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PT 561 Pathophysiology > Week 4 > Flashcards

Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Which agent of infection is a more complex single-celled organism containing nuclei and organelles?

A

Protozoa

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2
Q

What is an infection that is always present and never fully disappears?

A

Endemic Infection

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3
Q

Which immunity type are T Lymphocytes responsible for?

A

Primarily involved in viral & fungal immunity

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4
Q

What is the inflammatory response to Viral infections?

(What is released)

A
  1. Lymphocytes
  2. Monocytes
  3. Few Neutrophils
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5
Q

What is a vector-borne infection?

A

This is an infection type that has a vector or “middle man” usually animal-based that transmits the illness to humans.

  • Lyme disease (Ticks)
  • Malaria (Mosquitoes)
  • The Plague (Rats)
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6
Q

What factors affect the immune system?

A
  1. Stress
  2. Malnutrition
  3. Drugs
  4. Radiation
  5. Toxins
  6. Concurrent illness and disease
  7. Surgery and anesthesia
  8. Splenectomy
  9. Sleep deprivation
  10. Large amounts of aerobic exercise or demanding events
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7
Q

What is the purpose of the antigen-antibody complexes?

A

To circulate in the blood and provoke an inflammatory response in tissues where they lodge.

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8
Q

What type of infection is Bronchitis?

A

Viral infection

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9
Q

What is the function of IgE?

A

Primarily in tissue, and reacts to pollen & other non-bacterial antigens (parasites & allergies)

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10
Q

What is the inflammatory response to Mycobacteria & Fungal infections?

(What is released)

A
  1. Lymphocytes
  2. Monocytes
  3. Granulomas
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11
Q

What is the primary purpose of IgG?

A

To develop a “memory” of previously exposed response to a pathogen

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12
Q

What are the components of the adaptive immune system?

A
  1. It is programmable
  2. Contains antigens
  3. Contains antibodies
  4. Contains Macrophages & Dendritic cells
  5. Contains B Lymphocytes
  6. Contains T Lymphocytes

​​

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13
Q

How do bacteria typically cause microbiological injury?

A

Through the release of either endo/exotoxins

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14
Q

What are the agents of Infection?

A
  1. Prions
  2. Viruses
  3. Bacteria
  4. Protozoa
  5. Fungi
  6. Ectoparasites
  7. Multicellular parasites
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15
Q

What is contact transmission?

A

Where infection or spread is the result of direct contact

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16
Q

What is the term used to describe an increased infection rate?

A

Epidemic

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17
Q

What is the primary role of immunoglobulins?

A
  1. Primarily antibacterial in nature
  2. Recognize and Binding to particular antigens
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18
Q

How is an antigen impacted when a plasma cell binds to it?

A
  1. It blocks normal function of the anigen
  2. Ruptures the cell membrane causing death
  3. Incites inflammatory response which results in neutralization or digestion of the microbe
  4. Makes the cell more susceptible to phagocytosis
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19
Q

What are some signs and symptoms of an infection?

A
  1. Local
    • ​​Swelling
    • Redness
    • Warmth
    • Pain
  2. Systemic
    • ​​Fever
    • Malaise (Dizzy)
    • Myalgia (pain)
    • Loss of appetite
    • Fatigue
  3. Organ specific
    • ​​Jaundice
    • Cough
    • Headache
    • Emesis (Vomiting)
  4. Laboratory findings
    • ​​Elevated WBC
    • Granulocytes
    • CRP
    • Microbial culture
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20
Q

At what phase of infection would you see a spike in pathological forces?

A

3rd phase, illness with typical symptoms

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21
Q

What are the roles of T Lymphocytes?

A
  1. To kill certain types of non-self cells via the release of Cytotoxic T cells (Killer T Cells)
  2. Modulate the response of B lymphocyte immune reaction
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22
Q

What are some examples of Anaerobic Baccili?

A
  1. Clostridium tetani (tetanus)
  2. C. Botulinum (From canned foods, you would see a bulge in the can)
    • “The Can I BOT at the store is dented”
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23
Q

How do T Lymphocytes function in adaptive immunity?

A

Unlike B lymphocytes, T Lymphocytes go to directly attack the pathogen.

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24
Q

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

A
  1. A chronic inflammatory polyarthritis
  2. Invasive synovitis triggered by autoimmunity which leads to joint destruction and ankylosis (fused bones or other hard tissue)
  3. Inflammation of synovial tissue and fluid leading to change that destroy cartilage and bone
  4. Other organs may be affected
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25
Q

What is the term used to describe the population where infection lives?

