk of spinal/epidural hematomas with neuraxial anesthesia or spinal puncture.
Heparin - Black Box Warning
59
Primarily inhibits factor Xa through antithrombin III activation.
LMWH - MOA
60
Subcutaneous administration; renal elimination.
LMWH - Pharmacokinetics
61
Bleeding, thrombocytopenia (less than heparin), injection site reactions.
LMWH - Adverse Effects
62
DVT prophylaxis and treatment, unstable angina, non-ST-elevation MI.
LMWH - Therapeutic Use
63
Active bleeding, severe renal impairment, history of HIT.
LMWH - Contraindications
64
Anti-Xa levels in select patients (renal impairment, pregnancy).
LMWH - Monitoring
65
Risk of spinal/epidural hematomas with neuraxial anesthesia or spinal puncture.
LMWH - Black Box Warning
66
Inhibits vitamin K epoxide reductase, reducing synthesis of clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X.
Warfarin - MOA
67
Hepatic metabolism via CYP2C9; delayed onset due to preexisting clotting factor half-life.
Warfarin - Pharmacokinetics
68
Bleeding, skin necrosis, purple toe syndrome.
Warfarin - Adverse Effects
69
Long-term anticoagulation for DVT, PE, AFib, prosthetic heart valves.
Warfarin - Therapeutic Use
70
Pregnancy, active bleeding, noncompliance.
Warfarin - Contraindications
71
INR, aiming for target range based on indication.
Warfarin - Monitoring
72
Major bleeding risk; monitor INR closely.
Warfarin - Black Box Warning
73
Inhibit factor Xa (e.g., rivaroxaban, apixaban) or thrombin (e.g., dabigatran).
DOACs - MOA
74
Rapid onset; hepatic metabolism (CYP3A4 for Xa inhibitors) and renal excretion.
DOACs - Pharmacokinetics
75
Bleeding, GI upset.
DOACs - Adverse Effects
76
Stroke prevention in AFib, DVT/PE prophylaxis and treatment.
DOACs - Therapeutic Use
77
Severe renal impairment, active bleeding.
DOACs - Contraindications
78
Renal function, bleeding signs.
DOACs - Monitoring
79
Risk of spinal/epidural hematomas with neuraxial anesthesia or spinal puncture.
DOACs - Black Box Warning
80
Block calcium influx in vascular smooth muscle and myocardial cells, causing vasodilation and reduced myocardial contractility.
CCBs - MOA
81
Hepatically metabolized, primarily via CYP3A4; variable half-life depending on the drug.
CCBs - Pharmacokinetics
82
Dizziness, peripheral edema, flushing, constipation (especially with verapamil); hypotension, bradycardia (non-dihydropyridines).
CCBs - Adverse Effects
83
Hypertension, angina, arrhythmias (non-dihydropyridines), Raynaud’s phenomenon.
CCBs - Therapeutic Use
84
Severe hypotension, heart block, or recent MI (for non-dihydropyridines).
CCBs - Contraindications
85
Blood pressure, heart rate, signs of edema.
CCBs - Monitoring
86
Block beta-adrenergic receptors, reducing heart rate, myocardial contractility, and renin release.
Beta Blockers - MOA
87
Extensive hepatic metabolism, renal excretion; half-life varies by drug.
Beta Blockers - Pharmacokinetics
88
Bradycardia, fatigue, depression, cold extremities; may mask hypoglycemia symptoms.
Beta Blockers - Adverse Effects
89
Hypertension, angina, heart failure (specific agents), arrhythmias, post-MI, migraine prophylaxis, essential tremor.
Beta Blockers - Therapeutic Use
90
Severe bradycardia, heart block, asthma (non-selective agents).
Beta Blockers - Contraindications
91
Heart rate, blood pressure, signs of heart failure.
Beta Blockers - Monitoring
92
Abrupt discontinuation may lead to severe cardiac events; taper gradually.
Beta Blockers - Black Box Warning
93
Inhibit Na⁺/K⁺/2Cl⁻ cotransporter in the ascending loop of Henle, increasing sodium and water excretion.
Diuretics (Loop) - MOA
94
Rapid onset; renal excretion; dose adjustments needed in renal impairment.
Diuretics (Loop) - Pharmacokinetics
95
Hypokalemia, hyponatremia, dehydration, ototoxicity, hyperuricemia.
Diuretics (Loop) - Adverse Effects
96
Edema due to heart failure, cirrhosis, or renal disease; hypertension (second-line).
Diuretics (Loop) - Therapeutic Use
97
Anuria, severe electrolyte depletion.
Diuretics (Loop) - Contraindications
98
Electrolytes, renal function, fluid status.
Diuretics (Loop) - Monitoring
99
Profound diuresis with electrolyte and fluid depletion.
Diuretics (Loop) - Black Box Warning
100
Inhibit Na⁺/Cl⁻ cotransporter in the distal convoluted tubule, increasing sodium and water excretion.
Diuretics (Thiazide) - MOA
101
Moderate onset; renal excretion.
Diuretics (Thiazide) - Pharmacokinetics
102
Hypokalemia, hyperglycemia, hypercalcemia, hyperuricemia.
Diuretics (Thiazide) - Adverse Effects
103
First-line for hypertension, mild edema.
Diuretics (Thiazide) - Therapeutic Use
104
Anuria, hypersensitivity to sulfonamides.
Diuretics (Thiazide) - Contraindications
105
Electrolytes, renal function, blood glucose in diabetic patients.
