Week 4: Psychological Approaches: Individual Therapy Pt.2 Flashcards
Emphasizes the role of the environment in shaping behavior.
It’s all a matter of what can be seen and what can be measured.
Behavioral therapies focus on changing behaviors through learning principles.
Behaviorism
A naturally occurring stimulus is placed with a neutral stimulus allowing the neutral stimulus to, in time, evoke a natural reflex.
Classical Conditioning (Ivan Pavlov)
Learner makes a connection with the consequences associated with his/her behavior through reinforcements and punishments.
Operant Conditioning (B.F. Skinner)
Irrational or distorted thought patterns that contribute to emotional distress.
Cognitive Distortions
Systematic errors in thinking that affect how we perceive and interpret information.
Cognitive Biases (Thinking Errors)
A therapeutic approach that focuses on changing negative thought patterns and behaviors.
What actually matters is not the situation itself, but the cognitive processes, the cognitive content that an individual goes through in order to evaluate the event.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
A self-perpetuating cycle in which negative thoughts, emotions, and behaviors reinforce each other.
Negative thoughts can lead to negative emotions and behaviors, which in turn reinforce negative thoughts.
Vicious Cycle
Exaggerating the negative consequences of an event.
Catastrophizing
Drawing broad conclusions based on a single event.
Overgeneralization
Viewing situations in extreme terms (black or white).
All-or-nothing thinking
Is a key technique in CBT, as it helps individuals break free from negative thought patterns and improve their emotional well-being.
Is a specific technique within cognitive restructuring that involves reframing a situation in a more positive or neutral way.
Cognitive Reappraisal
The process of evaluating an event or situation and assigning meaning to it. It’s how we interpret and make sense of our experiences.
Cognitive Appraisal
Cognitive Appraisal vs Cognitive Reappraisal?
Cognitive appraisal is the initial evaluation, while cognitive reappraisal is a subsequent process of changing that evaluation.
Examples:
CA - If someone doesn’t wave back at you, you might appraise the situation as a sign of rejection or indifference.
CRA - If you initially appraised the situation of someone not waving back as rejection, you might reappraise it by thinking, “Maybe they didn’t see me.”
Activating Event or Antecedent > Beliefs > Consequences
ABC Model
Focuses on challenging the content of cognitive distortions AND more:
Focuses on:
Acceptance: Embracing difficult emotions and experiences without trying to avoid or suppress them.
Mindfulness: Paying attention to the present moment without judgment.
Values-based living: Aligning one’s actions with personal values and goals.
Second Wave CBT
Focusing exclusively on the negative aspects of a situation.
Mental Filter
Assuming you know what others are thinking.
Mind Reading
Deeper-seated beliefs about oneself and the world.
Intermediate Beliefs
Fundamental beliefs about oneself that are deeply ingrained and difficult to change.
Core Beliefs
NATs (Negative Automatic Thoughts)
Intermediate Beliefs
Core Beliefs
Life Events
Early Learning Experience
CBT Layers of Cognition
These factors can influence the development of negative automatic thoughts, intermediate beliefs, and core beliefs.
Early Learning Experience and Life Events
General beliefs about ourselves.
Much deeper and less available to conscious awareness.
Core Beliefs and Intermediate Beliefs
Situation-specific.
More accessible to awareness.
Thoughts that happen ona. daily basis.
Negative Automatic Thoughts
Refers to our immediate perception of our surroundings and our own thoughts, feelings, and sensations.
It’s the mental state where we are fully awake, alert, and aware of what is happening around us and within ourselves.
Conscious Awareness
The ability to focus on specific stimuli or thoughts.
Attention
The process of interpreting sensory information.
Perception
The ability to recognize oneself as a separate entity from the world.
Self Awareness
The ability to set goals and direct our actions towards achieving them.
Intentionality
Moves away from focusing solely on changing cognitive content.
Offers a broader range of techniques for addressing mental health issues.
Third Wave CBT