Week 4 Flashcards
The heart is located where
Between the lungs, center of the thorax, alex points to the left
The heart has three layers, what are they?
Epicardium- thin outer layer
Myocardium- middle, thick muscular layer
Endocardium- inner, thin membrane
The epicardium, myocardium, endocardium are surrounded by what fluid filled sac
Pericardium
The hearts left and right chambers are separated by what
Septum (wall like the noses)
Atria chambers of the heart
Upper chambers
Right and left atriums
Ventricle chambers of the heart
Lower and pumping chambers
Atrioventricular Valves
Right AV valve is tricuspid
Left AV valve is bicuspid (mitral valve)
Atrioventricular valve’s are attached to the wall by tissue threads called what
Chordae
Heart strings
Chordae helps to prevent valves from doing what
It is a tendineae which prevents the valves from flipping into the atria
Ventricular valves
Also known as ,semi lunar, are the exit to the pulmonary and aorta arteries
Right semi lunar valve is called the pulmonary valve
Left semi lunar valve is the aortic valve
Coronary arteries what is their function and where they located
Coronary arteries supply the heart with its own blood.
There are several coronary artery’s but there are three main ones
What is a blockage in the coronary artery’s lead to
Ischemia and myocardial infarction, also known as a heart attack
What is the function of the pulmonary circulation
Carries blood from the heart to the lungs to remove carbon dioxide and pick up oxygen and then returns oxygenated blood to the heart
What is the function of the systemic circulation system
Carries oxidant you needed blood from the heart to all the cells of the body and carries carbon dioxide and all other waste products from the body
Arteries function
To carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, with the exception of the pulmonary artery
Do you arteries have thick walls, under pressure from the heart
Yes, and this pressure is what’s felt on taking a pulse
What is a arterioles
A small artery
Do veins have valves in them?
Yes, this helps to keep the blood flowing in the right direction. Give supplied a little push through
What is a venules?
Smallest veins
Both arteries and veins have walls composed of three layers, what are these layers
Tunica adventitia
Tunica media
Tunica intima
Lumen
Tunica adventitia, is which of the 3 layer of arteries and veins
External layer, connective tissue, and a thicker and arteries
Tunica media, is which of the 3 layer of arteries and veins
Middle layer, muscular layer, elastic fibers
Tunica intima, is which of the 3 layer of arteries and veins
Internal layer, elastic internal membrane
Lumen
Is the internal space of a vessel, whether it be a needle a vein or an artery
Capillaries are how big
Microscopic, one Cell thick
What is the job of a capillary
To connect to the venules and arterioles
Capillary blood is both what
Oxygenated and Deoxygenated blood
And pulmonary circulation what is exchanged in the capillaries
Carbon dioxide and oxygen are exchanged
What is a capillary puncture
A heel stick and a fingerstick procedure
Capillaries have what purpose in the systemic circulation
The waste and nutrient exchange takes place in the capillaries in the systemic circulation
Blood is how much thicker than water
Five times
How much blood is an average an adult have in their body
About 5 L
Bloods job is to
Deliver nutrients, oxygen and waste products throughout the body
What is Wright stain used for
A purple stain to allow easier viewing of wbc
Hemoglobin is what
The main component in erythrocytes, gives the red color and carries gases
Erythrocytes
Erythr- red
Cytes- cells
Erythrocytes perform their job where
An erythrocyte has a intravascular function, they performs their job in the blood vessels and only in the blood vessels
Erythrocytes are created where
Made in the bone marrow, and have a nucleus but loses it as they mature
Immature red blood cells are called Retics, they only live about 120 days
Leukocyte are what
Leuk-White
Cytes-cells
Leukocytes are formed where
In bone marrow and the lymphatic system
Leukocytes function how
They have extra vascular function, they’re able to form diapedesis (walk out), ability to exit through capillaries to enter tissue
This is their main function, to destroy pathogens
Phagocytosis
The ability to surround and engulf
Leukocytes that have this ability are called monocytes
Lymphocytes
Play in important role in immunity,
T – lymphs attack infected cells,
b- lymphs help make immunoglobulins (antibodies) that attack foreign cells
Thrombocytes
Thromb- clot
Cytes- cells
Platelets, and are the first cells to arrive at the size of an injury. They create a platelet plug
Type A blood
Has A antigen and anti B antibody
A+
has the D antigen which makes it Rh positive
A-
lacks any D antigen therefore are RH negative
A blood type can only except blood from other A blood types or AB blood type
Type B blood
Has B antigen and anti A antibody
B+
has the D antigen which makes it Rh positive
B-
lacks any D antigen therefore are RH negative
B blood type can receive blood from B type and AB type
AB blood type
Type A.B. has both antigen and neither anti-bodies
AB+
has the D antigen which makes it Rh positive
AB-
lacks any D antigen therefore are RH negative
Type A.B. can receive blood from everybody but can you give blood to themselves
Universal recipient
O blood type
Has neither antigen and neither antibody
O+
has the D antigen which makes it Rh positive
O-
lacks any D antigen therefore are RH negative
O type blood is the universal donor, everyone can have it
Rhogam is the medication that does
Destroy any RH feudal positive cells that may have entered the mother circulation.