Diuretics (Thiazide) - Monitoring
106
Block aldosterone receptors or inhibit sodium channels in the distal tubule and collecting duct, reducing potassium excretion.
Diuretics (Potassium-Sparing) - MOA
107
Hepatic metabolism, renal excretion; some drugs like eplerenone require CYP3A4.
Diuretics (Potassium-Sparing) - Pharmacokinetics
108
Hyperkalemia, gynecomastia (spironolactone).
Diuretics (Potassium-Sparing) - Adverse Effects
109
Hypertension (adjunct), heart failure, hyperaldosteronism.
Diuretics (Potassium-Sparing) - Therapeutic Use
110
Hyperkalemia, significant renal impairment.
Diuretics (Potassium-Sparing) - Contraindications
111
Potassium levels, renal function.
Diuretics (Potassium-Sparing) - Monitoring
112
Hyperkalemia risk.
Diuretics (Potassium-Sparing) - Black Box Warning
113
Inhibit ACE, decreasing the production of angiotensin II and aldosterone, leading to vasodilation and decreased blood pressure.
ACE Inhibitors - MOA
114
Primarily renal excretion; some liver metabolism.
ACE Inhibitors - Pharmacokinetics
115
Common: Dry cough, hyperkalemia, dizziness; Serious: Angioedema, renal impairment.
ACE Inhibitors - Adverse Effects
116
Hypertension, heart failure, diabetic nephropathy, post-MI.
ACE Inhibitors - Therapeutic Use
117
Pregnancy, bilateral renal artery stenosis, history of angioedema with ACE inhibitors.
ACE Inhibitors - Contraindications
118
Potassium levels, serum creatinine, blood pressure.
ACE Inhibitors - Monitoring
119
Fetal toxicity: Can cause injury or death to the developing fetus if used during pregnancy.
ACE Inhibitors - Black Box Warning
120
Block angiotensin II receptors, preventing vasoconstriction and aldosterone secretion.
ARBs - MOA
121
Hepatic metabolism, excreted in urine and bile.
ARBs - Pharmacokinetics
122
Hyperkalemia, hypotension, dizziness; Rare: Angioedema.
ARBs - Adverse Effects
123
Hypertension, heart failure, diabetic nephropathy, post-MI.
ARBs - Therapeutic Use
124
Pregnancy, bilateral renal artery stenosis.
ARBs - Contraindications
125
Potassium levels, renal function, blood pressure.
ARBs - Monitoring
126
Fetal toxicity: Can cause injury or death to the developing fetus if used during pregnancy.
ARBs - Black Box Warning
127
Lisinopril, Enalapril, Ramipril, Captopril
ACE Inhibitors
128
Losartan, Valsartan, Irbesartan, Olmesartan
ARBs
129
Dihydropyridines: Amlodipine, Nifedipine, Felodipine; Non-Dihydropyridines: Verapamil, Diltiazem
Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs)
130
Metoprolol, Atenolol, Propranolol, Carvedilol, Labetalol
Beta Blockers
131
Furosemide, Bumetanide, Torsemide
Loop Diuretics
132
Hydrochlorothiazide, Chlorthalidone
Thiazide Diuretics
133
Spironolactone, Eplerenone, Amiloride, Triamterene
Potassium-Sparing Diuretics
134
Atorvastatin, Rosuvastatin, Simvastatin, Pravastatin
Statins
135
Nitroglycerin, Isosorbide Mononitrate, Isosorbide Dinitrate
Nitrates
136
Unfractionated Heparin
Heparin
137
Enoxaparin, Dalteparin
Low Molecular Weight Heparin (LMWH)
138
Warfarin
Warfarin
139
Dabigatran, Rivaroxaban, Apixaban
DOACs
140
Empagliflozin, Dapagliflozin
SGLT-2 Inhibitors
141
Amiodarone
Amiodarone
142
IA: Quinidine, Procainamide; IB: Lidocaine, Mexiletine; IC: Flecainide, Propafenone
Class I Antiarrhythmics
143
Oral: Ferrous Sulfate, Ferrous Gluconate; Parenteral: Iron Sucrose, Ferric Carboxymaltose
Iron Therapy
144
Cyanocobalamin
Vitamin B12 Therapy
145
Folic Acid
Folic Acid Therapy
146
Fondaparinux
Selective Factor Xa Inhibitors
147
Indirectly inhibits Factor Xa by enhancing antithrombin III activity, leading to reduced thrombin generation and clot formation.
Selective Factor Xa Inhibitors - MOA
148
Subcutaneous administration; renal elimination; no hepatic metabolism.
Selective Factor Xa Inhibitors - Pharmacokinetics
149
Bleeding (major and minor), injection site reactions, thrombocytopenia (rare).
Selective Factor Xa Inhibitors - Adverse Effects
150
Prophylaxis of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) after surgery, treatment of DVT and pulmonary embolism (PE), acute coronary syndrome (off-label).
Selective Factor Xa Inhibitors - Therapeutic Use
151
Active bleeding, severe renal impairment (CrCl <30 mL/min), bacterial endocarditis.
Selective Factor Xa Inhibitors - Contraindications
152
Signs of bleeding, renal function in at-risk populations.
Selective Factor Xa Inhibitors - Monitoring
153
Risk of spinal/epidural hematomas in patients undergoing neuraxial anesthesia or spinal puncture.
Selective Factor Xa Inhibitors - Black Box Warning
