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Mental Health in the Community > Week 4: Psychological Approaches: Individual Therapy Pt.2 > Flashcards

Week 4: Psychological Approaches: Individual Therapy Pt.2 Flashcards

1
Q

Emphasizes the role of the environment in shaping behavior.

It’s all a matter of what can be seen and what can be measured.

Behavioral therapies focus on changing behaviors through learning principles.

A

Behaviorism

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2
Q

A naturally occurring stimulus is placed with a neutral stimulus allowing the neutral stimulus to, in time, evoke a natural reflex.

A

Classical Conditioning (Ivan Pavlov)

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3
Q

Learner makes a connection with the consequences associated with his/her behavior through reinforcements and punishments.

A

Operant Conditioning (B.F. Skinner)

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4
Q

Irrational or distorted thought patterns that contribute to emotional distress.

A

Cognitive Distortions

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5
Q

Systematic errors in thinking that affect how we perceive and interpret information.

A

Cognitive Biases (Thinking Errors)

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6
Q

A therapeutic approach that focuses on changing negative thought patterns and behaviors.

What actually matters is not the situation itself, but the cognitive processes, the cognitive content that an individual goes through in order to evaluate the event.

A

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

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7
Q

A self-perpetuating cycle in which negative thoughts, emotions, and behaviors reinforce each other.

Negative thoughts can lead to negative emotions and behaviors, which in turn reinforce negative thoughts.

A

Vicious Cycle

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8
Q

Exaggerating the negative consequences of an event.

A

Catastrophizing

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9
Q

Drawing broad conclusions based on a single event.

A

Overgeneralization

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10
Q

Viewing situations in extreme terms (black or white).

A

All-or-nothing thinking

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11
Q

Is a key technique in CBT, as it helps individuals break free from negative thought patterns and improve their emotional well-being.

Is a specific technique within cognitive restructuring that involves reframing a situation in a more positive or neutral way.

A

Cognitive Reappraisal

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12
Q

The process of evaluating an event or situation and assigning meaning to it. It’s how we interpret and make sense of our experiences.

A

Cognitive Appraisal

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13
Q

Cognitive Appraisal vs Cognitive Reappraisal?

A

Cognitive appraisal is the initial evaluation, while cognitive reappraisal is a subsequent process of changing that evaluation.

Examples:
CA - If someone doesn’t wave back at you, you might appraise the situation as a sign of rejection or indifference.
CRA - If you initially appraised the situation of someone not waving back as rejection, you might reappraise it by thinking, “Maybe they didn’t see me.”

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14
Q

Activating Event or Antecedent > Beliefs > Consequences

A

ABC Model

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15
Q

Focuses on challenging the content of cognitive distortions AND more:

Focuses on:
Acceptance: Embracing difficult emotions and experiences without trying to avoid or suppress them.
Mindfulness: Paying attention to the present moment without judgment.
Values-based living: Aligning one’s actions with personal values and goals.

A

Second Wave CBT

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16
Q

Focusing exclusively on the negative aspects of a situation.

A

Mental Filter

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17
Q

Assuming you know what others are thinking.

A

Mind Reading

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18
Q

Deeper-seated beliefs about oneself and the world.

A

Intermediate Beliefs

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19
Q

Fundamental beliefs about oneself that are deeply ingrained and difficult to change.

A

Core Beliefs

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20
Q

NATs (Negative Automatic Thoughts)
Intermediate Beliefs
Core Beliefs
Life Events
Early Learning Experience

A

CBT Layers of Cognition

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21
Q

These factors can influence the development of negative automatic thoughts, intermediate beliefs, and core beliefs.

A

Early Learning Experience and Life Events

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22
Q

General beliefs about ourselves.

Much deeper and less available to conscious awareness.

A

Core Beliefs and Intermediate Beliefs

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23
Q

Situation-specific.

More accessible to awareness.

Thoughts that happen ona. daily basis.

