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Revelation > Week 4: Revelation (background info) > Flashcards

Week 4: Revelation (background info) Flashcards

1
Q

who wrote revelation?

A

John, or someone claiming to be John.

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2
Q

Who is revelation addressed to?

A

7 churches of Asia Minor

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3
Q

Who “John” could be

A

-Secular scholars don’t agree on when it was written, or who wrote it. -
- John the beloved disciple wrote the book (christian)
- Or there could be another John (John the elder). Some kind of prophet/teacher. Someone who started a school with the name of John/his teachings.
- Some say: Book was falsely written by someone who took the name john.

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4
Q

Where?

A
  • Whoever wrote the book, listed the 7 cities in Asia minor, in a horseshoe order
  • Why did he leave out cities and churches….? There were more than 7 churches…..
  • these churches were Congregations made of Jews and gentiles
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5
Q

John was placed in

A
  • Island of Patmos
  • Tried to put John in a vat of oil
  • Exiled him
  • Revelation doesn’t state why hes there. Maybe he was there to preach?
  • Possible he wrote down the visions at a different place from Patmos
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6
Q

Ephesus (An ancient city)

A
  • Where he might have written Revelation
  • Where John may have died. Where he lead a congregation.
  • Where John may have taken Mary
  • Strong history of Mary being in this place
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7
Q

When was Revelation written?

A
  • Will depend largely on who you believe wrote the book.
  • John the disciple → can’t be past AD 90 or so.
  • If it was someone else, then it could be written much later.
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8
Q

Using Revelation 17:9, 10 as a clue to dating(?)

A
  • 10 horns, 7 kings, 5 kings coming, lists different kings
  • These kings aren’t referring to the 1st century
  • It says hes “carried away to Babylon…”
  • This doesn’t help date the book in any way
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9
Q

Genre of Revelation

A
  • Apocalyptic is the genre
  • The greek word refers to “revealing”
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10
Q

Description of “apocalyptic” literature

A
  • Claims to be a prophecy
  • Claims to have the prophet in vision (into a trance)
  • Usually an angel interpreter
  • Usually huge amounts of dramatic symbolism
  • Scope goes well beyond the time of the reader → A cosmic scope
  • Dualism between heaven and earth. No gray area.
  • ….John calls it a prophecy
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11
Q

John barrows from several types of sources.

A
  1. Greco-Roman World
  2. Jewish Apocalyptic
  3. Old Testament/Judaism
  4. Jesus as Jewish Messiah (Gospel Narratives)
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12
Q
  1. Greco-Roman World influence
A
  • City of Ephesus was beautiful, and large.
  • He could borrow from typical Greco-Roman myths
  • Things like chimera and creatures.
  • Book of revelation would have fit somewhat with this greco-roman worldview
  • John is still writing as a Jew, but he wanted to communicate with his audience
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13
Q
  1. Jewish Apocalyptic influence
A
  • Similar to other Jewish apocalyptic books
  • Wrote it after Daniel was written. He may have known the book of Daniel. And he may have known other books like this.
  • John never quotes one of them.
  • Jude = Jesus’s step-brother. One chapter book.
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14
Q
  1. Old Testament/Judaism influence
A
  • John’s main sources
  • Christ event
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15
Q

Torah

A
  • Primary literature. Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy.
  • Genesis = shows a beautiful world then fallen world. Revelation shows a fallen world, then a beautiful end.
  • Look for sacrificial language
  • Exodus = Moses and the children of Israel
  • Levitical law = how they would live their life. Rev shows its still valued.
  • numbers = god is going to bring his people into the promised land
  • Deut = getting ready to go into the promised land
  • Rev = promised land in a bigger way
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16
Q

Neviim

A
  • Prophets in the old testament
  • Isaiah, Ezekiel, Jeremiah and many others
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17
Q

Prophetic lit had a 4 part structure → you will see this in Revelation

A
  1. You’re sitting. You’re breaking the law (sinning), and doing all the things that bring God’s wrath.
  2. You need to repent. You have to come back to God, and do the good things.
  3. If you don’t repent, there will be judgment. Judgment will fall on you, Israel.
  4. God will restore the fortunes of his people, with a faithful remnant. God will use them to make a whole new Israel.
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18
Q

Kethubim

A
  • The writings not in Torah or Prophets.
  • Daniel and the Psalms are in this category
  • Look for the ties between Daniel and Revelation
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19
Q

Importance of Genesis

A
  • First bookend = Genesis
  • Last bookend = Revelation
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20
Q

Importance of Daniel

A

Precursor to Revelation

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21
Q
  1. Jesus as Jewish Messiah (Gospel Narratives) influence
A
  • Builds on the view that the messiah had come
  • God had broken into the physical world, and had revealed himself through Jesus Christ.
  • Jacob (james) and John = sons of thunder
  • John became the beloved disciple, and he can’t help but write Revelation in this context of deliverance.
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22
Q

Where (in the world) was Revelation and its seven churches situated?