A

Reservoir

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26
Q

What is Kaposi’s Sarcoma?

A

a type of cancer that forms in the lining of blood and lymph vessels.

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27
Q

What immune cell type does AIDS primarily infect?

A

CD4+ cells (Helper T cells)

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28
Q

What is a visual sign of Lupus?

A

A butterfly-shaped rash on the face after exposure to UV

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29
Q

What is a type 4 hypersensitivity disease?

A

Cellular (Delayed) Hypersensitivity

  1. The result of T, not B Lymphocytes
  2. No antibodies, take longer to develop (days)
  3. Macrophages accumulate around the antigen forming a growth of T lymphocytes with a necrotic center
  4. Creates a hypersensitivity to cytotoxic cells
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30
Q

If I fall into poison ivy and have a delayed reaction to it, what cell and hypersensitivity classification is this an example of?

A

This is a T-cell immune response and the classification type is 4

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31
Q

Autoimmune diseases are usually what type of hypersensitivity disease?

A

Type 3 (Immune-Complex) Hypersensitivity

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32
Q

What is Atopy?

A

general predisposition to allergies

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33
Q

What are the potential causes of immune system disease?

A
  1. The immune system attacks microbes and related threats from the environment
  2. Immune deficiency is associated with infection
  3. The immune system monitors tissues to eliminate cells with precancerous changes
  4. Immune deficiency is associated with increased risk of malignancy
  5. The immune system may over-react in the form of an allergy, to certain foreign molecules
  6. The immune system may attack the body’s own tissue
  7. Autoimmune and allergic reactions cause tissue damage and inflammation
  8. Immune cells can become cancerous
34
Q

How do B lymphocytes function in adaptive immunity?

A

They attack antigens via antibodies. These specific recognition proteins attach to the surface of the pathogen. (Indirectly)

35
Q

What is a type 3 hypersensitivity disease?

A

Immune-Complex Hypersensitivity

  1. Antigen/Antibody combine to form immune complex
  2. Incite an inflammatory reaction & activate the complement system
    • Local
    • Distant
36
Q

If you are at a higher risk of suffering from bacterial infections, you might have a deficiency of what immune cell type?

A

B-cell

37
Q

If you are treating an elderly patient who has no previous cognitive deficiencies (dementia, stroke, Alzheimer’s) but they seem out of it, what might be a possible cause?

A

Urinary tract infection

38
Q

What is autoimmunity?

A

Immune system attacks the body’s own tissue because it fails to recognize it as self

39
Q

What is the function of IgA?

A

To create immune protection of mucosa from inhaled and ingested infective agents.

40
Q

What is the purpose of the dendritic cells of innate immunity?

A

They capture antigens from foreign invaders and present them to the cell surface of the T-cells

41
Q

What is the inflammatory response to bacterial infections?

(What is released)

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Lymphocytes
42
Q

What are the T-cell mediated immune disease classifications?

A

Type 4

43
Q

What type of allergic response is systemic lupus?

A

Type 3, disseminated immune complex hypersensitivity

44
Q

What are the transmission-based precautions?

A
  1. Contact
  2. Droplet
  3. Airborne
45
Q

Which is a faster immune response, B or T cell response?

A

B cell

46
Q

What type of infection originates or is animal-based in nature?

A

Zoonotic Infection

47
Q

What is the primary purpose of IgM?

A

To respond to an initial infection

48
Q

COVID-19 is an example of what infection type?

A

Pandemic Infection

49
Q

What is a type 1 hypersensitivity disease?

A

Immediate Hypersensitivity

  1. Initial antigen exposure to B lymphocytes
  2. B-lymphocyte produces IgE type antibody
  3. Antibody attaches to mast cells to neutralize antigen
  4. There is subsequent antigen exposure
  5. Antigen reacts with sensitized mast cell
  6. Mast cell degranulation occurs

This all results in the release of histamine and causes inflammatory response (eosinophilia)

50
Q

How does self-recognition occur for MHCs and HLAs?

Major Histocompatibility Complex Proteins

Human Leukocytic Antigens

A

Presents on the surface of cell bodies and allow the immune system to recognize self as self

51
Q

What do T Helper cells do?

A

Activate B cells to secrete antibodies and macrophages to destroy ingested microbes, they also help activate cytotoxic T cells to kill infected target cells

52
Q

What is an immunodeficiency disease?

A

an issue with the immune system as the result of a lack of B and/or T cells.

53
Q

What is Helicobacter pylori?

A

A bacterial issue that causes severe stomach pain can be obtained from drinking water containing it (He said, this is why we shouldn’t drink Maine Lake water)

54
Q

What are the components of the innate immune system?