A

Negative Automatic Thoughts

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24
Q

Refers to our immediate perception of our surroundings and our own thoughts, feelings, and sensations.

It’s the mental state where we are fully awake, alert, and aware of what is happening around us and within ourselves.

A

Conscious Awareness

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25
Q

The ability to focus on specific stimuli or thoughts.

A

Attention

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26
Q

The process of interpreting sensory information.

A

Perception

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27
Q

The ability to recognize oneself as a separate entity from the world.

A

Self Awareness

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28
Q

The ability to set goals and direct our actions towards achieving them.

A

Intentionality

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29
Q

Moves away from focusing solely on changing cognitive content.

Offers a broader range of techniques for addressing mental health issues.

A

Third Wave CBT

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30
Q

Emphasizes acceptance of difficult emotions and living in accordance with personal values.

A

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)

31
Q

Focuses on mindfulness, emotion regulation, and interpersonal effectiveness.

A

Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)

32
Q

Developed CBT to address pervasive and longstanding interpersonal difficulties that come under the umbrella of borderline personality disorder.

A

Marsha Linehan

33
Q

Focuses on finding balance between acceptance and change.

DBT therapists accept clients as they are, while they also acknowledge that they need to change to reach their goals.

A

Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)

34
Q

Emphasizes the social aspect of treatment. It consists of a package of treatments:
Team-based interventions
Group work
Telephone support
One-on-one therapy

A

Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)

35
Q

What is DBT’s Approach to Mental Distress?

A

Stress Model: Psychological disorders are the result of a predisposition activated by environmental stressors.

36
Q

Means a synthesis, or integration of opposites.

A

Dialectical

37
Q

Addresses deep-seated core beliefs and schemas that contribute to psychological distress.

Identifies 18 potential schemas that can contribute to psychological distress.

A

Schema Therapy

38
Q

A cognitive framework or mental representation that organizes and interprets information.

Deeply ingrained patterns of thought and behavior that can contribute to psychological distress.

A

Schema

39
Q

Refer to therapeutic techniques that primarily focus on changing the specific content of an individual’s thoughts and beliefs.

This involves identifying and challenging negative or distorted thought patterns and replacing them with more positive or realistic ones.

A

Content-Oriented Cognitive Interventions

40
Q

Identifying and challenging negative automatic thoughts and replacing them with more balanced or positive alternatives.

A

Cognitive Restructuring

41
Q

What are examples of third-wave psychotherapy treatments?

A
  • Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)
  • Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT)
  • Schema Therapy
  • Behavioral Activation
  • Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy
42
Q

A mental health condition characterized by unstable moods, relationships, and self-image.

A

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)

43
Q

Individuals with BPD are emotionally vulnerable, with heightened sensitivity to stress.

Autonomic nervous system takes longer than normal to return to baseline.

A

Emotional Sensitivity / Vulnerability

44
Q

An environment where an individual’s emotions and experiences are not acknowledged or validated and are sometimes punished or simply ignored.

A

Invalidating Environment

45
Q

Difficulty in managing emotions, leading to emotional outbursts.

A

Emotional Dysregulation

46
Q

Is a division of the nervous system that controls involuntary bodily functions, such as heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, digestion, and body temperature.

Plays a crucial role in maintaining overall health and well-being.

Dysregulation of the ANS can contribute to various health problems, including anxiety, depression, and digestive disorders.

A

Automatic Nervous System (ANS)

47
Q

What are the two main branches of the Automatic Nervous System (ANS)?

A

1) Sympathetic Nervous System - fight or flight
2) Parasympathetic Nervous System - rest and digest

48
Q

It activates the body for action in response to stress or danger, increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate, while also diverting blood flow from non-essential organs to the muscles.

A

Sympathetic Nervous System

49
Q

It promotes relaxation and energy conservation, slowing heart rate, lowering blood pressure, and promoting digestion.

