Week 4 Circulation Flashcards
What does the right side of the heart receive blood from?
The brain, neck, trunk, and legs via the superior and inferior vena cava.
What happens in right-sided heart failure?
Blood cannot leave the right side of the heart and backs up into the neck and limbs, causing jugular vein distention and edema.
What does the left side of the heart receive blood from?
The lungs after being oxygenated.
What is preload?
Volume coming into the heart.
What is afterload?
Resistance in the left ventricle that must be overcome to circulate oxygenated blood.
What does contractility refer to?
The strength of the squeeze of the heart.
How does an irregular heart rhythm affect oxygenation?
It can impair the heart’s ability to effectively pump oxygenated blood.
What are the factors affecting circulation/perfusion in infants?
Premature birth and valves not functioning appropriately.
What dietary issues affect preschool and school-age children?
Diets high in fat and salt, fast food, processed foods, and obesity.
What lifestyle factors affect adolescents’ cardiovascular health?
Tobacco use, vaping, obesity, high-fat diets, substance abuse, and eating disorders.
What changes occur in older adults that affect cardiovascular health?
Cardiac muscles lose contractile strength and peripheral vessels become less elastic, increasing the risk of orthostatic hypotension.
What is the effect of stress on the cardiovascular system?
Increased heart rate, contractility, and vasoconstriction, raising the risk for blood clots.
How does altitude affect oxygenation?
Low atmospheric pressure can cause shortness of air.
What is induced hypothermia used for?
Patients suffering from sudden cardiac death and during prolonged vascular procedures.
What effect does obesity have on the heart?
Increased workload on the heart and less space for lungs to inflate and deflate.
What are beta-adrenergic blockers used for?
To block norepinephrine and epinephrine, reducing the workload of the heart and oxygen consumption.
What are ACE inhibitors classified as?
Vasodilators.
What is the expected ejection fraction (EF) for a healthy heart?
Greater than 55%.
What is cardiomyopathy?
An enlarged heart, often unknown cause, focusing on symptom management.
What is the leading cause of cardiac ischemia?
Coronary artery disease (CAD).
What are the two types of angina?
- Stable angina * Unstable angina
What is the cardinal symptom of cardiac ischemia?
Chest pain.
What labs are associated with cardiac monitoring?
- Troponin * CK-MB or CPK * Myoglobin * BNP * Potassium * Magnesium * Calcium
What is the most deadly heart rhythm?
Ventricular fibrillation (VFib).
What is peripheral artery disease?
A buildup of fatty deposits (plaques) on artery walls, reducing blood flow.
What are treatments for peripheral vascular diseases?
- Quit smoking * Medications to prevent blood clots * Elevating feet * Wearing compression socks * Exercises
What is the purpose of diuretics?
To remove sodium and water from the body, reducing the volume of circulating blood.
What can digoxin toxicity affect?
The heart’s pumping action.
What is the role of anticoagulant therapy?
To prevent blood clot formation.
What does a thready pulse indicate?
Weak circulation.
What is claudication?
Pain in the lower extremities due to inadequate blood flow.
Where gas exchange occurs?
Alveoli
What is ventilation?
The movement of air into and out of the lungs while breathing
What is respiration?
The exchange of gases in the lungs
What affects ventilation?
Hyperventilating vs hypoventlating
Lung elasticity
Hypoxemia
Hypoxia
What is a pneumothorax?
Collapsed lung
What are factors affecting respirations?
Pleural effusion
Collapsed lung
Asthma
Damaged alveoli
What does arterial blood gas do?
Measure oxygen leaving the heart
If a patient has heart failure what lab will they need?
ECHO, BNP LAB AND EJECTION FRACTURE
Normal hemoglobin amount in healthy adults?
80~100. 92% in healthy adults
If the client is hyperventilating would Co2 be higher or lower?
Lower, give brown bag
If a client is hypoventating, would co2 be higher or lower?
Higher
What are the lung sounds associated with asthma? Exam
Wheezing
How to prevent vent pneumonia
Oral care
Raise bed
* check slide
Suction no longer than 15 seconds
Suction no longer than 15 seconds
precautions associated with TB? Signs and symptoms of TB?
What is a leaky heart valve called?
Regurgitation
What is stenosis?
a narrow valve
Left side heart failure-
Wet lungs crackles
Right side heart failure
I’ve and edmema
Problem with heart failure
Contractility
When do you shock? Do cpr?
Asystolie ~ cpr only
Vfib- shock, deadly
Vtach- shock
A fib- shock
If ejection fraction is lower than 55% what happens.
Heart transplant
Aspirin does what?
Prevent blood clots know as ASA shorthand
Beta adrenergic blockers block what?
Norepinephrine and epinephrine which lower BP. End in LOL
Vasodilators end in what ?
PRIL. They increase dialating vessels reduce workload of heart
Ace inhibitors are what?
Vasodilators
Calcium channel blockers end in what?
PINE. They block the flow of calcium
Slow heart rate
What is ejection fraction?
Percent of blood the heart can pump out of the heart from left ventricle to whole body
What is cardiomyopathy’s?
Large heart
Right sided heart failure symptoms exam
Fatigue
Venous pressure
As cities
Enlarged liver and spleen
Weight gain*
Distended jug vein*
Dependent edmena*
Left sided heart failure give what meds?
Diuretics
Left sided heart failure s/s
Cough
Crackles
Wheezes
Blood sputum
Tachypena
Treatment for MI cardiac ischemia?
MONA
Morphine
OXYGEN
NITROGLYCERIN
ASPRIN
Leading cause of cardiac ischemia?
Coronary artery disease
Labs for cad? Cholesterol and lipid panel give stain for treatment
Plaque buildup in vessels comes from diet and genetics
What med relieves stable angina?
Nitroglycerin don’t take with viagra
Unstable angina is a
Heart attack
What labs are checked with heart failure
Troponin
Bnp
Potassium
Mag
Calcium
Cpk
Give what meds with a thrombus
Give anti coag meds
Heparin
Warfarin
Apixaban
Dabigatran
Give no vitiam k, no dark greens meds have a theoretic range
What do diuretics do?
Remove water and sodium from body
Lasix furosemide check for possium loss
Digoxin is what?
Positive inotropic agent~ reduces contraction used for heart failure
Nurse note problem of halos
Toxic watch therapeutic range
