Week 3: The Burden of Mental Ill-Health for the Individual

Question 1

The cognitive processes that allow us to plan, organize, set goals, and make decisions.

Answer 1

Executive Functioning

Question 2

A strong and irresistible impulse to perform a particular action, often repeatedly.

Answer 2

Compulsion

Question 3

What impact do individuals with mental illnesses have on carers?

Answer 3

Emotional, practical, financial, and social burdens including stigma and discrimination.

Question 4

Are unwanted/involuntary thoughts or images that repeatedly enter a person’s mind. These thoughts can be intrusive, distressing, and difficult to control. They can interfere with daily activities and contribute to feelings of anxiety or distress.

Answer 4

Cognitive Instrusions

Question 5

A philosophical approach that focuses on the subjective experiences of individuals.

Answer 5

Phenomenological Approach

Question 6

A complex phenomenon reflecting interaction between features of a person’s body and features of the society in which he or she lives.

Answer 6

Disability

Question 7

A problem in body-functional structure. This refers to any loss or abnormality in a body part or organ, such as a missing limb or impaired vision.

Answer 7

Impairment

Question 8

A difficulty encountered by an individual executing the task or actions. This refers to problems that an individual faces when performing specific activities, such as walking, dressing, or working.

Answer 8

Activity Limitation

Question 9

A problem experienced by the individual involvement in life situations. This refers to difficulties that an individual encounters in participating in social or life roles, such as education, employment, or leisure activities.

Answer 9

Participation Restriction

Question 10

What is WHO’s definition of disabilities?

Answer 10

“Disabilities is an umbrella term, covering impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions. An impairment is a problem in body function or structure; an activity limitation is a difficulty encountered by an individual in executing a task or action; while a participation restriction is a problem experienced by an individual in involvement in life situations. Thus, disability is a complex phenomenon, reflecting an interaction between features of a person’s body and features of the society in which he or she lives.”

Question 11

What is CDC’s definition of Quality of Life?

Answer 11

“A broad multidimensional concept that usually includes subjective evaluations of both positive and negative aspects of life. Although the term, “quality of life” has meaning for nearly everyone and every academic discipline, individuals and groups can define it differently. Health is one of the important domains of overall quality of life, there are other domans as well - for instance, jobs, housing, schools, the neighborhood. Aspects of culture, values, and spirituality are also key aspects of overall quality of life that add to the complexity of its measurement.”

Question 12

Six Approaches to Quality of Life (QoL)

Answer 12

1) Objective indicators
2) Needs satisfaction
3) Subjective well-being
4) Psychological well-being
5) Capabilities
6) Health-related QoL

Question 13

Focus on tangible factors like income, housing, and social participation.

Answer 13

Objective Indicators

Question 14

Based on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, from basic to self-actualization.

Answer 14

Needs Satisfaction

Question 15

Measures current happiness or overall life satisfaction.

Answer 15

Subjective Well-Being

Question 16

Includes factors like self-esteem, autonomy, and control.

Answer 16

Psychological Well-Being

Question 17

Focuses on what people can do to achieve valued outcomes.

Answer 17

Capabilities Approach

Question 18

Results from poverty, ignorance, and oppression

Answer 18

Capability Deprivation

Question 19

Subjective perception of the impact of health on well-being.

Answer 19

Health-related QoL

Question 20

“A person’s subjective perception of the impact of health status, including disease and treatment, on physical, psychological and social functioning and well-being.”

Answer 20

Health-related QoL

Question 21

A combination of a person’s physical, mental and social well-being.

Answer 21

Health-related QoL

Question 22

This is a measure of the value of health interventions. They are often used in cost-effectiveness analysis to compare the benefits and costs of different medical interventions.

Calculation: Survival in years multiplied by utility of health state

Answer 22

Quality-Adjusted Life Year (QALY)

Question 23

Measure the overall burden of a disease or condition.

Are a way to measure the total impact of a disease or condition, considering both the years of life lost due to premature death and the years lived with disability.

Calculation: Prevalence of a disorder multiplied by disability weight plus years of lost life.

Answer 23

Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY)

Question 24

Generally refers to a person’s overall satisfaction with their health.

Researchers often use surveys or interviews that ask individuals to rate their health on a scale of 0 to 1.

Answer 24

Utility of Health State

Question 25

Refers to a state of living in which a person or group barely meets their basic needs for survival. It implies a level of existence that is just sufficient to sustain life, with little or no room for comfort or luxuries.

In the context of mental disorder, it might refer to living in inadequate or unsafe conditions, such as overcrowded or dilapidated housing, due to financial constraints or limited access to resources.

Answer 25

Subsistence Housing

Question 26

What is the economic impact of mental disorders?

Answer 26

Individual Perspective: Poverty, reliance on state or family, housing issues, distress, pain, suffering, stigma.

Societal Perspective: Treatment costs, social security costs, lost productivity.