Week 2 - Reinforcement Flashcards

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1
Q

“Reinforce” means to increase or decrease behaviour?

A

INCREASE behaviour

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2
Q

What do reinforcing consequences do?

A

INCREASE in: duration, frequency, intensity, quickness and variability

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3
Q

When you add a stimulus it’s…..?

A

POSITIVE (+) reinforcement

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4
Q

When you remove a stimulus its……..?

A

NEGATIVE (-) reinforcement

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5
Q

Reward does “____” EQUAL a reinforcer

A

Not

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6
Q

What is reinforcement not?

A

NOT a theory
NOT circular

-consequence reinforced the response

IT IS a functional description

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7
Q

What is a unconditional (primary) reinforcer?

A

Properties function of species evolutionary history

Ex) food, water, sex, social interaction etc…

Often species specific

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8
Q

What is a conditional (secondary) reinforcer?

A

Otherwise NEUTRAL stimuli acquired ability to reinforce due to a CONTINGENT relationship with other UNCONDITIONAL reinforcers

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9
Q

What is contingency?

(Factors that affect reinforcement)

A

Degree of CORRELATION b/w a behaviour and its consequence

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10
Q

What is contiguity?

(Factors that affect reinforcement)

A

Nearness of events in time or space

LESS contiguity (longer delays) DIMINISHES effectiveness of the reinforcer

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11
Q

What is reinforcer magnitude?

(Factors that affect reinforcement)

A

Generally larger reinforcers are more reinforcing than smaller reinforces

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12
Q

What are some more variables that affect reinforcement?

A
  • specific reinforcer used
  • task characteristics (individual differences)
  • motivating operations - increase effectiveness
  • abolishing operations - decrease effectiveness
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13
Q

What is competing contingencies of reinforcement?

A

Ex) should I watch Netflix or study?

Choice b/w allocation of time among two or more activities

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14
Q

What is the premack principle?

A

LOW probability can REINFORCE HIGH probability behaviour when the organism have DEPRIVED of the low probability behaviour

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15
Q

It is “___________” to say that you reinforce a behaviour (or response)

It is “___________” to say that you reinforce a person

A

Correct
Ex) “The teacher reinforced standing in line quietly with praise” is correct

Incorrect
Ex) “The teacher reinforced Sarah for standing in line quietly” is not correct

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16
Q

What is an aversive stimulus?

Is this term used in positive or negative reinforcement?

A

It’s the stimulus that is REMOVED or AVOIDED after the behaviour

Often seen as unpleasant, painful or annoying that a person wants to avoid

Used in NEGATIVE reinforcement

17
Q

What is social reinforcement?

Give a positive and negative reinforcement example?

A

When a behaviour produces a reinforcing consequence through the ACTIONS of another PERSON

Can be positive or negative reinforcement

(+) Ex) when your roommate BRINGS YOU chips when you ask, therefore you are more likely to ask again

(-) Ex) when you ask your roommate to TURN DOWN the tv, they do it, therefore you are more likely to ask again when the tv is too loud

18
Q

What is automatic reinforcement?

Give a positive and negative reinforcement example

A

When the behavior produces a reinforcing consequence through DIRECT CONTACT with the PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

(+) Ex) If you went to the kitchen and GOT CHIPS for yourself

(-) Ex) If you got the remote and TURNED DOWN the tv for yourself

19
Q

What is the difference between escape and avoidance behaviour?

What’s TYPES of reinforcement are they, (+) or (-)?

A

Escape:
The behaviour results in TERMINATION of an aversive stimulus that was PRESENT when the behaviour occurred

Avoidance:
The behaviour PREVENTS an aversive stimulus from occurring in the FIRST PLACE

20
Q

Conditioned reinforcers continue to be reinforcers even if they aren’t paired with another reinforcer

TRUE or FALSE

Explain why

A

FALSE

They only continue to be reinforcers IF they are at LEAST OCCASIONALLY paired with other reinforcers

21
Q

What is a backup reinforcer?

A

Used in a token economy

Client exchanges tokens for DESIRABLE behaviours

Client exchanges tokens for any variety of BACKUP reinforcers

22
Q

What is a generalized conditioned reinforcer?

A

When a CONDITIONED reinforcer is paired with a WIDE VARIETY of other reinforcers

23
Q

What is immediacy?

(Factors that affect reinforcement)

A

The TIME BETWEEN occurrence of the behaviour and the reinforcing consequence