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Lecture tests > Week 4 > Flashcards

Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

The heart is located where

A

Between the lungs, center of the thorax, alex points to the left

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2
Q

The heart has three layers, what are they?

A

Epicardium- thin outer layer

Myocardium- middle, thick muscular layer

Endocardium- inner, thin membrane

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3
Q

The epicardium, myocardium, endocardium are surrounded by what fluid filled sac

A

Pericardium

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4
Q

The hearts left and right chambers are separated by what

A

Septum (wall like the noses)

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5
Q

Atria chambers of the heart

A

Upper chambers

Right and left atriums

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6
Q

Ventricle chambers of the heart

A

Lower and pumping chambers

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7
Q

Atrioventricular Valves

A

Right AV valve is tricuspid

Left AV valve is bicuspid (mitral valve)

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8
Q

Atrioventricular valve’s are attached to the wall by tissue threads called what

A

Chordae

Heart strings

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9
Q

Chordae helps to prevent valves from doing what

A

It is a tendineae which prevents the valves from flipping into the atria

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10
Q

Ventricular valves

A

Also known as ,semi lunar, are the exit to the pulmonary and aorta arteries

Right semi lunar valve is called the pulmonary valve

Left semi lunar valve is the aortic valve

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11
Q

Coronary arteries what is their function and where they located

A

Coronary arteries supply the heart with its own blood.

There are several coronary artery’s but there are three main ones

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12
Q

What is a blockage in the coronary artery’s lead to

A

Ischemia and myocardial infarction, also known as a heart attack

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13
Q

What is the function of the pulmonary circulation

A

Carries blood from the heart to the lungs to remove carbon dioxide and pick up oxygen and then returns oxygenated blood to the heart

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14
Q

What is the function of the systemic circulation system

A

Carries oxidant you needed blood from the heart to all the cells of the body and carries carbon dioxide and all other waste products from the body

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15
Q

Arteries function

A

To carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, with the exception of the pulmonary artery

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16
Q

Do you arteries have thick walls, under pressure from the heart

A

Yes, and this pressure is what’s felt on taking a pulse

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17
Q

What is a arterioles

A

A small artery

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18
Q

Do veins have valves in them?

A

Yes, this helps to keep the blood flowing in the right direction. Give supplied a little push through

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19
Q

What is a venules?

A

Smallest veins

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20
Q

Both arteries and veins have walls composed of three layers, what are these layers

A

Tunica adventitia

Tunica media

Tunica intima

Lumen

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21
Q

Tunica adventitia, is which of the 3 layer of arteries and veins

A

External layer, connective tissue, and a thicker and arteries

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22
Q

Tunica media, is which of the 3 layer of arteries and veins

A

Middle layer, muscular layer, elastic fibers

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23
Q

Tunica intima, is which of the 3 layer of arteries and veins

A

Internal layer, elastic internal membrane

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24
Q

Lumen

A

Is the internal space of a vessel, whether it be a needle a vein or an artery

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25
Q

Capillaries are how big

A

Microscopic, one Cell thick

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26
Q

What is the job of a capillary

A

To connect to the venules and arterioles

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27
Q

Capillary blood is both what

A

Oxygenated and Deoxygenated blood

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28
Q

And pulmonary circulation what is exchanged in the capillaries

A

Carbon dioxide and oxygen are exchanged

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29
Q

What is a capillary puncture

A

A heel stick and a fingerstick procedure

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30
Q

Capillaries have what purpose in the systemic circulation

A

The waste and nutrient exchange takes place in the capillaries in the systemic circulation

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31
Q

Blood is how much thicker than water

A

Five times

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32
Q

How much blood is an average an adult have in their body

A

About 5 L

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33
Q

Bloods job is to

A

Deliver nutrients, oxygen and waste products throughout the body

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34
Q

What is Wright stain used for

A

A purple stain to allow easier viewing of wbc

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35
Q

Hemoglobin is what

A

The main component in erythrocytes, gives the red color and carries gases

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36
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Erythr- red

Cytes- cells

37
Q

Erythrocytes perform their job where

A

An erythrocyte has a intravascular function, they performs their job in the blood vessels and only in the blood vessels

38
Q

Erythrocytes are created where

A

Made in the bone marrow, and have a nucleus but loses it as they mature

Immature red blood cells are called Retics, they only live about 120 days

39
Q

Leukocyte are what

A

Leuk-White

Cytes-cells

40
Q

Leukocytes are formed where

A

In bone marrow and the lymphatic system

41
Q

Leukocytes function how

A

They have extra vascular function, they’re able to form diapedesis (walk out), ability to exit through capillaries to enter tissue

This is their main function, to destroy pathogens

42
Q

Phagocytosis

A

The ability to surround and engulf

Leukocytes that have this ability are called monocytes

43
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Play in important role in immunity,

T – lymphs attack infected cells,

b- lymphs help make immunoglobulins (antibodies) that attack foreign cells

44
Q

Thrombocytes

A

Thromb- clot

Cytes- cells

Platelets, and are the first cells to arrive at the size of an injury. They create a platelet plug

45
Q

Type A blood

A

Has A antigen and anti B antibody

A+
has the D antigen which makes it Rh positive

A-
lacks any D antigen therefore are RH negative

A blood type can only except blood from other A blood types or AB blood type

46
Q

Type B blood

A

Has B antigen and anti A antibody

B+
has the D antigen which makes it Rh positive

B-
lacks any D antigen therefore are RH negative

B blood type can receive blood from B type and AB type

47
Q

AB blood type

A

Type A.B. has both antigen and neither anti-bodies

AB+
has the D antigen which makes it Rh positive

AB-
lacks any D antigen therefore are RH negative

Type A.B. can receive blood from everybody but can you give blood to themselves

Universal recipient

48
Q

O blood type

A

Has neither antigen and neither antibody

O+
has the D antigen which makes it Rh positive

O-
lacks any D antigen therefore are RH negative

O type blood is the universal donor, everyone can have it

49
Q

Rhogam is the medication that does

A

Destroy any RH feudal positive cells that may have entered the mother circulation.