A
  • Whoever wrote the book, listed the 7 cities in Asia minor, in a horseshoe order
  • Why did he leave out cities?
  • There were more than 7 churches
  • Congregations made of Jews and gentiles
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23
Q

What was the primary language(s) of the Greco-Roman world?

A

…Latin,…

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24
Q

Book of revelation is like an upside down “U”

A

Stable → unstable → stable

25
Q

Plot orientation (james resseguie)

A
  • John interacts with narrative
  • There is a plot subtly
26
Q

Tale of two halves (John paulien)

A
  • This is broadly correct
  • Ch’s 1 - 11 → Reflect historical prophecy of john that reflects the growth and fall of christian church
  • Then ch’s 12 → second half is eschatological.
  • So…span of history and end
  • Springboard verses → verses that summarize where we’ve come (11:18 is one!!!)
27
Q

Three scrolls (david barr) → yes there were actually 3 scrolls

A
  1. Letter scroll. Everything john sees in vision. Ch’s 1 - 3. All sent to 7 churches
  2. The worship scroll. Ch’s 4 - 10.“One like a lamb, is actually a lion” comes to someone sitting on throne. Lamb takes a book from hand of one seated on the throne. Sealed with 7 seals. 144,000 + angels + 24 angels + creatures = all worshiping.
    - The war scroll. ch’s 11 –> end. Little book that lies open in the hand of an angel, eats the sweet in mouth but bitter in stomach. Then scenes of war and destruction.
    - The three scrolls are not what revelation orients itself on
28
Q

Sanctuary imagery and cycles of seven

A
  • Number 7 shows up a lot
  • 7 trumpets = take us to the halfway point, where there is a hinge verse → launches into second half where 7’s leave and the number 12 takes over
  • Each cycle of seven have some overlap. Begin with a different picture/article of furniture from the Hebrew temple. Based on a picture of a hebrew sanctuary.
29
Q

Sanctuary imagery and cycles of seven (cont.)

A
  • Many pieces of furniture mentioned. That are from the temple image.
  • 7 churches referenced w/candlesticks
  • Thrones references. Show bread = symbolize the throne
  • Ch 8 =alter of incense
  • Latter = ark of the covenant
  • Step by step structure that follows the sanctuary structure
30
Q

No temple (all is most holy): 21:1 - end

A
  • Basically yeah no temple
  • Helpful image of temple in notes
  • The most holy place
  • then the holy place
  • then the courtyard
31
Q

Details about the Sanctuary

A
  • The sacrifice was eaten/barbecued. Epic barbecue sacrifice moment.
  • Blood of lamb was taken to sanctuary
  • Courtyard not as valuable. More gold the closer to the most holy place you get
  • Gold angels were woven into the purple veil that separated the holy place from the most holy place
32
Q

Kenneth strand → cycles of 7 follow the structure of the sanctuary really well. Chiastic structure:

A
  • Prologue then →
  • Candlesticks and seven churches: 1:9 - 3:22
  • Throne (Table?) and seven seals: 4:1 - 8:1
  • Altar of Incense and Seven Trumpets: 8:2-11:18
  • Ark of the Covenant and Seven Angels: 11:19-14:20
  • Intercession Ends and Seven Bowl-Plagues: 15:1-20:15
33
Q

Early christian church

A

Applied the book of revelation into their current greco-roman oppression

34
Q

Augustine

A
  • Argued book of revelation was not about rome/christian oppression
  • About personal experience and a general desire to have church “take over” the world
  • Thought it was symbolic of personal experience → what are your own “beasts”
  • A sense in which he thought theres always been evil empire out there (beasts) that the church needs to overcome
35
Q

Dark ages

A
  • Only people who could interpret were the leaders of the christian church
  • If you owned a bible as a layperson, then you could be killed
    -There were people who would smuggle the word of God
  • Revelation = it continued to be interpreted in how Augustine said it was, and 7 deadly sins
36
Q

Protestant revolution

A
  • Affects every church on the planet
  • If you read the documents for yourself, amazing things start to happen
  • Realized that Rome’s interpretation was wrong → we shouldn’t pay to save our souls
  • Earthly priest? → god is our only mediator to forgive sins
  • Revelation then = our own church is the beast. The christian church is acting beastly.
37
Q

Martyrs and protestant revolution

A
  • The church killed people
  • Killing martyrs purified the movement, and planted seeds for the church
  • The movement became more committed and far more vocal in their disagreements with the church
  • Rome found it was losing its influence
38
Q

Counter-Reformation

A
  • The blood of the martyrs was seed for continued rebellion
  • These two Jesuit scholars below had interpretations of revelation that opposed each other
  • The church of Rome maintains a perspective that contradicts each other
39
Q

