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5033 > Week 3 Flashcards > Flashcards

Week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Active Metabolites

A

Renally cleared metabolites may accumulate in renal dysfunction, increasing the risk of toxicity.

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2
Q

Adolescent Metabolism

A

Often requires increased dosages or shorter intervals between doses for effective treatment.

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3
Q

Adverse Drug Event (ADE) by Age

A

More common in the Older Adult due to polypharmacy and age-related changes in drug processing.

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4
Q

Age-Related Physiologic Decline

A

Leads to altered drug responses, necessitating careful monitoring and dosage adjustments.

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5
Q

Albumin

A

Lower levels can increase the free drug concentration, particularly for highly protein-bound drugs.

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6
Q

Biliary Excretion

A

Impairment can lead to drug accumulation and potential toxicity.

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7
Q

Bilirubin Levels in Neonates

A

High levels can cause jaundice, and drugs that displace bilirubin (like ceftriaxone) are used cautiously in neonates.

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8
Q

Body Composition in Infants

A

Infants have higher water content, which impacts hydrophilic drug distribution and dosing.

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9
Q

Body Fat impact on Lipophilic drugs

A

Alters the volume of distribution for lipophilic drugs, like diazepam, increasing their half-life.

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10
Q

Breast Milk Transfer

A

Lipophilic nature of drugs should be considered when prescribing to breastfeeding mothers to avoid drug-related adverse effects in infants. Must monitor infant for clinical adverse effects.

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11
Q

Anticholinergics and Cognitive Impairment

A

Anticholinergics and sedatives are known to worsen cognitive function in Older Adult patients.

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12
Q

Complex Medication Regimens

A

Requires careful management to avoid adverse drug interactions and liver toxicity.

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13
Q

Deprescribing

A

Essential for minimizing polypharmacy and reducing adverse effects in chronic disease management.

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14
Q

Developmental Pharmacology

A

Crucial for determining safe and effective dosing strategies for pediatric patients.

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15
Q

Drug Injury

A

Older Adult patients are at higher risk, particularly with drugs that have narrow therapeutic indices.

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16
Q

Drug Transfer in Breast Milk

A

Factors like lipid solubility and protein binding affect the degree of transfer and potential infant exposure.

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17
Q

Drug–Disease Interaction

A

Important to consider in Older Adult patients with multiple chronic diseases.

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18
Q

First Trimester

A

Medication use during this period is common and must be carefully considered due to potential teratogenic effects.

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19
Q

Functional Decline

A

Affects medication adherence and necessitates adjustments in drug regimens to account for limitations.

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20
Q

Gastric pH in Infants

A

Higher in infants, leading to changes in drug absorption and bioavailability compared to adults.

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21
Q

Hepatic Clearance

A

Enzyme-specific variations can increase or decrease drug clearance, affecting therapeutic levels.

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22
Q

Hydrophilic Drugs in Infants

A

Higher doses may be needed in infants to achieve therapeutic levels.

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23
Q

Ionization and Age

A

Influenced by gastric pH, which changes with age, especially in infants.

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24
Q

Liquid Oral Formulation

A

Often preferred in pediatrics due to ease of administration compared to tablets or capsules.

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25
Medication Reconciliation
Critical in Older Adult patients to avoid drug duplication, omissions, and interactions.
26
Narrow Therapeutic Index Older Adults
Common in the Older Adult, as altered pharmacokinetics can increase the risk of toxicity.
27
Narrow Therapeutic Index Renal Impairment
Drugs with a narrow index require precise dosing, particularly in renal impairment.
28
Neonatal Drug Metabolism
Requires careful monitoring and dose adjustments due to immature liver and kidney function.
29
Pediatric Dose Adjustments
Necessary due to differences in drug processing compared to adults.
30
Pharmacodynamics in Geriatrics
Altered due to changes in receptor sensitivity, leading to differences in therapeutic outcomes and side effects.
31
Pharmacodynamics in Pregnancy
Can vary significantly due to changes in receptor sensitivity and physiological adaptations.
32
Pharmacokinetics in Geriatrics
Affected by factors like decreased hepatic and renal function, impacting drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
33
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatrics
Requires age-specific adjustments due to developmental differences across neonates, infants, children, and adolescents.
34
Pharmacokinetics in Pregnancy
Includes changes in absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion due to physiological adjustments.
35
Pharmacokinetics in Renal Impairment
Critical for adjusting medication regimens to prevent toxicity in patients with reduced kidney function.
36
Phase 1 and Phase 2 Enzymes in Neonates and Children
Immature at birth, affecting drug breakdown and leading to potential toxicities in young children.
37
Phase 1 and Phase 2 Metabolism in Pregnancy
Pregnancy affects these pathways variably, impacting drug levels and effectiveness.
38
Phase 1 and Phase 2 Metabolism in Older Adults
Older Adult patients may experience altered metabolism, increasing the likelihood of drug accumulation and toxicity.
39
Plasma Binding Proteins in Neonates
Lower levels in neonates can increase the risk of drug displacement, leading to conditions like jaundice.
40
Plasma Protein Binding in Pregnancy
Decreases in pregnancy, leading to higher free drug concentrations.
41
Plasma Protein Binding in Liver Disease
Decreased in liver disease, leading to higher free drug concentrations and potential toxicity.
42
Polypharmacy
Increases the risk of adverse drug effects, especially in Older Adult patients with multiple chronic conditions.
43
Prescribing Cascade
Can lead to unnecessary polypharmacy and increase the risk of adverse drug reactions.
44
Prescribing Patterns
In the Older Adult, often complicated by polypharmacy and the use of PIMs.
45
Prodrug
Liver dysfunction can impact the activation of prodrugs, affecting their efficacy.
46
Prodrugs in Children
Pediatric patients with immature liver function may struggle to activate prodrugs, reducing efficacy.
47
Protein Binding in Pediatrics
Lower protein levels in pediatrics lead to a higher free drug fraction, impacting drug effects.
48
Reabsorption and Renal Function
Can affect the levels of drugs in the body, particularly in patients with altered renal function.
49
Renal Clearance in Renal Impairment
Decreased in patients with renal impairment, necessitating dose adjustments.
50
Renal Clearance in Neonates
Matures over time; neonates have lower renal clearance, affecting dosing for drugs primarily excreted by kidneys.
51
Serum Albumin in Liver Disease
Decreased levels in liver disease can affect drug binding and distribution.
52
Serum Bilirubin and Drug Clearance
Used in the Child-Pugh score to assess liver function and potential drug clearance impact.
53
Teratogenic
Drugs like warfarin and ACE Inhibitors are known teratogens and should be avoided during pregnancy.
54
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
Especially important for drugs metabolized by the liver with narrow therapeutic indices.
55
Therapeutic Response
Can vary widely across life stages, with higher variability in pediatrics.
56
Total Body Water in Older Adults
Affects the volume of distribution for hydrophilic drugs, requiring dose adjustments in Older Adult patients.
57
Total Body Water and Hydrophilic Drugs
Impacts the dosing of hydrophilic drugs, as lower body water alters their volume of distribution; requires dose adjustments based on age.
58
Volume of Distribution (VD) in Pregnancy
Increases in pregnancy due to higher total body water and fat, requiring dosing adjustments.
59
Volume of Distribution (VD) in Infants
Higher VD in infants due to body water content affects dosing for hydrophilic drugs.
60
Weight-Based Dosing
Practical but does not account for developmental differences in drug absorption, distribution, and metabolism.

5033 (20 decks)

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