If you have any negative blood type you were given this to avoid your body creating anti-bodies from a Trumatic injury and fetal blood getting into the mom in first pregnancy that could attack second pregnancy

50
Q

Serum

A

Is the same composition is plasma but contains no fibriogen which is the clotting factor

It is clear pale light yellow looks like urine

51
Q

Serum is collected mostly for what

A

Lipid profile test electrolyte test. Almost always goes to chemistry

52
Q

Plasma

A

Clear, pale yellow fluid, looks like urine

Most coagulation testing is done on plasma, light blue tops

53
Q

Whole blood

A

For test that cannot be formed on clotted blood

Such as CBCs, glycohemoglobin’s (Levander) ammonia levels (green)

EDTA lavender tops

54
Q

Ammonia level test require what special treatment

A

They must be put on ice.

But you must put in a plastic bag and then into a glass of ice water to preserve the label

55
Q

Skin puncture procedures (capillary puncture’s)

A

Must be done due

  • to patient request
  • Dr. request
  • no other sites available
  • saving veins for IV

Doctors usually request if patient has iatrogenic anemia

56
Q

Capillary puncture site selection

A

Warm, pink, scarf free, Bruce three, rash free
Site

Use ring finger and middle finger only and avoid non-nondominant hand if possible

57
Q

When preforming a capillary puncture you must avoid hitting bone because this can cause

A

Osteomyelitis (bone infection)

Which can intern cause osteochondritis (serious infection causing inflammation of the bone and cartilage)

58
Q

When doing A heel stick for what do you want to use to clean the site

A

Alcohol swab or pad.

Do not use povidone iodine as it interferes with Billy Rubin, uric acid, phosphorus, and potassium - BURPP

59
Q

The Bilirubin test must be performed quickly because

A

The test is light-sensitive, and is taken in special light blocking tubes usually

60
Q

High Bilirubin is dangerous

A

Because it can cross the brain blood barrier and cause brain damage and death. Luckily Bili breaks down and white and most babies just need to be placed under Bili lights

61
Q

Newborn screening is for what

A

To test for genetic or inherited diseases such as Phenylkrtonuria (PKU), also, cystic fibrosis, maple syrup urine disease, and hyperthyroidism

62
Q

How must the newborn screening be performed

A

Done about two days after birth

Collected on special filter paper with printed circles that must be filled with blood obtained through heelsticks

Paper must be soaked through the circle to the other side

Drops should not be smeared or touched

Should air dry horizontally and protect from heat and light

63
Q

EKG leads go where

Lead one

A

Right arm and left arm between the wrist and elbow

64
Q

EKG leads go where

Lead two

A

Left leg and right leg go between the ankle and the knee tab pointing towards bellybutton

65
Q

Chest leads for EKG

V1

A

The fourth intercostal space at the right margin of the sternum
Space in between fourth and fifth rib to the right of the sternum

66
Q

Chest leads for EKG

V2

A

Fourth intercostal space at the left margin of the sternum

Exactly across from where you put V1

67
Q

Chest leads for EKG

V3

A

Midway between position to and position for put on after V4

68
Q

Chest leads for EKG

V4

A

Fifth intercostal space a junction of left mid the clavicle line

Under the nipple

69
Q

Chest leads for EKG

V5

A

At horizontal level of position for at left anterior auxiliary line

Follow the intercostal space put it a little further over

70
Q

Chest leads for EKG

V6

A

Horizontal level of position for at the left mid axillary line. Under the armpit

71
Q

The chamber of the heart that receives blood from the systemic circulation is

A

Right atrium

72
Q

The ECG shows P waves due to?

A

Arterial contractions

73
Q

Blood flow order in veins

A

Capillary, venule, vein

74
Q

The major difference between plasma and serum is the plasma has what

A

Contains fibrinogen and Surem does not

75
Q

Lymph originates from

A

Tissue fluids

76
Q

I heart disorder characterized by fluid buildup in the lungs is called

A

CHF

Congestive heart failure

77
Q

Which test require arterial specimen

A

Blood gases

78
Q

The concentration of a substance is higher in capillary blood then it is in venous blood

A

Glucose

79
Q

If collecting test through capillary puncture’s which specimen must be collected first

A

Whole blood test, like CBC

80
Q

What is the least has just area of an infants foot for capillary puncture

A

Lateral plantar heel surface

81
Q

According to CLSI, I hear puncture Lance it should not puncture any deeper than

A

2.0 mm

82
Q

Can a PTT be taken by capillary puncture

A

No, but a Bili, Hgb, and lead can

83
Q

Draw order for a capillary puncture

A

Lavender first

Other tubes with additives in normal draw order

No additive tubes last

84
Q

If a patient appears nervous while connecting them to the EKG machine what should you tell them

A

You have nothing to worry about, this is a nonevasive, safe and painless procedure. All it says is a graphic representation of your hearts electricity

85
Q

What is the hearts electrical pathway

A
  1. SA node
  2. AV node
  3. Bundle of his
  4. Purkinje fibers
86
Q

Where is the SA node located

A

In the right atrium, it’s called pacemaker.

Tells your heart when to contract

87
Q

Where is the AV node

A

Base of the right atrium

88
Q

Bundle of his it’s located where

A

Located at the septum of the wall of the heart separating the right and left sides

89
Q

Purkinje fibers

A

cause muscles of the ventricles to contract and produce the QRS complex

Lecture tests (11 decks)

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