If you have any negative blood type you were given this to avoid your body creating anti-bodies from a Trumatic injury and fetal blood getting into the mom in first pregnancy that could attack second pregnancy
Serum
Is the same composition is plasma but contains no fibriogen which is the clotting factor
It is clear pale light yellow looks like urine
Serum is collected mostly for what
Lipid profile test electrolyte test. Almost always goes to chemistry
Plasma
Clear, pale yellow fluid, looks like urine
Most coagulation testing is done on plasma, light blue tops
Whole blood
For test that cannot be formed on clotted blood
Such as CBCs, glycohemoglobin’s (Levander) ammonia levels (green)
EDTA lavender tops
Ammonia level test require what special treatment
They must be put on ice.
But you must put in a plastic bag and then into a glass of ice water to preserve the label
Skin puncture procedures (capillary puncture’s)
Must be done due
- to patient request
- Dr. request
- no other sites available
- saving veins for IV
Doctors usually request if patient has iatrogenic anemia
Capillary puncture site selection
Warm, pink, scarf free, Bruce three, rash free
Site
Use ring finger and middle finger only and avoid non-nondominant hand if possible
When preforming a capillary puncture you must avoid hitting bone because this can cause
Osteomyelitis (bone infection)
Which can intern cause osteochondritis (serious infection causing inflammation of the bone and cartilage)
When doing A heel stick for what do you want to use to clean the site
Alcohol swab or pad.
Do not use povidone iodine as it interferes with Billy Rubin, uric acid, phosphorus, and potassium - BURPP
The Bilirubin test must be performed quickly because
The test is light-sensitive, and is taken in special light blocking tubes usually
High Bilirubin is dangerous
Because it can cross the brain blood barrier and cause brain damage and death. Luckily Bili breaks down and white and most babies just need to be placed under Bili lights
Newborn screening is for what
To test for genetic or inherited diseases such as Phenylkrtonuria (PKU), also, cystic fibrosis, maple syrup urine disease, and hyperthyroidism
How must the newborn screening be performed
Done about two days after birth
Collected on special filter paper with printed circles that must be filled with blood obtained through heelsticks
Paper must be soaked through the circle to the other side
Drops should not be smeared or touched
Should air dry horizontally and protect from heat and light
EKG leads go where
Lead one
Right arm and left arm between the wrist and elbow
EKG leads go where
Lead two
Left leg and right leg go between the ankle and the knee tab pointing towards bellybutton
Chest leads for EKG
V1
The fourth intercostal space at the right margin of the sternum
Space in between fourth and fifth rib to the right of the sternum
Chest leads for EKG
V2
Fourth intercostal space at the left margin of the sternum
Exactly across from where you put V1
Chest leads for EKG
V3
Midway between position to and position for put on after V4
Chest leads for EKG
V4
Fifth intercostal space a junction of left mid the clavicle line
Under the nipple
Chest leads for EKG
V5
At horizontal level of position for at left anterior auxiliary line
Follow the intercostal space put it a little further over
Chest leads for EKG
V6
Horizontal level of position for at the left mid axillary line. Under the armpit
The chamber of the heart that receives blood from the systemic circulation is
Right atrium
The ECG shows P waves due to?
Arterial contractions
Blood flow order in veins
Capillary, venule, vein
The major difference between plasma and serum is the plasma has what
Contains fibrinogen and Surem does not
Lymph originates from
Tissue fluids
I heart disorder characterized by fluid buildup in the lungs is called
CHF
Congestive heart failure
Which test require arterial specimen
Blood gases
The concentration of a substance is higher in capillary blood then it is in venous blood
Glucose
If collecting test through capillary puncture’s which specimen must be collected first
Whole blood test, like CBC
What is the least has just area of an infants foot for capillary puncture
Lateral plantar heel surface
According to CLSI, I hear puncture Lance it should not puncture any deeper than
2.0 mm
Can a PTT be taken by capillary puncture
No, but a Bili, Hgb, and lead can
Draw order for a capillary puncture
Lavender first
Other tubes with additives in normal draw order
No additive tubes last
If a patient appears nervous while connecting them to the EKG machine what should you tell them
You have nothing to worry about, this is a nonevasive, safe and painless procedure. All it says is a graphic representation of your hearts electricity
What is the hearts electrical pathway
- SA node
- AV node
- Bundle of his
- Purkinje fibers
Where is the SA node located
In the right atrium, it’s called pacemaker.
Tells your heart when to contract
Where is the AV node
Base of the right atrium
Bundle of his it’s located where
Located at the septum of the wall of the heart separating the right and left sides
Purkinje fibers
cause muscles of the ventricles to contract and produce the QRS complex
