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Mental Health in the Community > Week 1: Diagnosis in Psychiatry Pt. 1 > Flashcards

Week 1: Diagnosis in Psychiatry Pt. 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The identification and classification of a medical condition.

A

Diagnosis

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2
Q

Examples of Paradigmatic Diseases

A

1) Infectious diseases: These are diseases caused by pathogens like bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites. Examples: Smallpox, Polio, Measles
2) Genetic disorders: These are diseases caused by inherited genetic mutations. Examples: Cystic fibrosis, Sickle cell anemia, Huntington’s disease

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3
Q

Classifying disorders based on a group of symptoms.

A

Syndromal Approach

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4
Q

The classification of diseases, injuries, and disorders.

A

Nosology

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5
Q

The development and progression of a disease.

Biological mechanism underlying the disorder (i.e., infections, cancers)

A

Pathogenesis

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6
Q

Classifying disorders based on their cause.

A

Etiological Approach

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7
Q

The tendency or predisposition to develop a disease.

A

Susceptibility

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8
Q

A disease that serves as a model or example for other diseases.

A

Paradigmatic Disease

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9
Q

Means decided or chosen without any particular reason or rule.

It suggests something is random or based on personal preference rather than logic or objective criteria.

A

Arbitrary

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10
Q

A prediction of the course of a disease.

A

Prognosis

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11
Q

The treatment of diseases.

A

Therapeutics

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12
Q

The study of the distribution and determinants of health and disease in populations.

A

Epidemiology

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12
Q

What is the purpose of a diagnosis?

A

1) Predictions: prognosis
2) Treatment: therapeutics
3) Research: an analytic tool for increasing understanding of the causes of disease
4) Epidemiology: distribution of diseases within populations

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13
Q

A classification system proposed by Emil Kraepelin that divided mental disorders into two main categories: dementia praecox (schizophrenia) and manic-depressive illness.

A

Kraepelinian Dichotomy

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14
Q

Distinguished between lunacy (you could get better) and idiocy (you would not get better).

A

14th Century Common Law

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14
Q

Identified different mental disorders such as mania, melancholia, and hysteria.

A

Ancient Greece

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14
Q
  • Writing on clay tablets
  • Accurate descriptions of mental and neurological disorders
  • Descriptions only, no systematization
A

Babylonian c 3500 (History of Psychiatry)

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15
Q

What are the two main categories under the Kraepelinian Dichotomy?

A

1) Dementia praecox (schizophrenia)
2) Manic-depressive illness

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16
Q

A mental disorder characterized by alternating periods of mania and depression. It is now more commonly known as bipolar disorder.

A

Manic-depressive Illness

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17
Q

A term coined by Emil Kraepelin to describe a group of mental disorders characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and behavior, and negative symptoms.

A

Dementia Praecox (schizophrenia)

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18
Q

A state of excessive excitement, energy, enthusiasm, and a decreased need for sleep.

A

Mania

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19
Q

A state of sadness, despair, and hopelessness.

A

Melancholia

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20
Q

A term used to describe a variety of symptoms, often affecting women, including fainting, paralysis, and convulsions.

A

Hysteria

20
Q

A term used to describe a condition that was believed to be caused by the moon. It was often associated with periods of madness or irrational behavior.

A

Lunacy

21
Q

The cause or origin of a disease.

A

Aetiology

21
Q

A term used to describe a condition that was believed to be congenital or incurable. It was often associated with intellectual disability.

A

Idiocy

22
Q

Mental disorders caused by physical damage to the brain. Examples: General paralysis of the insane, Alzheimer’s Disease, Korsakoff’s Psychosis

A

Organic Mental Disorder

23
Q

A term used to describe a condition characterized by antisocial behavior and lack of moral conscience.

It was introduced to describe personality disorders or socially abnormal behavior without insanity or mental deficiency.

A

Moral Insanity (Psychopathy)

24
Q

A progressive neurological disorder caused by syphilis, characterized by dementia, delusions, and physical symptoms such as tremors and slurred speech.

A

General Paralysis of the Insane

25
Q

Deterioration of cognitive function, including memory, thinking, and judgment.

A

Dementia

26
Q

False beliefs, such as believing you are being monitored by the government.

A

Delusions

27
Q

Perceiving things that are not real, such as hearing voices.

A

Hallucinations

28
Q

Speaking in a way that is difficult to understand, such as jumping from one topic to another.

A

Disorganized Speech

29
Q

Acting in a way that is inappropriate or unusual, such as hoarding objects or taking off one’s clothes in public.

A

Disorganized Behavior

30
Q

A lack of motivation, pleasure, or emotion.

A

Negative Symptoms

31
Q

A progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory loss, cognitive decline, and changes in behavior.

It is the most common cause of dementia and remains a major public health challenge.

A

Alzheimer’s Disease

32
Q

Problems with thinking, reasoning, and problem-solving.

A

Cognitive Decline

32
Q

Difficulty remembering recent events or information.

A

Memory Loss

33
Q

A neurological disorder caused by thiamine deficiency, often associated with chronic alcoholism. It is characterized by memory loss, confabulation (making up false memories), and other cognitive impairments.

A

Korsakoff’s Psychosis

34
Q

Making up false memories to fill in gaps in memory.

A

Confabulation

35
Q

Severe mental disorders characterized by delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thinking. Examples include schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

A

Psychoses

35
Q

A personality disorder characterized by a lack of empathy, remorse, and conscience. They may engage in manipulative, impulsive, and aggressive behavior.

A

Psychopathy

36
Q

Less severe mental disorders characterized by anxiety, depression, and other symptoms. Examples include anxiety disorders and phobias.

A

Neuroses

37
Q

Definitions that specify observable behaviors or operations that define a concept.

A

Operational Definition

38
Q

A mood disorder, such as depression or bipolar disorder.

A

Affective Disorder

39
Q

Structured interviews that use specific questions and procedures to assess psychiatric symptoms.

A

Structured Interviewing Techniques

39
Q

Focuses on understanding mental disorders from the patient’s perspective (first-person perspective) by exploring their subjective experiences, thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

A

Phenomenological Approach

40
Q

Operational definitions provide concrete and measurable ways to study variables, while theoretical concepts represent abstract ideas that may be more difficult to define and measure directly.

A

Operational Definition VS Theoretical Concepts

41
Q

refers to a system used in earlier versions of the DSM (DSM-III and DSM-IV) to assess various aspects of an individual’s functioning. It involved rating the individual on five axes.

A

Multiaxial Diagnostic Assessment System

42
Q

Introduced important innovations:
- Explicit diagnostic criteria
- Multiaxial diagnostic assessment system (diagnosis, personality, social)
- Neutral with respect to the causes of mental disorders

A

DSM-III

43
Q
A

DSM-IV

44
Q

Focuses on observable symptoms and behaviors.

Aims to provide a detailed and objective description of a disorder.

Less concerned with underlying causes or theoretical explanations.

A

Descriptive Approach

45
Q

Was based on a comprehensive review of the literature to ensure an empirical foundation.

Worked closely with ICD-10 to minimize differences between the two systems.

A

DSM-IV

45
Q

A more modern approach that incorporates elements of Kraepelin’s classification system, such as a focus on observable symptoms and behaviors, but also includes advancements in diagnostic criteria and methodology.

A

Neo-Kraepelian

45
Q

Biological markers that can be used to diagnose or monitor a disease.

A

Biomarkers

46
Q

Variations in a single nucleotide in the DNA sequence.

A

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP)

47
Q

initially had grand ambitions (biomarkers, functional imaging, genomic research)

A

DSM-V

Mental Health in the Community (21 decks)

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