A
  • Physical Barriers
    • Skin
    • Mucous membranes
    • Ear wax
    • Nasal hair
  • Others
    • Lysosomes in tears
    • Low pH of urine, stomach, vagina
    • Normal Bacteria of the gut
  • Nonspecific cellular & Molecular Defenses
    • ​Phagocytosis
      • Neutrophils & Monocytes
    • Dendritic Cells
    • Interferons
    • Natural Killer Cells
      • Spleen & Lymph Nodes
      • Cancer & Virus-Infected cells
    • Complement system
      • Form membrane attack complexes
      • 20 proteins that digest membranes of microbes
      • Stimulate WBC activity
      • Increase vascular permeability
55
Q

Explain the concept of graft vs host reaction in immunity and transplantation

A

Transplanted lymphocytes proliferate and take over the recipient’s immune system

56
Q

What is the inflammatory response to Parasitic worm infections?

(What is released)

A
  1. Eosinophils
57
Q

What causes erythroblastosis fetalis?

A

This is the result of the fetal transmission of antibodies that attack fetal RBCs, viewing them as foreign to self

58
Q

What is immunity?

A

A special function of lymphocytes and macrophages defend the body against “non-self”, primarily microbes.

59
Q

What is Erythema Migrans?

A

A rash associated with Lyme disease (The bullseye mark)

60
Q

What is a type 2 hypersensitivity disease?

A

Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity

  1. Self tissues become coated with antibodies
  2. Macrophages or inflammatory cells destroy cells
  3. IgG(“get em”) binds to target cell membrane receptors causing them to dysfunction
61
Q

What do T Suppressor cells do?

A

Blocks the actions of B lymphocytes

62
Q

What is the natural progression after you have contracted an infection?

A
  1. Incubation period (no symptoms)
  2. Prodromal period: nonspecific constitutional symptoms (sweating, weight loss, vomiting)
  3. Illness with typical symptoms (body’s immune system response)
  4. Convalescence
  5. Recovery
63
Q

What is an allergy?

A

An exaggerated but normal immune sensitivity to certain environmental compounds

64
Q

How do viruses typically cause microbiological injury?

A

By attaching to a cell receptor which facilitates the invasion of the cell

This can be either directly or by signalling the immune system to attack the infected cell.

65
Q

What are some examples of Aerobic Baccili?

A
  1. Staphylococcal (Staff)
  2. Streptococcal (Strep)
66
Q

What is another name for CD4+?

A

Helper T cells

67
Q

What is the inflammatory response to Protozoic infections?

(What is released)

A
  1. Lymphocytes
  2. Monocytes
68
Q

If you are at a higher risk of suffering from increased neoplasm risk, you might have a deficiency of what immune cell type?

(neoplasm is the growth of new tissue etc.)

A

T-cell deficiency

69
Q

What is airborne & droplet transmission?

A
  • Airborne transmission is the result of Aerosol particles (very small mass) being able to maintain air suspension for a long time and is transmitted this way
  • Droplet transmission is the result of large heavier particulates (“water drops”) of bodily fluids being able to transmit infection
70
Q

What is another name for a CD8+ cell?

A

Cytotoxic T cell

71
Q

What are some types of protozoan infections?

A
  1. Malaria
  2. Amebiasis
  3. Giardiasis

“Im going to need a MAGagzine for how long ill be in the bathroom”

All 3 of these have diarrhea as a symptom

72
Q

What is the purpose of Plasma Cell antibody function?

A

To produce antibodies that attach to antigens

73
Q

What are the B cell-mediated immunes diseases classifications?

A

Types:

1

2

3

74
Q

What is a plasma cell?

A

A white blood cell formed from activated B Lymphocytes

75
Q

What types of infection can cause pneumonia?

A
  1. Viruses
  2. Bacteria
  3. Fungi
76
Q

What is the most common way infection cause?

A
  • Enviromental contact
    • Respiratory tract
    • GI Tract
    • Genitourinary Organs
    • Skin
77
Q

What do natural killer cells do?

A

It is a type of white blood cell that contributes to combatting viruses and cancer.

78
Q

A child has an allergic reaction resulting in swelling of her arm after a bug bite, what classification type is the response?

A

Type 1 B-Cell mediated response

79
Q

What are interferons responsible for within innate immunity?

A

This signaling protein is released from the cell and “warns” other cells to heighten the anti-viral response.

80
Q

What is Clostridium difficile?

A

A bacterium that causes an infection of the large intestine

  • Could kill you
  • Found in hospitals

PT 561 Pathophysiology (8 decks)

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