Week 4 - Respondant Conditioning & Shaping Flashcards
What did Pavlov called the drooling of his dogs in classical conditioning?
‘Physic’ secretions
What is the unconditioned reflex?
Unconditioned stimulus (US) —————> Unconditioned response (UR)
What is the conditioned reflex?
Conditional stimulus (CS) ————-> Conditional response (CR)
How do you create a conditional reflex?
STEP ONE: US CONTIGENT ON NOVEL STIMULUS
Neutral stimulus ———> US ———> UR
—————-> Time ————->
STEP TWO: PRESENT THE CS (FORMERLY NOVEL STIM) ON ITS OWN
Conditional stimulus ————>CR
What is respondent conditioning?
Process of establishing a conditional probability between a CS and a US
What is the main difference between respondent and operant conditioning?
Respondent:
1) behaviour elicited by a stimulus
2) stimuli PRECEDING THE RESPONSE
Operant:
1) behaviour emitted to PRODUCE/REMOVE a stimulus
2) stimuli FOLLOWING THE RESPONSE
What is phylogenetic behaviour?
Behaviour based on GENETIC ENDOWMENT
EX) reflexes, reaction chains, habituation/sensitization, UNCONDITIONAL REFLEX
What are the 3 primary laws of the reflex?
1) laws of threshold (point above threshold where no response is elicited)
2) law of intensity-magnitude (increase in stimulus intensity, increase in response intensity)
3) law of latency (more intense the stimulus, the FASTER the response)
Why was Pavlov “wrong”?
Conditional reflexes do NOT follow the laws of reflex
Unconditional reflexes FOLLOW the laws of the reflex
What is respondent generalization?
When an organism shows a conditioned response to values of the CS that were NOT trained during acquisition
What is first order conditioning?
What is higher order conditioning? (Second order conditioning)
1ST ORDER:
CS1 ————-> CR
———> time ———->
2ND ORDER:
Neutral stimulus ———> CS1 ———-> CR
OR
CS2 ———-> CR
What are 3 ways to measure the respondent?
1) Latency of the CR (interval of time b/w CS and CR)
2) Intensity of the CR (tend to get stronger as conditioning proceeds)
3) Probe/test trials (present CS alone, with so US)
What is respondent extinction?
Presentation of the CS without the US
Creates a gradual decline in responding
True or false. Re-acquisition of an extinguished CR occurs quicker than during initial training
(Respondent extinction)
True
What are some variables affecting respondent conditioning?
(Temporal relationships)
Temporal relationships:
1) delayed (CS and US overlap partially, COMMON IN REAL WORLD)
2) trace (CS begins and ends before US, COMMON IN REAL WORLD)
3) simultaneous (CS and US begin and end at same time, LESS COMMON IN REAL WORLD)
4) backwards conditioning (CS follows the US, VERY INEFFECTIVE BUT CAN OCCUR IN A LABORATORY)
What are some variables affecting respondent conditioning?
(CS-US contingency)
.
What are some variables affecting respondent conditioning?
(Amount of exposure to the contingencies)
In general, more exposure = greater conditional responding
EARLY exposure produces more learning than LATE exposure
Conditional responding is ASYMPTOTIC
Conditioning can occur at DIFFERENT rates
What are some variables affecting respondent conditioning?
(C/t ratio)
Ratio of “cycle time” to “trial time”
Cycle time: time b/w US presentations
Trial time: time b/w CS onset and US offset
What are some variables affecting respondent conditioning?
(Stimulus features)
Physical characteristics effect the PACE OF CONDITIONING
What is the continuum of preparedness?
Idea that organisms are genetically disposed to LEARN some things and not others
What are some variables affecting respondent conditioning?
(Prior experience with CS and US)
Latent inhibition: Pre-exposure of a stimulus in absence of US interferes with that stimulus ability to become a CS
Blocking: failure of a stimulus to become a CS, cause stimulus already includes an effective CS
Sensory pre-conditioning:
1) Two neutral stimuli, A & B, occur together.
2) One of those stimuli, B, is conditioned to become a CS.
3) When A is presented alone, it too will elicit the same CR as B.
What are some variables affecting respondent conditioning?
(Age & context)
Age: degenerative/health effects of aging
Context: a single CS can elicit diff CR’s in different contexts
What are some conditioned emotional responses?
1) prejudice
2) advertising
3) paraphilia
How does conditioned responses relate to drug use?
Conditioned response counteracts/compensates the effect of the drug
As this is required, increased drug amounts are needed to achieve desired drug effect (tolerance)
What are some tips for shaping behaviour?
1) reinforce in SMALL steps
2) use CONTINUOUS reinforcement
3) provide IMMEDIATE REINFORCEMENT
4) provide SMALL REINFORCERS
5) skip ahead when possible
6) back up when necessary
7) following successful shaping.. move to intermittent schedules of reinforcement
What is superstitious behaviour?
Behaviour that OCCURS even though it does not produce the (a) consequence
By-product of accidental reinforcement
Creativity (behavioural variability)
Variability is a dimension of behaviour that can be REINFORCED
Reinforce creative behaviour and not just performance of a task
