Week 4

Question 1

List 3 newly added criteria to the DSM-V about alchohol use

Answer 1

there is a persistant desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down and control use

craving or a strong desire to use

continued use despite having persistant or recurrent social or interpersonal problems caused by use

Question 2

What is the behaviroul process of becoming addicted

Answer 2

Positive attitudes and enviroments leads to experimentation leads to regular use, leads to heavy use leads to addiction.

Question 3

What is the behavioural theory of drug use tolerance craving and wothdrawal ..

Answer 3

Drug taking is learned behaviour through reinforcement learning pairing experience and outcome.

Withdrawal tolerance and craving are all internal responses to external stimuli

Question 4

What is some evidence in the brain to suggest cravings have a pysiological process

Answer 4

when shown photos of drugs, users brain showed activity in the stiatum which is part of the reward network, there is also activation in the insula which monitors response and prepares the body to respond to the stimuli. when the photos are flashes quick they dont know they are seeing them are the responses still occur

Question 5

what are outcome expectancies

Answer 5

these are beliefs about the outcome of an event. if we believe the outcomes of an event will be possitive we are more likely to engage

Question 6

discuss how placebo drugs are effected by outcome expctansies

Answer 6

poeple given placebo drugs reported being as high as those with active drugs due to the expectancy they would get high

Question 7

what is self efficiacy

Answer 7

a persons belief in there own ability to perform a task

Question 8

what is the trend between high self efficiacy and drug use and relapse

Answer 8

people with high self efficiacy are less likely to use drugs and or relapse

Question 9

Who is more likely to do drugs? someone with high self efficiacy and negative expectations or someone with low self efficiacy and positive expectations

Answer 9

someone with low self efficiacy and positive expectations

Question 10

What is the behavioural inhibtion system and how is it believed to work

Answer 10

This is believed to be a model of personality that makes people less inclined to do drugs.

These people are sensitive to punishment, and so there is inhibition of behaviour which is likely to have a negative outcome.

Question 11

how is behavioural approach system and how believed to work?

Answer 11

A second personality trait which is part of the personality theory which makes people more inclined to take drugs.

These poeple are sensitive to rewards (non-punishment) so they take part in any behaviour which could lead to a possible positve outcome

Question 12

What NT mediates the Behavioural approach pathway

Answer 12

Dopamine which is a reward hormone. This is why people are more likely to use drugs, because the BAS pathway is mediated by it and it makes you feel good.

Question 13

which factors make up the five personality pathways to impulsitivity

Answer 13

sensation seeking, lack of premeditiation, lack of perseverance, positive urgency, negative urgency

Question 14

what is positive urgency

Answer 14

taking part in drugs when they are in a positive state

Question 15

what is negative urgency why does it indicate risk taking behaviours

Answer 15

Using drugs in a negative state more make u more likely to engage in drug use and binge drinking

Question 16

discuss the implsive compulsive effect of drug on the brain

Answer 16

Initially drug used is impulsive and works on goal directed cues (ventral striatum used), it eventually shifts to be compulsive and functions to releive stress similair to OCD (dorsal striatum used)

Question 17

How does use change from recreational to dependance

Answer 17

Positive urgency becomes negative urgency, there is a severe inability to implement inhibition, the ability to stop perseveration (repetition) becomes defeated

Question 18

what is evidence that the Insula is an area for addiction

Answer 18

previous smokers with damage to this area had lower activation in response to smoking and even commented that their bodied had forgotten the urge to smoke

Question 19

What are some expectancies people believe when taking drugs

Answer 19

Assertion (confidence)
Sexual enhancement
Cognitive or affect change
Tension reduction
Or they believe they meed it because they are dependant

Question 20

What is the personality theory of drug use

Answer 20

An individuals personality predisposes them to use and abuse of drugs

And someones who does drugs will have a different personality to someone who doesnt

Question 21

What is the cognitive theory of addiction ..

Answer 21

They way we think will impact drug use bc behaviour is governed by thought beliefs expectancies and attitudes

Question 22

What is the social cognitive theory of drug use ..

Answer 22

We learn or model behaviour and our outcome and self efficacy expectancies based on what we see determine our behaviour