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Mental Health in the Community > Week 4: Psychological Approaches: Individual Therapy Pt.1 > Flashcards

Week 4: Psychological Approaches: Individual Therapy Pt.1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a ‘mental disorder’ according to the DSM-V?

A

Clinically-significant disturbances in COGNITION, EMOTIONAL REGULATION, or BEHAVIOR that indicate a dysfunction in mental functioning and are usually associated with significant distress or disability in WORK, RELATIONSHIPS, or other areas of FUNCTIONING.

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2
Q

What is the Psychoanalytic Model?

A

The theory of development and organization of personality that guides psychoanalysis.

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3
Q

It is a therapeutic approach developed by Sigmund Freud.

It’s based on the theory that our present is shaped by our past, and that the unacknowledged meaning of personal experiences can influence our mood, behavior, and relationships.

A

Psychoanalysis

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4
Q

The psychoanalytic model assumes that human behavior is largely determined by unconscious forces, biological drives, and past experiences.

A

Deterministic View of Human Nature

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5
Q

Forces that are not based on reason or logic, often driven by emotions or instincts.

Examples:
Fear of the dark
Compulsions
Superstitions

A

Irrational Forces

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6
Q

Basic instincts or urges that are rooted in our biology, such as the need for food, water, and reproduction.

A

Biological Drives

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7
Q

Thoughts, feelings, and desires that are hidden from our conscious awareness but still influence our behavior.

Examples:
Repressed Memories
Defense Mechanisms
Hidden Desires

A

Unconscious Motivations

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8
Q

Humans are dominated by two basic instincts according to Sigmund Freud. What are these?

A

Eros (life) and Thanatos (death)

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9
Q

What are examples of Eros (life force)?

A

Love and affection: Feelings of love, affection, and intimacy towards others.

Creativity: Engaging in creative activities like art, music, or writing.

Reproduction: The desire to reproduce and continue the human species.

Self-preservation: The instinct to protect oneself from harm and danger.

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10
Q

What are examples of Thanatos (death force)?

A

Aggression: Hostile or violent behavior towards others.

Self-destructive behavior: Actions that harm oneself, such as substance abuse or reckless driving.

Desire for death: In some cases, a longing for death or an end to suffering.

Competitive drive: The desire to succeed or outperform others, which can sometimes involve aggressive or destructive behaviors.

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11
Q

A persistent focus on a particular stage of development, often due to unresolved conflicts.

A

Fixation

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12
Q

A preoccupation/fixation with oral activities, such as smoking, overeating, or excessive talking.

A

Oral Fixation

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13
Q

A fixation/focus on cleanliness, orderliness, or control.

A

Anal Fixation

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14
Q

Issues/fixation related to sexuality or gender identity.

A

Phallic Fixation

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15
Q

Each stage focuses on a specific body part (erogenous zone) that is associated with pleasure.
Oral > Anal > Phallic > Latency > Genital

Successful Navigation: Successful completion of each stage leads to healthy personality development.

Fixation: Failure to resolve conflicts within a stage can result in fixation and subsequent personality issues.

A

Psychosexual Stages of Development (Freud)

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16
Q

Psychosexual stage where pleasure is derived from sucking, biting, and chewing.

If a child has problems with breastfeeding or weaning, they might become fixated on oral activities like smoking, excessive talking, or overeating later in life.

An oral fixation may result in a passive, gullible, immature, or manipulative personality.

A

Oral Stage

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17
Q

What are the oral stage personality traits?

A

Orally Aggressive and Orally Passive

Oral stage fixation may result in a passive, gullible, immature, or manipulative personality.

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18
Q

A personality characterized by aggression, sarcasm, or a tendency to use biting words or actions.

A

Oral Aggressive

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19
Q

A personality characterized by dependence, passivity, or a tendency to seek pleasure through oral activities.

A

Oral Passive

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20
Q

Psychosexual stage with a focus on toilet training and control.

Issues with toilet training can lead to a fixation on cleanliness and control (anal retentive) or a rebellious and disorganized personality (anal expulsive).

A

Anal Stage

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21
Q

A personality characterized by excessive orderliness, cleanliness, or a rigid adherence to rules.

A

Anal Retentive

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22
Q

A personality characterized by impulsiveness, messiness, or a tendency to be rebellious or defiant.

A

Anal Expulsive

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23
Q

The psychosexual stage where conflicts involving feelings of love and rivalry towards parents.

Development of gender identity and sexual orientation.

A

Phallic Stage

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24
Q

In Freudian theory, a male child’s unconscious desire to possess the opposite-sex parent and eliminate the same-sex parent.

A

Oedipus Complex

25
Q

In Freudian theory, a female child’s unconscious desire to possess the opposite-sex parent and eliminate the same-sex parent.

A

Electra Complex

26
Q

A psychosexual stage or period of sexual dormancy or calm.

Focus on social and intellectual development.

Formation of friendships and interests.

Sexual feelings may be repressed or sublimated.

A

Latency Stage

27
Q

The psychosexual stage where the maturation of sexual interests and desires occurs.

Development of romantic relationships.

Establishment of a healthy sexual identity.

Successful navigation of this stage leads to a well-adjusted adult.

A

Genital Stage

28
Q

According to Freud, what are the three elements that make up our personality (Psychosocial Theory of Development)?

A

Id, ego, and superego

29
Q

Driven by basic instincts and needs (hunger, thirst, sex)

Operates on the pleasure principle: seeks pleasure and avoids pain

Example: A hungry baby cries until it’s fed, not considering its parents’ needs.

Consequences if too strong: Impulsive behavior, disregard for others’ needs.

