Week 1 reversed cards

Question 1

What the body does to the drug - physiological processes that affect drug concentration in the body.

Answer 1

Pharmacokinetics (PK)

Question 2

What the drug does to the body - pharmacological response and subsequent clinical outcome resulting from the drug concentration.

Answer 2

Pharmacodynamics (PD)

Question 3

Transportation of unmetabolized drug from the administration site to body circulation.

Answer 3

Absorption

Question 4

Dispersment of unmetabolized drug as it moves through the body’s blood and tissues.

Answer 4

Distribution

Question 5

Irreversible loss of a drug.

Answer 5

Excretion

Question 6

Kidneys (Urine), Feces, Bile, Breast Milk, Saliva, Sweat.

Answer 6

Routes of excretion

Question 7

Oxidation, epoxidation, dealkylation, and hydroxylation reactions catalyzed by the cytochrome P450 enzyme system.

Answer 7

Phase 1 Metabolism

Question 8

Glucoronidation and sulfation processes.

Answer 8

Phase 2 Metabolism

Question 9

Sum of drug excretion and metabolism.

Answer 9

Elimination

Question 10

Kinetic time-course of drug distribution, excretion, and metabolism

Answer 10

Disposition

Question 11

Genetic insights into pateints’ metabolism, distribution, excretion and/or pharmacologic response to drugs.

Answer 11

Pharmacogenetics

Question 12

Breathed into the lungs through the mouth; absorbed by lungs

Answer 12

Inhalation or nebulization

Question 13

Inserted into muscle of upper arm, thigh, or buttock

Answer 13

Intramuscular

Question 14

Breathed into nose; absorbed through thin mucous membrane that lines the nasal passages

Answer 14

Intranasal

Question 15

Applied to or inserted onto affected eye

Answer 15

Intraocular

Question 16

Injected into the spinal canal

Answer 16

Intrathecal

Question 17

Inserted into a vein

Answer 17

Intravenous

Question 18

Taken by mouth; absorbed by mouth, stomach, or small intestine

Answer 18

Oral

Question 19

Applied to affected ear

Answer 19

Otic

Question 20

Inserted into rectum; absorbed through rectal wall

Answer 20

Rectal

Question 21

Injected into fatty tissue just beneath the skin

Answer 21

Subcutaneous

Question 22

Placed under the tongue (sublingual) or between the gums and teeth (buccal); absorbed into small blood vessels that lie beneath the tongue

Answer 22

Sublingual or buccal

Question 23

Delivered through a patch on the skin

Answer 23

Transdermal

Question 24

Movement of drug using a concentration gradient from higher drug concentration to lower drug concentration until an equilibrium is reached.

Answer 24

Passive diffusion

Question 25

Physiochemcical properties and total drug concentration

Answer 25

Drug factors influencing drug binding

Question 26

Total concentration of available plasma protein

Answer 26

Plasma protein factors influencing drug binding

Question 27

Physiochemical properties of the drug and protein

Answer 27

Binding affinity factors influencing drug binding

Question 28

Diseases may alter plasma protein levels or binding affinity

Answer 28

Comorbid conditions influencing drug binding

Question 29

Competitive binding by two drugs for the same plasma protein. Alterations in binding affinity by one drug affecting another drug.

Answer 29

Drug interactions influencing drug binding

Question 30

Increase activity of specific cytochrome P450 isoenzymes, leading to increased metabolism of drugs that are substrates of that particular isoenzyme.

Answer 30

Inducers

Question 31

Decreased therapeutic effects

Answer 31

Inducers effects on plasma concentration

Question 32

Decrease metabolism of drugs that are substrates, increasing substrate plasma concentration.

Answer 32

Inhibitors

Question 33

Enhanced pharmacological effects and enhanced toxicological effects.

Answer 33

Inhibitors effects on plasma concentration

Question 34

Measurement that indicates how much of plasma volume has been filtered by the glomerulus per unit of time

Answer 34

Glomerular filtration rate

Question 35

Active transport process requiring energy. Occurs following glomerular filtration.

Answer 35

Active Secretion

Question 36

Active or passive process that places drugs back into the plasma

Answer 36

Reabsorption

Question 37

pH of renal tubules influences amount of drug reabsorbed

Answer 37

pH influence on reabosprtion

Question 38

Drugs competing for the sametransport process can result in drug interactions.