Francisco Ribera

A
  • Went to Daniel/Rev, and said that the big beast in revelation that have to be end time. It can’t be Rome. 1600s.
  • Church of Rome said thank you we’ll accept your review
40
Q

Luis de Alcazar

A
  • Said that the interpretation should all be for the churches in Asia Minor
  • Could never be the church
  • It was the state power of Pagan Rome
  • It was commentary on the 1st century
41
Q

This is where three of our main methods come out of (Luis de Alcazar)

A
  • Reformation = roman church is apostate from God
  • Then the other two interpretations
42
Q

Historical-Criticism

A
  • Applying a scientific approach to literature.
  • We’re gonna analyze biblical literature and question everything
  • We won’t take things at face value
  • We have to understand the culture of when things were written
  • Arguing that Revelation only has meaning in its original setting
  • Continues today
43
Q

Evangelical Christianity

A
  • He means people who believe that Francisco is right
  • A last day antichrist
  • They take Daniel 9 and say it’s about the end of time
  • Secular = luis
  • Evangelical = Francisco
  • All 1st century OR all last few years of Earth
44
Q

Reader-response theory

A
  • The belief that meaning does not lie in the intention of the writer, it lies only in the mind of the reader
  • Thus you can read and interpret any text in any way you want
    Irrelevant what the author intended
  • Its just up to you
  • Legitimate to do that for yourself….but then its just ur opinion,,,,,
    Not a scholarly approach
  • 3 main groups use this method
45
Q

Ultra-feminism and reader response theory

A

They claim that it is hate literature and that nothing about it is prophetic. That its talking about women who have been abused.

46
Q

People who have been enslaved and reader response theory

A

Resistance literature. Many enslaved people have seen revelation as a book to motivate resistance.

47
Q

LGBTQ studies and reader response theories

A
  • They read revelation, and see Jesus as queer. 144,000 are male virgin Jews.
  • You would be stoned in the time when John wrote this, if you were gay.
48
Q

Allegorical method

A

wants to apply symbols in a personal way so we don’t use this rn

49
Q

Categorical Methods

A
  • Stefanovic notes these four interpretive methods →
  • Important to remember these → Preterism, Historicism, Futurism, Idealism.
50
Q

Preterism

A
  • The view of Luis. The belief that revelation should be interpreted from its original historical context. Its a commentary on the 1st century struggles. The kings can’t be later on kings, only that 1st century government.
  • Anything that feels like prophecy is just John’s wishful thinking (including new heaven)
  • Most secular scholars believe this
51
Q

Historicism

A
  • The view of the reformers. The protestant reformation said it looks like its calling out evil from the centuries, prophecies unfolding christian history. Uses Daniel as a template with the Kingdoms.
52
Q

Historicism argues…

A
  • …that Daniel and Revelation should be interpreted the same way.
  • Doesn’t mean they’ll call out each event in history.
  • Covers span of history, wherever you find yourself historically determines how much is past/future.
53
Q

Historicism - Who believes this today?

A
  • In the 1800s most Christians were. Wasn’t until later that people started looking into futurism.
  • the great disappointment (1844) caused people to stop using this method.
  • Right now = SDA
54
Q

Futurism

A
  • Francisco’s view. Primary focus is on the last days. Building people up for Christ’s coming
  • Assumes there is a rapture of the church. Then there will be 7 years of trouble on this Earth. Baptist or Pentecostal churches believe this.
  • That 7 years = most of what Revelation is talking about, explains events that will happen.
  • Most evangelical christians follow this group
55
Q

Idealism

A
  • Expansion of the allegorical method.
  • God is so good at telling the future through symbols, that these symbols can explain any particular event in history etc. “Maybe I’m the beast here.”
  • “However you want to apply it, apply it.” So accepting it means nothing.
56
Q

Narrative analysis

A
  • Looking at plot and characters
  • Resolution of the plot
  • All it does is to feed into one of the main four mentioned earlier
57
Q

Eclectic (Heretical historicist) - Berglin is this one

A
  • Brant says “Text based, eclectic” lens
  • If John seems to suggest a way to interpret the text,,,then we should see it that way
  • Example: It was written to 7 churches and so I need to read it in context of how they would understand it
58
Q

Eclectic (Heretical historicist) (cont.)

A
  • Context: what was the world like? We agree with the Preterist to a point
  • Futurist? There’s a lot that does seem to point to the very end. Waiting to see when it applies. 2nd half is definitely eschatological.
  • Personal? Revelation does have a way of speaking to people in an individual way. Maybe I need to hear a different message, than what others in a big group may need to hear.
  • “To one who has ears to hear”
59
Q

Daniel and Revelation….

A

fit like a glove in how they’re interpreted

Revelation (12 decks)

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