A

Id

30
Q

Emerges as we interact with the world

Operates on the reality principle: balances internal needs with external reality

Works to fulfill the id’s desires in realistic ways

A

Ego

31
Q

Develops around age five

Internalizes moral standards and societal expectations

Represents conscience and dictates right from wrong

Consequences if too strong: Overcritical, rigid personality, possible depression.

A

Superego

32
Q

A small part of our mental activity that we are aware of.

Ego

A

Conscious Mind

33
Q

Information that is not readily accessible but can be retrieved with effort.

A

Pre-conscious Mind

34
Q

The majority of our mental activity, contains hidden thoughts, feelings, and desires.

Id and superego

A

Unconscious Mind

35
Q

It is a branch of psychoanalysis that focuses on how our relationships with others, especially our mothers, shape our personality and mental health.

It emphasizes the importance of these relationships more than biological drives.

Object - other/significant other
Relations - interpersonal relationships

A

Object Relations Theory

36
Q

Mother of object relations theory.

She was post-Freudian

A

Melanie Klein (1882 - 1960)

37
Q

Early development is crucial, focus on mother-child relationship, paranoid-schizoid and depressive positions, splitting and projection

A

Melanie Klein’s Object Relations Theory

38
Q

2 Stages that are crucial for the infant’s healthy development of the ego according to Klein?

A

1) Paranoid-Schizoid Position (0-3 months)
2) Depressive Position (3-6 months)

39
Q

What happens to the infant during the Paranoid-Schizoid Position (0-3 months)?

A
  • Baby is only able to relate to the mother and external world in part objects
  • Baby projects loving and hating feelings onto separate parts of the mother (breast)
  • Maternal object is divided into BAD (Hated) and GOOD (loved)
  • Infants experience anxiety due to aggressive instincts
40
Q

Good stays separate from bad

A

Splitting

41
Q

What happens to the infant during the Depressive Position (3-6 months)?

A
  • Infants can relate to objects as whole objects
  • Become aware of destructive impulses and guilt
  • Attempt to repair damage caused by destructive impulses
  • Experience ambivalence (love and hate, good and bad)
42
Q

The simultaneous existence of opposing feelings or attitudes towards a person or object.

Example: Good and bad can co-exist.

A

Ambivalence

43
Q

Attributing one’s own feelings to others

A

Projecting

44
Q

A mother who is responsive to her infant’s needs provides comfort and protects them from overwhelming distress.

The mother’s role is to provide a safe and nurturing environment for the infant.

A

Good Enough Mother

45
Q

Emphasized the vulnerability of the infant and the need for the caregiver (good-enough mother) to provide a good holding environment.

A

Donald Winnicott (1886 - 1971)

46
Q

Focus is on good-enough mother, holding environment, symbiosis, transitional objects

A

Donald Winnicott’s Object Relations Theory

47
Q

A predictable and consistent environment for the infant provided by the mother or caregiver.

Examples:
Consistent routines: Regular feeding, bathing, and bedtime schedules can help create a sense of predictability.
Responsive caregiving: Promptly attending to the infant’s needs
Emotional warmth and support: Showing love, affection, and empathy

A

Holding Environment

48
Q

The initial state of complete dependence between the infant and the caregiver.

The infant is completely dependent on the caregiver for their survival and emotional well-being.

Examples:
Breastfeeding
Constant Care
Shared Experiences

A

Symbiosis

49
Q

Objects that help the infant transition from dependence to independence.

A familiar object that helps the infant cope with separation from the caregiver.

Examples: A blanket, teddy bear, or other object that the infant becomes attached to.

A

Transitional Objects

50
Q

A superficial or inauthentic sense of self that may develop when the environment is not holding.

It’s a way for the infant to protect themselves from overwhelming anxiety or emotional pain.

Examples:
Overly compliant to submissive behaviour
Acting out
Difficulty expressing emotions

A

False Self

51
Q

The infant’s attempts to make up for their destructive impulses towards the mother and maintain the relationship.

A

Reparate

52
Q

The quality of early attachments can have long-lasting effects on mental health and social development.

“In order to grow up mentally healthy, the child should experience a warm intimate and continuous relationship with its mother.”

A

John Bowlby’s Attachment Theory

53
Q

Is a bit like a cognitive framework, a prototype for subsequent relationships.

Example: A child who has a secure attachment may expect positive and supportive relationships in the future.

A

Internal Working Model

54
Q

A strong disposition to seek proximity to and contact with a specific figure and to do so in certain situations, notably when frightened, tired, or ill.

We have an innate ability to bond with one another.

A

Attachment

55
Q

A healthy attachment style characterized by trust in others, a sense of self-worth, and the ability to form and maintain close relationships.

Example: A child who is consistently cared for and loved may lead to trust in others and healthy relationships.

A

Secure Attachment

56
Q

An attachment style characterized by difficulties in forming or maintaining relationships, emotional distress, and negative self-esteem.

Can lead to difficulties in forming and maintaining relationships.

A

Insecure Attachment

57
Q

Characterized by emotional distance and a reluctance to form close bonds.

A child who experiences neglect or rejection may have difficulty forming close bonds and emotional distance.

A

Avoidant Attachment

58
Q

Characterized by inconsistency and uncertainty in relationships.

A child who experiences inconsistent caregiving may result in uncertainty, anxiety, and clinginess in relationships.

A

Ambivalent Attachment

59
Q

According to Bowlby, what Initial Experiences result in certain Attachment Styles?

A

Positive and Loved - > Secure Attachment Style
Unloved and Rejected -> Avoidant Attachment Style
Inconsistent Behaviour -> Ambivalent Attachment Style

Mental Health in the Community (22 decks)

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