Answer 38

Negative consequence of active secretion

Question 39

Rate and extent of drug absorption; percentage or fraction of the parent compound that reaches systemic (plasma) circulation. Typicall denoted as "F"

Answer 39

Bioavailability

Question 40

food and drug interactions; gastrointestinal motility; first pass metabolism; route of administration.

Answer 40

Factors influencing bioavailability

Question 41

Influences onset of action for drugs

Answer 41

Rate of absorption

Question 42

Determined by comparing bioavailability of an extravascular route of administration against bioavailability of the same drug administered intravenously.

Answer 42

Absolute bioavailability

Question 43

Extent of absorption, but not the rate.

Answer 43

Area Under the Curve

Question 44

Volume of blood that is completely cleared of the drug per unit of time.

Answer 44

Clearance

Question 45

Metabolism and elimination

Answer 45

Components of drug clearence

Question 46

Organ primarily responsible for drug metabolism.

Answer 46

Liver

Question 47

Organ primarily responsible for parent drug and metabolite excretion (filtration and secretion).

Answer 47

Kidneys

Question 48

Extent of drug distribution into the tissue from the blood.

Answer 48

Volume of Distribution

Question 49

Physicochemical properties of a drug, plasma protein binding, tissue binding.

Answer 49

Factors influencing Vd

Question 50

Large fraction of drug stays in blood plasma and little amount of drug has permeated into the extravascular tissue.

Answer 50

Low Vd

Question 51

Substantial drug permeation into the tissue(s) and extensive tissue distribution.

Answer 51

High Vd

Question 52

Larger than maintenance doses used to reach a steady state of drug concentration more rapidly.

Answer 52

Loading Dose

Question 53

Larger dose required

Answer 53

Loading dose requirement for drugs with high Vd

Question 54

Smaller dose required

Answer 54

Loading dose requirement for drugs with low Vd

Question 55

Measure of how well the kidneys filter creatinine from the blood and excrete it in the urine.

Answer 55

Creatinine Clearance

Question 56

Percentage or fraction of the amount of drug that is cleared from the body per unit time

Answer 56

Elimination Constant (K)

Question 57

Rapid elimination of the drug

Answer 57

Effects on clearance of a large Elimination Constant (K)

Question 58

Decreased elimination of the drug.

Answer 58

Effects on clearance of a small Elimination Constant (K)

Question 59

Amount of time it takes for a drug in the body to be reduced by 50%

Answer 59

Half-life

Question 60

Amount of time it takes for a patient to achieve steady-state drug concentrations.

Answer 60

What does the half-life predict?

Question 61

Four to Five

Answer 61

Number of half-lifves to reach steady state

Question 62

Decreases active drug's concentration upon reaching systemic circulation or its site of action after being metabolized.

Answer 62

First pass effect

Question 63

Specialized carrier-metiated membrane transport systems move ion and nutrients in the body.

Answer 63

Carrier-mediated membrane transporters

Question 64

Enables movement of drugs from regions with low drug concentrations to regions with higher drug concentrations.

Answer 64

Active diffusion

Question 65

Fat solubule; easily diffuse across lipid bilayers of cell membranes; bioransformed in the liver; excreted through the bile duct.

Answer 65

Lipophilic Compounds

Question 66

Water soluble; cross lipid layer via facilitated transport; eliminated by kidneys.

Answer 66

Hydrophilic Compounds

Question 67

The rate of metabolism/elimination remains constant and is independent of the concentration of a drug.

Answer 67

Zero-order kinetics

Question 68

The rate of metabolism/elimination is directly proportional to the plasma concentration of the drug.

Answer 68

First-order kinetics

Question 69

Effects of noncompetitive inhibitors cannot be overcome by increasing the dose, whereas increasing dose can overcome competitive inhibition.

Answer 69

Clinical Significance of Antagonism

Question 70

Clinician must decide whether to increase the dose to achieve similar outcomes previously achieved at a lower dose.

Answer 70

Implications of Drug Tolerance

Question 71

Make dose adjustments to alter the patient's response to the drug

Answer 71

Therapeutic Goal of Dosing