A

Parasympathetic Nervous System

50
Q

Never learn to accurately label and understand one’s feelings.

Susceptible to extreme displays or emotions.

A

Chronic Emotion Dysregulation

51
Q

A broad pervasive theme regarding oneself, and one’s relationship with others. It is developed throughout childhood and is celebrated throughout one’s lifetime. It is dysfunctional to a certain degree.

A

Schema (Dr. Jeffrey Young)

52
Q

What is Schema Therapy a Combination of?

A

Cognitive Therapy
Behavioral Therapy
Object Relations
Gestalt Therapy

53
Q

According to Dr. Young, what do all individuals strive towards?

A

Connection
Understanding
Growth

54
Q

What are the Core Emotional Needs According to Schema Therapy?

A

1) Secure attachment
2) Autonomy, competence, and a sense of identity
3) Freedom of expression of invalid needs and emotions
4) Spontaneity and play
5) Limits and self-control

55
Q

5 Domains of Maladaptive Schema

A

1) Disconnection & Rejection
2) Impaired Autonomy & Performance
3) Impaired Limits
4) Other-Directedness
5) Over-vigilance & Inhibition

56
Q

An early, neglectful environment in which the core emotional needs of stability, understanding, and love are missing, that might foster toxic frustration of needs and the development of schemas.

A

Disconnection & Rejection

57
Q

Maladaptive Schemas under Disconnection & Rejection

A

Mistrust/Abuse
Abandonment/Instability
Emotional Deprivation
Defectiveness/Shame
Social Isolation/Alienation

58
Q

Might develop if a child is often over-protected and controlled, or neglected and ignored, left alone with no interest shown in their lives

A

Impaired Autonomy & Performance

59
Q

If the early environment is too permissive and fails to meet a child’s need for limits and discipline

A

Impaired Limits

60
Q

The main schema, such as the tendency to place other people’s needs, wishes, and desires before their own. I

A

Other-Directedness

61
Q

Might develop if an environment is overly strict and rigid, that can inhibit a child’s need for play and spontaneity

A

Over-vigilance & Inhibition

62
Q

Maladaptive Schemas under Impaired Limits

A

Entitlement
Insufficient
Self-control/Self-discipline

63
Q

Maladaptive Schemas under Impaired Autonomy & Performance

A

Dependence/Incompetence
Vulnerability to Harm
Enmeshment
Failure

64
Q

Maladaptive Schemas under Other-Directedness

A

Subjugation
Self-sacrifice
Approval Seeking/Recognition Seeking

65
Q

Maladaptive Schemas under Over-vigilance & Inhibition

A

Negativity/Pessimism
Emotion Inhibition
Unrelenting Standards/Hypocriticalness
Punitiveness

66
Q

What are examples of distorted cognitive processes to cope with schemas?

A

Surrender (self-sabotage)
Overcompensate
Opposite

67
Q

A cluster of schemas that represents, moment to moment, the emotional and behavioural states of a person at any given time.

A

Mode

68
Q

18 potential schemas that can contribute to psychological distress.

A

Early Maladaptive Schemas

69
Q

The attempt to avoid or suppress unpleasant thoughts, emotions, or sensations.

A

Experiential Avoidance

70
Q

Being overly focused on negative thoughts and beliefs.

A

Cognitive Entanglement

71
Q

Adhering to rigid beliefs and behaviors, even when they are no longer helpful.

Inability to adapt to changing circumstances.

A

Psychological Rigidity

72
Q

Key Features of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)

A
  • Increase psychological flexibility
  • Acceptance of Suffering
  • Mindfulness as a tool to manage difficult emotions and experiences
  • Rather than fight against unhappiness, human beings ought to accept and change
73
Q

What is the core concept of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)?

A

Psychological suffering is the thought caused by experiential avoidance, cognitive entanglement, and psychological rigidity that prevents us from taking behavioral steps in accordance with core values.

Mental Health in the Community (21 decks)

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